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Search results for: POWER VALUES OF ENERGY LOSSES
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Problems of varistor quality assessment during exploitation
PublicationVaristors are commonly used elements which protect power supply networks against high-voltage surges or lightning. Therefore, quality and endurance of these elements is important to avoid losses when an expensive laboratory equipment would not be protected from random overvoltages. Additionally, excessive leakage currents generate serious costs due to high energy consumption. The paper presents shortly properties of varistors that...
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Maximum Power Point Technique (MPPT) for PV System Based on Improved Pert and Observe (P&O) Method with PI Controller
PublicationPhotovoltaic power generation system has key rule in electricity production. Although, it is clean renewable energy with unlimited resources but it has some drawbacks in efficiency. In order to maximize the efficiency, PV array must drive at maximum power point. For the reason so, several algorithms are used in PV system to track MPP and reduce the...
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MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION LOSSES IN THE SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ELECTRIFIED TRANSPORT
PublicationThe issue of electric energy saving in public transport is currently becoming a key area of interest, a fact connected with both an increase in society’s environmental awareness and a rise in the prices of fuel and electricity. Electricity can be saved by reducing transmission losses in the supply system. The article presents a method of measurement and analysis of transmission losses in the supply system of electrified public transport...
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Exergetic Analysis of the nCO2PP Cycle with Particular Reference to the Exergy Destruction of Sewage Sludge Due to Gasification
PublicationAn exergy analysis is carried out on the negative CO2 emission gas power plant (nCO2PP), which integrates the process sections of fuel preparation, power generation and carbon capture. Processes of exergy destruction are studied with particular focus on the process in the gasification unit of the fuel preparation section, where a large amount of exergy is destroyed in various chemical reactions from sewage sludge to producer gas...
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Should we seek further improvement of fluid film bearings - what for and how?
PublicationFluid film bearings have been extensively used in the industry because of their unbeatable durability and extremely low friction coefficient. Large bearings supporting shafts of huge and important rotating machines constitute a special group of fluid film bearings since the reliability of crucial systems, like for example electro-energetic system, rely on their trouble-free operation. Large thrust bearings, apart from enormous...
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Spatial Aspects of Tram and Trolleybus Supply System
PublicationNowadays the issue of electric energy saving in public transport is becoming a key area of interest which is connected both with a growth in environmental awareness of the society and an increase in the prices of fuel and electricity. It can be achieved by reducing of the transmission losses in supply system or by the improving of the usage of the regenerative breaking. The spatial differentiation of the energy supply system of...
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Energy efficiency of electric multiple units in suburban operation
PublicationThis thesis presents approach to analysis of energy efficiency of a suburban rail network, using novel models developed on the Matlab/Simulink basis. Necessary features and requirements for such models were determined thru in-depth review of the source literature in all applicable fields: electrified transportation systems, electric multiple units construction, vehicle drivetrains and finally, existing simulation methods. Existing...
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Safety issues referred to induced sheath voltages in high-voltage power cables – case study
PublicationLoad currents and short-circuit currents in high-voltage power cable lines are sources of the induced voltages in the power cables’ concentric metallic sheaths. When power cables operate with single-point bonding, which is the simplest bonding arrangement, these induced voltages may introduce an electric shock hazard or may lead to damage of the cables’ outer non-metallic sheaths at the unearthed end of the power cable line. To...
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Hysteresis curves and loops for harmonic and impulse perturbations in some non-equilibrium gases
PublicationEvolution of sound in a relaxing gas whose properties vary in the course of wave propagation, is studied. A relaxing medium may reveal normal acoustic properties or be acoustically active. In the first case, losses in acoustic energy lead to an increase in internal energy of a gas similarly as it happens in Newtonian fluids. In the second case, acoustic energy increases in the course of sound propagation, and the internal energy...
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Multiscalar Control Based Airgap Flux Optimization of Induction Motor for Loss Minimization
PublicationBased on the induction motor model, considering the core loss resistance that accounts for magnetic characteristic saturation, a speed control approach is devised with an adaptive full-order (AFO) speed observer. The induction motor model analysis is done sincerely in a stationary reference frame. The control approach incorporates a flux reference generator designed to meet optimal operational circumstances and a nonlinear speed...
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Hysteresis curves for some periodic and aperiodic perturbations in gases
PublicationEvolution of sound in a medium whose properties irreversibly vary in the course of wave propagation, is studied. For example, a gas that is a particular case of a Newtonian fluid is considered. Hysteresis curves, pictorial representations of irreversible attenuation of the sound energy, in the plane of thermodynamic states are plotted. The irreversible losses in internal energy are proportional to the total attenuation and depend...
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Wpływ strat mechanicznych w siłowniku teleskopowym zespołu zagęszczającego w pojeździe do usuwania odpadów z pojemników na skuteczność prasowania odpadów
PublicationHydraulic telescopic cylinders are used to power the moving wall of rear loader garbage trucks equipped with the traditional "sweep and slide" system. As the garbage compression force is directly dependent on the resistance force of the moving wall, losses in the hydraulic telescopic cylinder influence the compaction process. Taking them into account in the control system may improve the operation of the compaction...
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SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
PublicationNowadays the issue of electric energy saving in public transport is becoming a key area of interest which is connected both with a growth in environmental awareness of the society and an increase in the prices of fuel and electricity. It can be achieved by reducing of the transmission losses in supply system or by the improving of the usage of the regenerative breaking. The article presents an analysis of applying these two options...
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SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
PublicationNowadays the issue of electric energy saving in public transport is becoming a key area of interest, which is connected both with a growth in environmental awareness of the society and an increase in the prices of fuel and electricity. It can be achieved by reducing the transmission losses in a supply system or by the improving the usage of the regenerative breaking. The article presents an analysis of applying these two options...
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Diagnosing marine turbine engines through energy characteristics of their flow section
PublicationThe aim of the performed research was to develop of diagnostic method of the flow section of a marine turbine combustion engine based on the level of delamination of its energy characteristics. The here adopted diagnostic model provides for a formulation of the evaluation of the technical conditions based on the measurements of the parameters of the thermodynamic medium in the characteristic control cross-sections of the engine...
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Performance Evaluation of a 650V E-HEMT GaN Power Switch
PublicationGaN power switches have better characteristics compared to the state-of-the-art Si power transistors. These devices offer high operating temperature and current densities, fast switching and low on-resistance. However, currently only a few producers offer technology of high voltage GaN transistors. Immaturity of this technology is the reason why experimental evaluation of GaN parameters must be performed to properly exploit their...
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Comparative study of selected fluids for use in supercritical Organic Ranking Cycles
PublicationIn view of increasing interest in improving energy efficiency of energy conversion devices, there is an increasing requirement of combined production of heat and electricity as well as demand for increased implementation of renewable energy resources. The micro cogenerative units utilizing the Organic Rankine Cycle are focusing the attention of many research centres around the world. In the present paper calculations of ORC cycles...
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Empirical Relationship Describing Total Convective and Radiative Heat Loss in Buildings
PublicationOn the basis of theoretical considerations of convective-radiative heat transfer, a relationship was developed enabling the total convective and radiative heat flux QC+R emitted from any object at tw and its surroundings at t∞ to be calculated from known values of the surface temperature of such an object, i.e., the known temperature difference Δt=tw - t∞ and average air temperature Tav. This relationship is applied to thermal...
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Understanding the Dominant Physics Mechanisms on the p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by Scalable Slot-Die Coating Process in Ambient Air
PublicationPerovskite solar cells (PSC) are emerging technologies that have shown continuous improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. However, a very important aspect that has been seldom considered is the reproducibility of PCE of PSC devices. It is possible to achieve PCE from 10.21% to 17.05% using scalable slot-die-coating technique. However, a spatial distribution of performance is clearly observed for device samples...
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Innovative Railway Stations
PublicationIn relation to modern demographic trends, evolving technologies and environmentfriendly solutions increases the potential of rail considered as sustainable form of public transport. Contemporary tendencies of designing railway stations in Europe are focused on lowering energy consumption and reducing carbon emission. The main goal of the designers is to create a friendly and intuitive space for its users and at the same time a...
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On the internal efficiency of a turbine stage: classical and CFD definitions
PublicationAlmost entire fleet of steam turbines in Poland was designed between 1950 – 1980 with the use of the so-called zero dimensional (0D) calculation tools. For several years, design and modernization of the turbines occur in assistance with the state of the art methods that describe working fluid flow field based on 3D models and CFD codes. This cooperation between 0D and 3D codes requires exchange of overall, integral information...
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Performance of a single layer fuel cell based on a mixed proton-electron conducting composite
PublicationMany of the challenges in solid oxide fuel cell technology stem from chemical and mechanical incompatibilities between the anode, cathode and electrolyte materials. Numerous attempts have been made to identify compatible materials. Here, these challenges are circumvented by the introduction of a working single layer fuel cell, fabricated from a composite of proton conducting BaCe0.6Zr0.2Y0.2O3-δ and a mixture of semiconducting...
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Reinforced Secure Gossiping Against DoS Attacks in Post-Disaster Scenarios
PublicationDuring and after a disaster, the perceived quality of communication networks often becomes remarkably degraded with an increased ratio of packet losses due to physical damages of the networking equipment, disturbance to the radio frequency signals, continuous reconfiguration of the routing tables, or sudden spikes of the network traffic, e.g., caused by the increased user activity in a post-disaster period. Several techniques have...
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Propagation Characteristics of Partial Discharges in an Oil-Filled Power Transformer
PublicationPower transformers are among the most important assets in the power transmission and distribution grid. However, they suffer from degradation and possible faults causing major electrical and financial losses. Partial discharges (PDs) are used to identify the insulation health status and their degradation level. PDs are incipient, low-magnitude faults caused by localized dielectric breakdown. Those activities emit signals in many...
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Degradation of electrical performance of a crystalline photovoltaic module due to dust deposition in northern Poland
PublicationThe reduction in power output caused by the accumulation of dust on the photovoltaic module surface is an important problem and should receive much more attention in the literature. This study was an evaluation of the performance degradation of crystalline photovoltaic modules due to natural and simulated dust deposition. Dust is created from powdered grains of sand and particles of different bodies. Dust originates from different...
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Propagation analysis of the point-to-point radio links operating in the band
PublicationThe theoretical possibilities of utilizing the EHF-band frequencies for point-to-point short range communications have been discussed. The most important factors that affect propagation attenuation in this band have been briefly described, as well as relevant mathematical formulas that allow for numerical analysis of these phenomena. After that, a research have been carried out in which the authors have analyzed propagation losses...
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The influence of road surface unevenness on tyre rolling resistance
PublicationThe geometric characteristics of road surface substantially affect the interaction between tyre and road. Depending on pavement texture wavelength, the texture chiefly affects tyre/road friction, rolling resistance, interior and exterior noise, tyre wear, and ride comfort. The article presents results of investigations on the influence of road surface unevenness on the rolling resistance of passenger car and truck tyres. The tests...
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Przekształtnik prądu jako sterownik w układach napędowych z silnikami indukcyjnymi
PublicationThe circuits used for power conversion applied in drives with electric machines are classified into two groups: voltage source inverters (VSI) and current source inverters (CSI). Application of the current source inverter results in better properties of drive than application of voltage source inverter because there is no output filter. The development of power electronics and especially the IGBTs, in which on/off-times are very...
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Metoda diagnostyki łożysk na podstawie analizy przebiegów prądu i napięcia zasilającego silnik indukcyjny.
PublicationW niniejszej monografii przedstawiono oryginalne podejście i realizację diagnostyki łożysk silników indukcyjnych przy użyciu metody opartej na pomiarach i analizie iloczynu wartości chwilowych prądu i napięcia zasilającego maszyny. Uzyskane wyniki badań eksperymentalnych na obiektach rzeczywistych okazały się zbieżne z wynikami badań symulacyjnych i potwierdziły, że powstanie uszkodzeń łożysk w silniku skutkuje pojawieniem się...
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Measurements of Thermal Conductivity of LWC Cement Composites Using Simplified Laboratory Scale Method
PublicationThe implementation of low-energy construction includes aspects related to technological and material research regarding thermal insulation. New solutions are sought, firstly, to reduce heat losses and, secondly, to improve the environment conditions in isolated rooms. The effective heat resistance of insulating materials is inversely proportional to temperature and humidity. Cement composites filled with lightweight artificial...
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Accurate electrothermal modelling of high frequency DC-DC converters with discrete IGBTs in PLECS software
PublicationIn the paper, a novel, improved method of the IGBT junction temperature computations in the PLECS simulation software is presented. The developed method aims at accuracy of the junction temperature computations in PLECS by utilising a more sophisticated model of transistor losses, and by taking into account variability of transistor thermal resistance as a function of its temperature. A detailed description of the proposed method,...
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Innovative Bidirectional Isolated High-Power Density On-Board Charge for Vehicle-to-Grid
PublicationThis paper deals with developing and implementing a bidirectional galvanically isolated on-board charger of a high-power density. The power density of the new charger was 4 kW/kg and 2.46 kW/dm3, and the maximum efficiency was 96.4% at 3.4 kW. Due to the requirement to achieve a high-power density, a single-stage inverter topology was used. Regarding switching losses, due to the topology of the circuit with so-called hard switching,...
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Metrisable assessment of the course of stream‑systemic processes in vector form in industry 4.0
PublicationThe goal of this paper is to present an innovative conception how to use metrisable vector structure of a manufacturing process, based on quantitative relations between the activity of input streams, features of the product, and effect of losses; all of which are excellent practical solution for Industry 4.0, and in turn intelligent factories. This solution can be a usefull way in the process of building sustainable organization....
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Environmentally acceptable lubricants (EAL) compared with a reference mineral oil as marine stern tube bearing lubricant – Experimental and theoretical investigations
PublicationThe purpose of this research is to indicate the potential differences in bearing characteristics resulting from the application of different lubricant types with the same viscosity grade. The effect of different environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) on hydrodynamic journal bearing properties is studied experimentally and compared to the properties obtained after lubrication with a reference mineral oil. The results of the...
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The new concept of capillary forces aided evaporator for application in domestic organic rankine cycle
PublicationThis paper presents studies on the possibility of applying capillary forces induced in the porous structure to a modern design of evaporator. The potential application of such heat exchanger is for example an evaporator of the domestic micro combined heat and power (CHP) unit. One of the problems in the micro-CHP is excessive demand for pumping power. The proposed design helps in overcoming that issue. In the evaporator outlined...
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Two-phase optimizing approach to design assessments of long distance heat transportation for CHP systems
PublicationCogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for power plants is a method of putting to use waste heat which would be otherwise released to the environment. This allows the increase in thermodynamic efficiency of the plant and can be a source of environmental friendly heat for District Heating (DH). In the paper CHP for Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is analyzed with the focus on heat transportation. A method for effectivity and feasibility...
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Economical wood sawing with circular saw blades
PublicationMaterial- and energy-saving belong to the basic requirements which are imposed on the contemporary manufacturing processes. Since realization of those processes gives measurable profits not only economical but also ecological. In case of wood sawing with circular saw blades material- and energy-savings are dependent on total overall set of teeth (theoretical kerf) and teeth position accuracy in relation to the workpiece. Hence,...
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Satellite pump and motor
PublicationThe article describe the design and operation of a prototype of satellite pump and a prototype of satellite motor. In both machines, the operating mechanism consists of a non-circular gear with external teeth (rotor), non-circular gear with internal teeth (curvature), and ten gear wheels which cooperate with the rotor and the curvature. The differences between the commutation unit in the pump and the commutation unit in the motor...
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Partial Admission Stages of High Efficiency for a Microturbine
PublicationThe paper presents the results of a design analysis of a microturbine for a cogeneration micro-power plant working in accordance with organic Rankine cycle. The heat power of the plant is assumed equal to 20kW and the corresponding available electric output is estimated to be about 3 kW. After the design analysis, the axial turbine with partial admission in all stages was built and tested experimentally. Special attentionwas paid...
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Partial Admission Stages of High Efficiency for a Microturbine
PublicationThe paper presents the results of a design analysis of a micro-turbine for a co-generation micro-power plant working in accordance with organic Rankine cycle. The heat power of the plant is assumed equal to 20kW and the corresponding available electric output is estimated to be about 3kW. After the design analysis, the axial turbine with partial admission in all stages was built and tested experimentally. Special attention was...
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Incomplete Cross-Bonding in the MV Line. Experience from the Operation of MV Single Cable Lines
PublicationCable lines are one of the basic components of power systems. Medium and high voltage cables mainly comprise a metallic sheath, which is concentric to the main core conductor. There are several operating schemes of such cable lines, which differ in the place of earthing of sheaths and the possible use of the sheaths and/or conductors crossing. The sheaths cross-bonding is typically done in two places of one cable line section,...
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Pipeline System for Heat Transportation from Nuclear Power Plant – an Optimizing Approach
PublicationOver the last few years heat piping insulation technology and pump systems efficiency have been significantly improved. Reduced thermal losses encourage heat transportation over long distances. It provides an opportunity for increasing thermodynamic efficiency of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) that are often located in rural areas because of safety issues. It can be achieved by Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation, as heat produced...
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Multi-region fuzzy logic controller with local PID controllers for U-tube steam generator in nuclear power plant
PublicationIn the paper, analysis of multi-region fuzzy logic controller with local PID controllers for steam generator of pressurized water reactor (PWR) working in wide range of thermal power changes is presented. The U-tube steam generator has a nonlinear dynamics depending on thermal power transferred from coolant of the primary loop of the PWR plant. Control of water level in the steam generator conducted by a traditional PID controller...
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Augmented speed control scheme of dual induction motors with mutual flux angle control loop
PublicationThis paper proposes an augmented speed control scheme of dual induction motors fed by a five-leg voltage source inverter (VSI) with a common/shared-leg. An additional control loop is proposed here and based on the mutual flux angle – the difference between flux angular positions of the IMs. The main purpose of this research is to minimize the energy losses in the common inverter leg by controlling the mutual flux angle, at equal...
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Low energy electron mass stopping power in H2
PublicationWe present experimental mass stopping powers of electrons in gaseous H2 obtained with a newly developed electron time-of-flight spectrometer, for the incident electron energy range of 10eV to 25eV. In our procedure the average energy loss is derived from our conversion of measured electron time-of-flight spectra into equivalent electron energy loss spectra so as to obtain the values of mass stopping power for electron scattering...
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Research of electric drive systems with real time software configurable control
PublicationПредмет исследования. Представлен учебно-лабораторный стенд для исследования систем управления элек- троприводами. Стенд используется для обучения студентов системам управления электроприводами и предна- значен для повышения эффективности усвоения материала. Метод. В основу предлагаемого решения положен метод взаимного нагружения электрических машин, питаемых от силовых преобразователей с общим звеном постоянного тока. Это позволяет...
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Design and experimental investigations of a cylindrical microjet heat exchanger for waste heat recovery systems
PublicationCompact heat exchangers have more and more applications in many areas, including the HVAC, food and petrochemical industry. This paper describes the development of heat exchanger technology for waste heat recovery (WHR) from a range of processes. Case-study testing shows that the proposed heat exchanger can successfully enhance heat transfer and recover waste heat in a range of applications making them economically, environmentally and...
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Quantitative study of free convective heat losses from thermodynamic partitions using Thermal Imaging
PublicationThe following paper presents a simple method of determining the presence, distribution and values of heat losses from external building walls as thermodynamic partitions using a Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC). According to Fourier's equation, the value of heat loss is proportional to the temperature gradient ∂t/∂y|y=0 in air in the y direction perpendicular to the heated surface. Unfortunately, air temperature cannot be measured...
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Modular power converter topologies for energy storage and electric power distribution systems
PublicationThis paper describes selected issues concerning realization of energy storage system (ESS) designed to operate in power distribution system. In order to achieve scalability of the system a modular approach is proposed. In addition to this different configuration of the system are analyzed, where depending on requirements and application a scalability in power, in energy capacity of energy storage resource and both in power and...
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Voltage control in a power system with renewable sources of energy
PublicationIntensive development of distributed generation in power systems, caused by the European Union energy policy, gives possibility for improving safety in power delivery as well as optimizing the costs of the systems functioning. In this context, distributed generation can be used for voltage control in power systems – it can be performed by the control of reactive power of each source of energy or a group of energy sources. This...