Search results for: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT - Bridge of Knowledge

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Search results for: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Search results for: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

  • Zerowaste Architecture 2022/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • B. Kapica

    The issues of the classes include design in the spirit of "zerowaste", i.e. maximum use of existing tissue and the use of secondary building materials. In the face of climate change, construction should face the enormity of waste generated by this sector. Minimizing the production of a new substance and maximizing the use of the existing substance in combination with high aesthetic values is a considerable architectural challenge. The...

  • Zerowaste Architecture 2023/24

    e-Learning Courses
    • B. Kapica

    The issues of the classes include design in the spirit of "zerowaste", i.e. maximum use of existing tissue and the use of secondary building materials. In the face of climate change, construction should face the enormity of waste generated by this sector. Minimizing the production of a new substance and maximizing the use of the existing substance in combination with high aesthetic values is a considerable architectural challenge. The...

  • Arch./Urban Project II

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Cudzik
    • M. Gawdzik

    A design studio focused on issues related to the creation of sustainable and climate-responsible facilities. The design task is related to the concept of development of the Gdańsk University of Technology campus. The implemented project will be both a task related to urban and architectural design. A very important element of the design process will be a smooth transition between various scales and problems that architects and...

  • Theory of urbanism IV

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Krośnicka

    The aim of the course is to familiarize the student with the complexity of the process of functioning and development of cities, including: - hierarchical spatial (morphology) and functional structure of cities on models (the hierarchy of services and public spaces) - networks and systems that make up the city (environmental system, technical and social infrastructure) - role and importance of the district in the structure of...

  • Smart Garden Suburb_Urban design II 2022/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • G. Rembarz
    • R. Ozdemir
    • B. Bou Kalfouni

    In the twenty-first century the idea of living in a perfect place combines the need for beauty&identity of the place with the ecology. Metropolises around the world are waiting for concepts that will expose the landscape values and give life in the suburbs high quality including energy efficiency and climate neutrality. A new concepts of are being discussed. Join this trend and look for solutions which merge expression of beauty...

  • ENG_Architectural Design sem 6_2022_2023_KAMiUP

    e-Learning Courses
    • T. Zybała
    • J. Borucka
    • W. Targowski
    • P. Czyż

    The course concerns the shaping of marketplace facilities with accompanying functions. The course presents a multifaceted approach to the issues, including technical, legal, economic, environmental, and cultural issues. The aim of the course, based on a case study in Gdańsk (Marketplace Gdańsk-Wrzeszcz (Targowisko Gdańsk-Wrzeszcz) and its surroundings), is to understand the problem of regeneration of exhibition spaces and to develop...

  • Spatial and Regional Planning Studies

    e-Learning Courses
    • I. Haxhiaj
    • Ł. Pancewicz

    The course objective is to teach the basic, practical skills of planning for the architects. Three aspects of planning will be taught during the course: building control, regulatory planning and operational planning. The students will explore the role of planning in granting the building permissions, how to prepare the planning (zoning) regulations and finally what are urban design tools, which can be used to coordinate the development...

  • MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING 2021/22 - summer

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Kasprzyk
    • M. Gajewska

    The course is dedicated to students at 3 semester of Environmental Engineering. The subject is related to two issues. First is monitoring of the environment- different component of the environment like water, air, soil. Conditions necessary for reliable monitoring and analysis of the results of this monitoring are also discussed. Second is management and covers: Historical development of environmental strategies for protection...

  • MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING 2022/23 - summer

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Kasprzyk
    • M. Gajewska

    The course is dedicated to students at 3 semester of Environmental Engineering. The subject is related to two issues. First is monitoring of the environment- different component of the environment like water, air, soil. Conditions necessary for reliable monitoring and analysis of the results of this monitoring are also discussed. Second is management and covers: Historical development of environmental strategies for protection...

  • MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING 2022/23 - winter

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Kasprzyk
    • M. Gajewska

    The course is dedicated to students at 3 semester of Environmental Engineering. The subject is related to two issues. First is monitoring of the environment- different component of the environment like water, air, soil. Conditions necessary for reliable monitoring and analysis of the results of this monitoring are also discussed. Second is management and covers: Historical development of environmental strategies for protection...

  • Urban Design Project III 2023/24

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Martyniuk-Pęczek
    • M. Ahmadi
    • K. van Soelen

    # 15-minute CITY ... Gdynia MaŁy Kack The topic of the course will introduce the issues of building a neighborhood identity in the form of densification development.  The interdisciplinary team of instructors will introduce the issues of shaping urban structures based on contemporary trends in urban design.

  • Management and Environmental Monitoring 2023/2024 - winter

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Kasprzyk
    • M. Gajewska

    The course is dedicated to students at 3 semester of Environmental Engineering. The subject is related to two issues. First is monitoring of the environment- different component of the environment like water, air, soil. Conditions necessary for reliable monitoring and analysis of the results of this monitoring are also discussed. Second is management and covers: Historical development of environmental strategies for protection...

  • Process engineering in circular economy 22/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Mąkinia

    Background of the circular economy What is the circular economy? (Definition) How is the circular economy different from a linear economy? How do materials circulate in the circular economy? The circular economy and sustainable development How to measure circularity? Link between the circular economy and life cycle assessment (LCA) What are the benefits of the circular economy? The circular economy policies and governance Wastewater...

  • History of urban planning I

    e-Learning Courses
    • R. Ruczyński
    • M. Kostrzewska

    The course is aimed to the Erasmus students in the summer term. During he course students learn the principles and conditions of development of urban settlements in the time periods from ancient times to the 18th century (ancient Greece, Rome, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism). The students prepare 3 excercises: Task 1 - Cities of ancient Greece and Rome; Task 2 - Medieval Cities; Task 3 - Cities of Renaissance,...

  • Elective design II: PLANNING GENDERED CITY- GENDER CITY WALKING TOURS Women in Architecture series_2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Borucka
    • N. Hassas

    The course aim is to get familiar with the topic of tangible and intangible cultural heritage created by women in 100 years. The recognition of the past and present achievements as well as problems and challenges female are facing in built environment is curtail for understanding importance of women involvement and need of their support and promotion. This new perception continues to increase the visibility of creative...

  • Interactive Decision Making, Environmental Engineering, 2022/2023 (summer semester)

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska
    • A. Siemaszko

    The course is designed for students of MSc Studies in Environmental Engineering Person responsible for the subject, carrying out lectures and tutorials: mgr inż. Agata.Siemaszko; agata.siemaszko@pg.edu.pl The person conducting the lectures and tutorials: dr inż. Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska; anna.jakubczyk@pg.edu.pl The course provides students with knowledge on development and application of statisticalstrategic approach to decision...

  • Theory of Urban Design

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Delso Páez
    • J. Breś
    • K. Krośnicka

    The aim of the course is to understand the complexity of the process of functioning and development of cities, including: -city hierarchical spatial  models (morphology) and functional structure on models (the hierarchy of services and public spaces) -networks and systems that make up the city (environmental system, technical and social infrastructure) -role and importance of the district/neighbourhood in the structure of the...

  • Projekt Fakultatywny II/ Elective Design II 2020/2021 S.Hudnik+K.Życzkowska

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Życzkowska

    SUPERSURFACE – an alternative model for life The studio will explore an alternative architectural models for contemporary society in the context of different political, cultural, economic and environmental contexts. Temporal living and technology links the general fashion principles with architecture. The projects will investigate the visionary scenarios through Superstudio movies Fundamental Acts and various concepts and structures...

  • ELECTIVE PROJECT II _sem 5_Green Story - Free Time Space

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Życzkowska

    The topic of the course - Green Story - Free Time Space, joins green architecture and a place to spend free time - inside and outside – to read, to eat, to relax. The idea is to design green – to give back the greenery to the public square – to make a city space more friendly for users and more friendly to the environment.  You can design a story, to make a space more attractive. You can design a Green Story, to make people more...

  • Społeczności nastawione na transport zbiorowy

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. M. Smolnicki

    Przedmiot Społeczności nastawione na transport zbiorowy (transit-oriented communities) obejmuje zagadnienia projektowe określane w literaturze jako inwestycje nastawione na transport zbiorowy (ang. transit oriented development - TOD), zabudowę śródmiejską w duchu vancouveryzmu oraz nowoczesnej europejskiej zabudowy kwartałowej. Student zapozna się z podstawowymi definicjami dotyczącymi powyższych zagadnień, pozna przykłady rozwiązań...

  • Wastewater Engineering 2021/22 (Environmental Engineering, II stopnia, stacjonarne, II semestr))

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Czerwionka
    • J. Mąkinia

    Wastewater sources and flows Wastewater characterization based on physical and biodegradation criteria Preliminary treatment unit operations (screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers) Biological processes (suspended growth vs. attached growth, hybrid systems, granular sludge) for wastewater treatment Principles of biological nutrient removal (nitrification, denitrification, enhanced biological P removal, anammox) Implementation...

  • Baltic Phytoremediation - Training Module

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Rogala
    • P. Rybarczyk

    This is an on-line training course developed in BAPR - Baltic Phytoremediation project, co-financed by Interreg South Baltic Programme 2014 - 2020. Here, You can learn about the basics and potential of phytoremediation  to clean soil and see the real-life applications of this technology. In order to be enrolled to this course, you’ll need to create a local account with the user ID provided. When your account is generated, you...

  • Wastewater Engineering 2022/23 (Environmental Engineering, II stopnia, stacjonarne, II semestr))

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Czerwionka
    • J. Mąkinia

    Wastewater sources and flows Wastewater characterization based on physical and biodegradation criteria Preliminary treatment unit operations (screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers) Biological processes (suspended growth vs. attached growth, hybrid systems, granular sludge) for wastewater treatment Principles of biological nutrient removal (nitrification, denitrification, enhanced biological P removal, anammox) Implementation...

  • Wastewater Engineering 2023/24 (Environmental Engineering, II stopnia, stacjonarne, II semestr)

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Mąkinia

    Wastewater sources and flows Wastewater characterization based on physical and biodegradation criteria Preliminary treatment unit operations (screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers) Biological processes (suspended growth vs. attached growth, hybrid systems, granular sludge) for wastewater treatment Principles of biological nutrient removal (nitrification, denitrification, enhanced biological P removal, anammox) Implementation...

  • Elective Seminar: Loft - Before and Nowadays - Creative Contest for Architects and Designers

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Zielińska-Dąbkowska
    • M. Gawdzik
    • A. Zdanowicz

      As part of the elective seminar, students working in groups of 3 people will prepare architectural and lighting concept for an international competition: "LOFT-BEFORE AND NOWADAYS" organized by the Polish Lighting Industry Association), co-organized by Goczołowie Architekci OVO Grąbczewscy Architects and the SOMA Agency, the organizer of the International LIGHT Fair. More information here about the competition here: https://lightfair.pl/green-shoots-competition/ The...

  • Architectural project V. Design for all 2022/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • D. Sędzicki
    • M. Gawdzik

    SEMESTER V - ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/23 ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT V CHAIR OF URBAN ARCHITECTURE AND WATERSCAPES The course is design by : Dr. eng. arch. Marek Gawdzik            m.gawdzik@archplus.gda.pl mgawd@pg.gda.pl & MSc. eng.arch. Dominik Sędzicki       dominik.sedzicki@pg.edu.pl TOPIC The subject of the semester project is the revitalization of one of the post-shipyard hall (No. 38 A) located at the Imperial Shipyard...

  • Process Engineering in Circular Economy

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Mąkinia

    Kurs jest przeznaczony dla doktorantów szkoły doktorskiej w dyscyplnach: inżynieria lądowa i transport (SzD), III stopnia, stacjonarne inżynieria środowiska, górnictwo i energetyka (SzD), III stopnia, stacjonarne   The course is addressed to PhD students of the doctoral school in disciplines: civil engineering and transport environmental engineering, mining and power engineering Course type: lecture Total hours of...

  • [ILiT, IŚGiE] Process engineering in circular economy - Nowy

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Mąkinia

    Kurs jest przeznaczony dla doktorantów szkoły doktorskiej w dyscyplnach: inżynieria lądowa i transport (SzD), III stopnia, stacjonarne inżynieria środowiska, górnictwo i energetyka (SzD), III stopnia, stacjonarne The course is addressed to PhD students of the doctoral school in disciplines: civil engineering and transport environmental engineering, mining and power engineering Course type: lecture Total hours of...

  • [ILiT, IŚGiE] Process engineering in circular economy 20/21 Summer

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Mąkinia

    Kurs jest przeznaczony dla doktorantów szkoły doktorskiej w dyscyplnach: inżynieria lądowa i transport (SzD), III stopnia, stacjonarne inżynieria środowiska, górnictwo i energetyka (SzD), III stopnia, stacjonarne The course is addressed to PhD students of the doctoral school in disciplines: civil engineering and transport environmental engineering, mining and power engineering Course type: lecture Total hours of...

  • ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND CREATIVITY - summer term 2021/22

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Popowska

    The aim of the course is to acquaint students with entrepreneurship as a phenomenon,  increase their pro-entrepreneurial attitudes and develop skills necessary in entrepreneurship process. Special emphasis will be placed on fashion business as representing creative industry. The main objectives are as follows: Learn how to prepare a business model canvas and business plan. Know the backstage of the fashion industry. Identify...

  • ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND CREATIVITY - summer term 2023/24

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Popowska

    The aim of the course is to acquaint students with entrepreneurship as a phenomenon,  increase their pro-entrepreneurial attitudes and develop skills necessary in entrepreneurship process. Special emphasis will be placed on fashion business as representing creative industry. The main objectives are as follows: Learn how to prepare a business model canvas and business plan. Know the backstage of the fashion industry. Identify...

  • 2022_Elective Design II_S_Hudnik_K_Zyczkowska_There is no Planet B

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Życzkowska

    There is no Planet B The studio will use practical interventions to explore how climate change is affecting transformations in urban / non-urban space in Gdansk. Through the identification of problems and the importance of reading the consequences in space and architecture, students will learn about the method of opening a critical public debate. Through a variety of topics and actions – micro interventions, they will record their...

  • Theory of Architectural Design I. Introduction 2022

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Krenz

    Lectures are held online on Wednesdays from 19:15 to 20:00 Theory of Architectural Design I 1 https://teams.microsoft.com/l/meetup-join/19%3ameeting_YWVkZWJiZWUtYzY2Yy00NzNiLThlMzctNWY3Y2U2YjgxODc4%40thread.v2/0?context=%7b%22Tid%22%3a%2286760356-0022-486f-b793-a2d470bba5a5%22%2c%22Oid%22%3a%22ca4e7f4e-c85d-4f86-914f-456ee1702ebe%22%7d Our course aims to teach you how to design architecture. The process of...

  • Architectural project I 2021/22 - Grupa1

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Krenz
    • K. Życzkowska
    • M. Wojtkiewicz

    The aim of our course is to teach you how to design architecture. The process of creation architecture is not just about function and construction. It is more, it is about creation of original, form with individual features and beauty that will become a meaningful part of our environment. Therefore we base our course of architectural design on the connection with art. We continue a tradition of the famous Bauhaus school were...

  • Szkolenie z platformy eStudent - 2024/2025

    e-Learning Courses
    • D. Czajkowska
    • A. Nikodem
    • M. Joskowski
    • G. Czajka

    Ten kurs został przygotowany przez Centrum Usług Informatycznych dla studentów i doktorantów Politechniki Gdańskiej. Odbycie kursu i rozwiązanie quizu jest warunkiem zaliczenia przedmiotu „Szkolenie z platformy eStudent". This course has been prepared by the Centre of Information Services for students and PhD students at Gdańsk University of Technology. To get a credit for “eStudent platform training” you have to do the course...

  • History of World Architecture II 2021/2022

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Sołtysik
    • A. Orchowska
    • B. Macikowski

    The course HISTORY OF WORLD II (HWA I) is obligatory in the second semester of study at the Faculty of Architecture at Gdańsk University ofTechnology. It lasts 15 weeks, finishes with the exam, and consists of 15 one-hour lectures and 7 two-hour exercises. The merit of the course includes Western World architecture, beginning from Renaissance (XVI c.), Baroque, Neoclassicism, and Historicism, up until the XIX century. The aim of the...

  • Architectural Project Sem. II 2021/2022

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Krenz
    • K. Życzkowska
    • M. Wojtkiewicz

    Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG mgr inż. arch. Marta Golińska   Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the course is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space....

  • Architectural Project II 2022/2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Krenz
    • K. Życzkowska
    • M. Wojtkiewicz

    Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG mgr inż. arch. Marta Golińska   Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the course is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space....

  • History of World Architecture I 2022/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Sołtysik
    • A. Orchowska
    • B. Macikowski

    The course History of World Architecture I (HWA I) is obligatory on the first semester of study at the Faculty of Architecture  at Gdańsk University of Technology. It lasts 15 weeks , finishes with the exam and consists of 15 two-hour lectures and 15 two-hour exercises. The merit of the course includes the Western World architecture, beginning  from Prehistory and Antiquity (Sumer, Egypt, Greece, Rome), up to the end of the Middle...

  • History of World Architecture II 2022/2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Sołtysik
    • A. Orchowska
    • B. Macikowski

    The course HISTORY OF WORLD II (HWA I) is obligatory in the second semester of study at the Faculty of Architecture at Gdańsk University ofTechnology. It lasts 15 weeks, finishes with the exam, and consists of 15 one-hour lectures and 7 two-hour exercises. The merit of the course includes Western World architecture, beginning from Renaissance (XVI c.), Baroque, Neoclassicism, and Historicism, up until the XIX century. The aim of the...

  • Research grant applications (W)

    e-Learning Courses
    • G. Boczkaj
    • A. Zielińska-Jurek
    • P. Rybarczyk
    • A. Małachowska

    Searching for a grant for yourself. Competitions: of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW), of the National Science Center (NCN)' of the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), of the National Center for Research and Development (NCBiR), European Commission Grants (ERC). Formulation of the application: analysis of the requirements. Description of project issues: purpose, meaning, work plan, and methodology. Reviewer's...

  • Inter Applied Chemistry Programme 6 A practical approach to novel industrial enzymes Dr Natasha Bozic

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Głowacz-Różyńska
    • M. Tobiszewski
    • C. Jungnickel
    • P. Filipkowski

    Inter Applied Chemistry Programme 6 - A practical approach to novel industrial enzymes Dr Natasha Bozic The purpose of the course is to introduce students to the technologies of industrial enzymes discovery and manufacturing and to provide in depth insight about the advantages of using enzyme preparations in industry. Lectures will cover the common workflows of industrial enzymology including following topics: general enzyme...

  • Zaawansowane Metody Pomiarowe i Diagnostyczne 2022/2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • Z. Czaja
    • G. Lentka
    • J. Smulko
    • A. Kwiatkowski
    • M. Kowalewski

    {mlang en} 1. Introduction/Guide for the use of the International System of Units2. Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities.3. The role of measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment. 4. Probabilistic model for measurement processes, estimation theory5. Analog-digital conversion methods6. Selected structures of classical analog-digital converters7. New techniques of analog-digital conversion: sigma-delta...

  • Zaawansowane Metody Pomiarowe i Diagnostyczne 2023/2024

    e-Learning Courses
    • Z. Czaja
    • G. Lentka
    • J. Smulko
    • A. Kwiatkowski
    • M. Kowalewski

    {mlang en} 1. Introduction/Guide for the use of the International System of Units2. Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities.3. The role of measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment. 4. Probabilistic model for measurement processes, estimation theory5. Analog-digital conversion methods6. Selected structures of classical analog-digital converters7. New techniques of analog-digital conversion: sigma-delta...

  • History of World Architecture I 2021/22

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Sołtysik
    • A. Orchowska
    • B. Macikowski

    The course History of World Architecture (HWA I) is obligatory on the first semester of study at the Faculty of Architecture at Gdańsk University ofTechnology. It lasts 15 weeks, finishes with the exam, and consists of 15 two-hour lectures and 15 two-hour exercises. The merit of the course includes Western World architecture, beginning from Prehistory and Antiquity (Sumer, Egypt, Greece, Rome), up to the end of the Middle Ages....

  • Research Grant Applications (SEM)

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Zielińska-Jurek
    • P. Rybarczyk

    Searching for a grant for yourself. Competitions: of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW), of the National Science Center (NCN)' of the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), of the National Center for Research and Development (NCBiR), European Commission Grants (ERC). Formulation of the application: analysis of the requirements. Description of project issues: purpose, meaning, work plan, and methodology. Reviewer's...

  • Space and Landscape in a Global Context

    e-Learning Courses
    • R. Orlik
    • I. Mironowicz

    Module SPACE AND LANDSCAPE IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT (2022/2023, autumn semester) Objective The objective of the module is to debate different approaches to managing spatial development and contemporary issues in a global context. The course is founded on the students' knowledge about urban planning and instruments used to make them better places both for people and the environment.  Course proceedings Lectures and classes run online...

  • Space and Landscape in a Global Context - 2023/24

    e-Learning Courses
    • R. Orlik
    • A. Wancław
    • I. Mironowicz

    Module SPACE AND LANDSCAPE IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT (2022/2023, autumn semester) Objective The objective of the module is to debate different approaches to managing spatial development and contemporary issues in a global context. The course is founded on the students' knowledge about urban planning and instruments used to make them better places both for people and the environment.  Course proceedings Lectures and classes run online...

  • Computer controlled systems - 2022/2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Raczyński

    materiały wspierające wykład na studiach II stopnia na kierunku ACR pod tytułem komputerowe systemy automatyki 1. Computer system – controlled plant interfacing technique; simple interfacing and with both side acknowledgement; ideas, algorithms, acknowledge passing. 2. Methods of acknowledgement passing: software checking and passing, using interrupt techniques, using readiness checking (ready – wait lines). The best solution...

  • CCS-lecture-2023-2024

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Raczyński

    materiały wspierające wykład na studiach II stopnia na kierunku ACR pod tytułem komputerowe systemy automatyki 1. Computer system – controlled plant interfacing technique; simple interfacing and with both side acknowledgement; ideas, algorithms, acknowledge passing. 2. Methods of acknowledgement passing: software checking and passing, using interrupt techniques, using readiness checking (ready – wait lines). The best solution optimization...