Silica-coated admixtures of bismuth and gadolinium oxides for 3D printed concrete applications: Rheology, hydration, strength, microstructure, and radiation shielding perspective

Paweł Sikora; Szymon Skibicki; Mehdi Chougan; Piotr Szewczyk; Krzysztof Cendrowski; Karol Federowicz; Ahmed M. El-Khayatt; H.A. Saudi; Jarosław Aleksander Strzałkowski; Mohamed Abd Elrahman; Mateusz Techman; Daniel Sibera; Sang-Yeop Chung

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140563

Silica-coated admixtures of bismuth and gadolinium oxides for 3D printed concrete applications: Rheology, hydration, strength, microstructure, and radiation shielding perspective

Abstract

This study examines the impact of replacing up to 5 vol% of Portland cement (PC) with both pristine mixture of Bi₂O₃/Gd₂O₃ (BG) and silica-coated BG particles. Two different types of silica coatings, each with varying synthesis methods, were applied to coat the BG structures, and their impact on the fresh, hardened, microstructure and radiation-shielding performances of the 3D printed concrete (3DPC) was investigated. Isothermal calorimetry demonstrated that pristine BG incorporation delays hydration, whereas silica coatings mitigate this, with type A coating being more effective. Early compressive strength was reduced in BG-containing mixes but normalised after seven days. Rheological tests showed that BG additives enhanced thixotropy and yield shear stresses, with 2.5 vol% being optimal, especially with method B coating. Green strength properties improved significantly with method B coated particles, showing up to 62.4 % and 57.7 % increases in strength and modulus, respectively, after 30 minutes. Micro-CT and MIP analyses confirmed reduced porosity and refined pore structure with silica coatings. Radiation shielding tests indicated superior performance in uncoated BG mixes, with method B coating providing superior shielding performance compared to that of method A coatings due to their higher surface area. In general, silica-coated BG particles enhance the mechanical, rheological, and radiation shielding properties of 3DPC, with method B coatings offering the most significant benefits.