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Graphitic carbon nitride/bismuth-based Z-scheme heterojunctions for the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products — a review
Abstract
Z-scheme heterojunction in recent years is one of the most promising approaches in photocatalytic materials in solar light region for various environmental applications, including the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Integrating g-C3N4 and Bi-based semiconductors via Z-scheme is highly effective in providing efficient flow of charge carriers along with suitable redox sites. The g-C3N4/Bi-based photocatalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal, co-precipitation, co-calcination, solvothermal polycondensation, or ion exchange/photoreduction. Environmental pollutants, such as tetracycline, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefixime, and carbamazepine, were degraded with efficiency exceeding 90%. The major reactive species identified in those Z-schemes were superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and electron-holes pair. Best processes revealed economically feasible with 700–800 kWh/m3 of electric energy per order (EEO). For solar light–driven processes, energy can be named as ‘free’ (sunlight), but EEO allows to compare new developments. In future studies, process economic aspect, effectiveness in case of real effluents, including high-salinity conditions and evaluation of photocatalysts stability, and metals leaching should be addressed.
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Authors (7)
-
Ayesha Javaid
-
Muhammad Imran
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Manoj P Rayaroth
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Xun Sun
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Chongqing Wang
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Malwina Momotko
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Details
- Category:
- Articles
- Type:
- artykuły w czasopismach
- Published in:
-
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering
no. 46,
ISSN: 2211-3398 - Language:
- English
- Publication year:
- 2024
- Bibliographic description:
- Javaid A., Imran M., Rayaroth M. P., Sun X., Wang C., Boczkaj G., Momotko M.: Graphitic carbon nitride/bismuth-based Z-scheme heterojunctions for the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products — a review// Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering -Vol. 46, (2024), s.101054-
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.1016/j.coche.2024.101054
- Sources of funding:
-
- Free publication
- Verified by:
- Gdańsk University of Technology
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