Women constitute the majority of the Kazakh population and, even though they live almost 10 years longer than men on average, they are far less economically active. Less than half of the female population take up employment. Women’s wages are often as much as 30% lower than men’s. The subjective reasons for undertaking economic activity as mentioned by women included: independence from the husband, low earnings of the husband and...

Before 2019, economic relations between Poland and Kazakhstan were regulated by 22 international agreements. Poland has been trading with Kazakhstan since the 1990s. Overall, Kazakhstan had a positive trade balance with Poland, with the exception of the 1996–1998 and 2006–2007 periods. Polish foreign investment in Kazakhstan was not very impressive; the first investments started only in 2005. In 2019, about 200 companies with Polish...

This paper presents the instruments of internationalization of enterprises operating within the Eurasian Economic Union. Research contains answers of 108 enterprises exporters located in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the paper is to show the main forms of the internationalization of enterprises in Kazakhstan. The paper also presents the following instruments of enterprises’ internationalization including: indirect...

The aim of the paper is to show the transformation and comparison of labour resources in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan using the following methods: deductive data analysis, observation of changes in the structure of resources based on publicly available macroeconomic data. During the two decades of the 21st century, both countries experienced population growth which translated into an increased number of persons of working age. In...

Celem artykułu jest systematyzacja głównych form internacjonalizacji kazachstańskich przedsiębiorstw. W artykule przedstawiono również instrumenty internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw takie jak eksport pośredni, eksport bezpośredni, eksport kooperacyjny, transakcje montażowe, kontrakty menedżerskie, inwestycje pod klucz, poddostawy, licencjonowanie, franszyza, międzynarodowe sojusze kooperacje, oddziały zagraniczne oraz spółki. Przeanalizowano...