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  • Utilization of a Non-Linear Error Function in a Positioning Algorithm for Distance Measurement Systems Designed for Indoor Environments

    A new positioning algorithm for distance measurement systems is outlined herein. This algorithm utilizes a non-linear error function which allows us to improve the positioning accuracy in highly difficult indoor environments. The non-linear error function also allows us to adjust the performance of the algorithm to the particular environmental conditions. The well-known positioning algorithms have limitations, mentioned by their...

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  • Selection of physiological parameters for optoelectronic system supporting behavioral therapy of autistic children

    In this article the procedure of selection of physiological parameters for optoelectronic system supporting behavioral therapy of autistic children is proposed. Authors designed and conducted an experiment in which a group of 30 health volunteers (16 females and 14 males) were examined. Under controlled conditions people were exposed to a stressful situation caused by the picture or sound (1kHz constant sound, which was gradually...

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  • System supporting behavioral therapy for children with autism

    In this paper, a system supporting behavioral therapy for autistic children is presented. The system consists of sensors network, base station and a brooch indicating person's emotional states. The system can be used to measure values of physiological parameters that are associated with changes in the emotional state. In the future, it can be useful to inform the autistic child and the therapist about the emotional state of the...

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  • Method for universal detection of two-photon polarization entanglement

    Publication
    • K. Bartkiewicz
    • P. Horodecki
    • K. Lemr
    • A. Miranowicz
    • K. Życzkowski

    - PHYSICAL REVIEW A - Year 2015

    Detecting and quantifying quantum entanglement of a given unknown state poses problems that are fundamentally important for quantum information processing. Surprisingly, no direct (i.e., without quantum tomography) universal experimental implementation of a necessary and sufficient test of entanglement has been designed even for a general two-qubit state. Here we propose an experimental method for detecting a collective universal...

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  • Influence of Osmolytes on Protein and Water Structure: A Step To Understanding the Mechanism of Protein Stabilization

    Results concerning the thermostability of hen egg white lysozyme in aqueous solutions with stabilizing osmolytes, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), glycine (Gly), and its N-methyl derivatives, N-methylglycine (NMG), N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG), and N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine, TMG), have been presented. The combination of spectroscopic (IR) and calorimetric (DSC) data allowed us to establish a link between osmolytes’ influence on...

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  • Implementing decisional trust: a first approach for smart reliable systems

    Publication

    - CYBERNETICS AND SYSTEMS - Year 2009

    In this article, we introduce the necessary elements that must be integrated in order to achieve a decisional technology that is trustworthy. Thus, we refer to such technology as decisional trust. For us, decisional trust can be achieved through the use of elements such as the decisional DNA, reflexive ontologies, and security models; and therefore, we present in this article a framework that was used for the implementation of...

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  • Analysis of leakage flux in deenergized transformer

    Publication

    - Year 2017

    The article presents the numerical analysis of the magnetic field that occurs around the transformer after it has been switched off. The purpose of this analysis was to determine if it is possible to define the residual fluxes in the legs of transformer based on the measurements of this field. These studies have allowed us to determine the quantity and location of the sensors. The influence of the Earth's magnetic field has also...

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  • Connections between Mutually Unbiased Bases and Quantum Random Access Codes

    Publication

    - PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS - Year 2018

    We present a new quantum communication complexity protocol, the promise--Quantum Random Access Code, which allows us to introduce a new measure of unbiasedness for bases of Hilbert spaces. The proposed measure possesses a clear operational meaning and can be used to investigate whether a specific number of mutually unbiased bases exist in a given dimension by employing Semi--Definite Programming techniques.

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  • Modelling of Geared Multi-Rotor System

    Publication

    In the paper the method of modelling a speed-varying geared rotor system is presented. The proposed approach enables us to obtain an accurate low-order lumped parameter representation of the investigated system. The final model consists of reduced modal models of an undamped beam/torsional shaft system as well as a spatially lumped model of other linear and nonlinear phenomena including gear mesh interaction.

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  • Scalony regulator o małym spadku napięcia i krótkiej odpowiedzi impulsowej

    W artykule zaprezentowano projekt regulatora o małym spadku napięcia. Dzięki zastosowaniu wtórnika napięciowego o małej rezystancji wyjściowej, regulator cechuje się bardzo dobrą odpowiedzią impulsową, a ponadto nie wymaga dodatkowych zewnętrznych kondensatorów kompensujących. W związku z tym, zaproponowany regulator może być całkowicie scalony na podłożu półprzewodnikowym, co jest szczególnie korzystne w systemach realizowanych...

  • Stan techniczny dachu drewnianego oraz trzonów kominowych jako czynników determinujących zakres remontu kapitalnego budynku

    Publication

    - Dachy - Year 2014

    W artykule opisano stan techniczny dachu drewnianego oraz trzonów kominowych w budynku mieszkalno - us lugowym, który po wwileu latach eksploatacji został wyłaczony z użytkowania. Długotrwały okres eksploatacji budynku oraz brak regularnie prowadzonych remontów okresowych doprowadziły do drastycznego spadku sprawności technicznej obiektu, w tym elementów jego przekrycia

  • Intramolecular Proton Transfer in the Radical Anion of Cytidine Monophosphate Sheds Light on the Sensitivities of Dry vs Wet DNA to Electron Attachment-Induced Damage

    Publication
    • L. Chomicz-Mańka
    • A. Czaja
    • K. Falkiewicz
    • M. Zdrowowicz
    • K. Biernacki
    • S. Demkowicz
    • F. Izadi
    • E. Arthur-Baidoo
    • S. Denifl
    • Z. Zhu... and 4 others

    - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Year 2023

    Single-strand breaks (SSBs) induced via electron attachment were previously observed in dry DNA under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), while hydrated electrons were found not able to induce this DNA damage in an aqueous solution. To explain these findings, crossed electron-molecular beam (CEMB) and anion photoelectron spectroscopy (aPES) experiments coupled to density functional theory (DFT) modeling were used to demonstrate the fundamental...

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  • Experimental Verification of the CFD Model of the Squeeze Film Lifting Effect

    Abstract: The presented study shows the results of the research into the squeeze film levitation phenomena. The system introduced in the investigation is composed of a vibrating surface, air squeeze film, and the surface of the body freely suspended over the film. The use of the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model used in the system allows us to determine the steady state, periodic behavior of the air film (described by Navier–Stokes,...

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  • Assessment of the usefulness of bacterial cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25 as a new biological implant

    Publication

    - Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications - Year 2019

    Bionanocellulose (BNC) is a clear polymer produced by the bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus. In our current study, “Research on the use of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in regenerative medicine as a function of the biological implants in cardiac and vascular surgery”, we carried out material analysis, biochemical analysis, in vitro tests and in vivo animal model testing. In stage 1 of the project, we carried out physical and...

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  • Metal enhanced fluorescence of flavin mononucleotide using new plasmonic platform

    Publication
    • A. Synak
    • B. Grobelna
    • S. Raut
    • P. Bojarski
    • I. Gryczyński
    • J. Karczewski
    • T. Shtoyko

    - OPTICAL MATERIALS - Year 2016

    New plasmonic platform was successfully obtained to investigate the increase of fluorescence intensity of a fluorophore in the presence of silver nanoparticles. A flavin mononucleotide, was selected by us as a fluorophore for this study as a very important biological compound playing a key role in many biochemical process. Plasmonic platforms were characterized by means of luminescence spectroscopy. Flavin mononucleotide deposited...

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  • Multi-Objective Design Optimization of Compact Quasi-Isotropic Dielectric Resonator Antenna

    Publication

    Multi-objective optimization of a quasi-isotropic dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is presented. Utilization of variable-fidelity electromagnetic (EM) DRA models, response surface approximations, and response correction techniques, allows us to obtain—at a low computational cost—a set of alternative antenna designs representing the best possible trade-offs between three conflicting objectives: antenna size, its reflection response,...

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  • L'economia mondiale dopo la guerra fredda

    Publication

    - Year 2018

    Che cosa è successo negli equilibri economici mondiali a partire dal 1989 e dalla dissoluzione del vecchio ordine sovietico? Dopo aver esaminato gli Usa e i suoi competitori asiatici, Giappone e Cina, il libro si concentra sull’Europa e sulle grandi trasformazioni portate dalla riunificazione tedesca, da Maastricht e dalla nascita dell’euro. Infine analizza, nell’ambito della globalizzazione, il ruolo dei BRICS, lo sviluppo economico...

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  • Radio programowalne - przyszły standard inteligentnego systemu radiokomunikacyjnego

    Publication

    W pracy przedstawiono całkowicie nowatorską koncepcję programowalnego systemu radiokomunikacyjnego zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do inteligentnego terminala użytkownika w tym systemie. Na wstępie omówiono platformę sprzętową takiego rozwiązania. Następnie przedstawiono rozwiązanie systemowe platformy informatycznej, poczynając od jej charakterystyki funkcjonalnej, poprzez opis środowiska programowego koniecznego do realizacji niezbędnych...

  • Realizacja zmiany procesu planowania i sterowania produkcją – aspekty metodyczne

    Publication

    Konieczność zapewnienia sprawnej i skutecznej realizacji podstawowego procesu w organizacjach jakim jest proces produkcji wyrobów i usług, wymaga odpowiedniej adaptacji procesu planowania i sterowania produkcją do dynamicznych zmian otoczenia. Dla zagwarantowania efektywnego przebiegu procesu zmiany niezbędne jest nadanie mu właściwych ram i jego systemowe ujęcie. W artykule scharakteryzowano zakres działań i obszary zmian procesu...

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  • Detection of the Bee Queen Presence Using Sound Analysis

    Publication

    - Year 2018

    This work describes the system and methods of data analysis we use for beehive monitoring. We present overview of the hardware infrastructures used in hive monitoring systems and we describe algorithms used for analysis of this kind of data. Based on acquisited signals we construct the application that is capable to detect an absence of honey bee queen. We describe our method of signal analysis and present results that allow us...

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  • S&YP + Mentors + Peace + Love = Science and Growing

    In this extraordinarily difficult time, we understand better that only peace, love, and cooperation are the keys to growing in technology for humanity. Let us learn from our mentors how they grow from their hard work and international cooperation. Thanks to Prof. Giuseppe Buja and Prof. Zbigniew Krzemiński, we have unique schools of adjustable speed drives that are helping people convert electrical to mechanical power and vice...

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  • Small Antenna Design Using Surrogate-Based Optimization

    Publication

    In this work, design of small antennas using efficient numerical optimization is investigated. We exploit variable-fidelity electromagnetic (EM) simulations and the adaptively adjusted design specifications (AADS) technique. Combination of these methods allows us to simultaneously adjust multiple geometry parameters of the antenna structure of interest in a computationally feasible manner, leading to substantial reduction of the...

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  • Evolution of chemotaxis in single-cell artificial organisms

    Publication

    The model of a liquid two-dimensional environment, which is based on physics of diffusion, allows us to simulate the diffusion of morphogenes. Artificial organisms move using a chemotaxis reacting to concentration difference. Organisms are controlled by a gene regulatory network coded in a linear genome and reproduce by division. We made a lot of experiments presenting organisms’ behaviour in various environment conditions. We...

  • Mind the framing: Match purpose and context

    Publication

    - Year 2023

    In several ways, the following chapters will allude to the concept of frames. The assumptions of a mathematical model tell us what it can explain and what it cannot (see chapter 5). The trade-off between the usefulness of a mathemati- cal model and the scale of complexity it seeks to capture further conditions the narrative, highlighting or downsizing cognitive elements relevant to responsible modelling (see ‘Mathematics and tales’...

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  • Ontology-Aided Software Engineering

    Publication

    - Year 2012

    This thesis is located between the fields of research on Artificial Intelligence (AI), Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KRR), Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) and Model Driven Engineering (MDE). The modern offspring of KRR - Description Logic (DL) [Baad03] is considered here as a formalization of the software engineering Methods & Tools. The bridge between the world of formal specification (governed by the mathematics)...

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  • Automatic Discovery of IaaS Cloud Workload Types

    The paper presents an approach to automatic discovery of workloads types. We perform functional characteristics of the workloads executed in our cloud environment, that have been used to create model of the computations. To categorize the resources utilization we used K-means algorithm, that allow us automatically select six types of computations. We perform analysis of the discovered types against to typical computational benchmarks,...

  • A diplexer design method using an augmented channel filter approach

    Publication

    Continuous development in RFID andmicrocontrollers technologies gives new possibilities to createsystems that are able to integrate a lot of sensors based ondifferent technologies. This integration brings us closer to realizethe Ubiquitous Network Society vision. However, many problemsmust be addressed before we will benefit from such systems. Inthis paper we describe concept of integrating RFID technologywith other sensors technologies...

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  • Wartościowanie jakości ściernic do przecinania z zastosowaniem samoistnego stopniowania ważności kryteriów.

    Publication

    - Year 2010

    W wartościowaniu jakości obiektów metodą Kolmana procedura wyznaczania stopnia ważności kryterium jakości u w oparciu o tzw. uniwersalne kryteria ważności jest skomplikowana i subiektywna. Dla zachowania wpływu na producenta ściernic stopnia ważności kryteriów jakości zastosowano jego odmianę, tzw. współczynnik ważności stopniowanej samoistnie us będący odwrotnością wyróżnika kryterialnego, który z kolei stanowi wartość jakości...

  • Wyszukiwarka nagrań muzycznych - Serwis muzyczny Synat

    W pracy przedstawiono opracowany w ramach projektu Synat serwis klasyfikacji nagrań muzycznych, a także pro-blemy i rozwiązania systemowe zrealizowane w celu zapew-nienia większej skuteczności wyszukiwania treści muzycz-nych. W ramach eksperymentów przeprowadzono testy skuteczności klasyfikacji gatunków muzycznych na pod-stawie obliczonych wektorów parametrów z wykorzysta-niem algorytmów decyzyjnych. W pracy zawarto szczegó-łowe...

  • Przesył energii elektrycznej - potrzeby,progi i bariery

    Publication
    • M. Bartosik
    • W. Kamrat
    • M. Każmierkowski
    • W. Lewandowski
    • P. Maciej
    • T. Peryt
    • T. Skoczkowski
    • A. Strupczewski
    • A. Szeląg

    - Przegląd Elektrotechniczny - Year 2016

    W artykule przeanalizowano stan aktualny i kierunki rozwoju krajowego systemu przesy ł owego w kontek ś cie potrzeb gospodarki krajowej. Przedstawiono znaczenie sieci przesy ł owych oraz rol ę operatorów systemu przesy ł owego i systemów dystrybucyjnych w sektorze energetycznym. Oceniono mo ż liwo ś ci rozwoju przy uwzgl ę dnieniu aktualnych prognoz zapotrzebowania na energi ę , wytyczono potencjalne...

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  • Ryzyko w realizacji przedsięwzięć.

    Publication

    - Year 2002

    W realizacji złożonych przedsięwzięć, szczególnie technicznych, mamy do czynienia z zagrożeniem, wynikającym z nieznanego do końca przebiegu procesu realizacji. Stan taki wymusza na realizatorach przedsięwzięć, już na etapie planowania, zwrócenia uwagi na możliwości wystąpienia zagrożeń a tym samym zaplanowania a tym samym zaplanowania działań ograniczających skutki tych zagrożeń.W grupie przedsięwzięć technicznych mamy do...

  • Dbałość o bezpieczeństwo systemów informatycznych.

    Publication

    - Year 2004

    Skoncentrowano się na problematyce bezpieczeństwa systemów informatycznych dla ogólnie pojętej organizacji. Wyszczególniono i omówiono podstawowe zagrożenia dla systemu informatycznego. Sklasyfikowano metody i cele działania szeroko ujętych włamywaczy komputerowych. Przedstawiono sposoby i mechanizmy zwiększające bezpieczeństwo systemowe. Położono nacisk zarówno na aspekty pozatechniczne, takie jak: polityka bezpieczeństwa, szkolenia...

  • Wyznaczanie wytrzymałości betonu na podstawie funkcji dojrzałości wg amerykańskiej normy ASTM C1074-11

    Artykuł poświęcono wyznaczaniu wytrzymałości betonu na podstawie funkcji dojrzałości wg normy ASTM C1074-11 (ang. Maturity Method). Metoda bazuje na rejestracji zmian tem - peratury w trakcie hydratacji dojrzewającego betonu. Wartykule zaprezentowano procedurę badawczą służącą wyznaczeniu funk - cji dojrzałości dla wybranej mieszanki betonowej oraz zależności wytrzymałość-dojrzałość. Celem badań jest wyznaczanie zmian w czasie...

  • ENTERPRISE ACTIVITIES MODELING BY BPMN NOTATION

    Depending on the process behavior, available know-how and organizational goals, different techniques and tools can be used for business process modeling. We concentrate on e-commerce, and try to find the best marketing strategy for the sales process improvement. In the paper we present the multilayer approach to define enterprise scenarios. This allows us to collect the suitable knowledge necessary for enterprise analysis and improvement....

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  • Robustified estimators of radar elevation angle using a specular multipath model

    We consider the problem of estimating the elevation angle in the presence of multipath. The proposed method belongs to the class of maximum likelihood-like estimators and employs a modified specular reflection model that accounts for the uncertainty of the steering vector by assuming that they are subject to unknown deterministic perturbations with bounded norms. The analysis, performed using convex optimization methods, allows...

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  • Analytical method of modelling the geometric system of communication route

    Publication

    The paper presents a new analytical approach to modelling the curvature of a communication route by making use of differential equations. The method makes it possible to identify both linear and nonlinear curvature. It enables us to join curves of the same or opposite signs of curvature. Solutions of problems for linear change of curvature and selected variants of nonlinear curvature in polynomial and trigonometric form were analyzed....

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  • Fast EM-driven optimization using variable-fidelity EM models and adjoint sensitivities

    A robust and computationally efficient technique for microwave design optimization is presented. Our approach exploits variable-fidelity electromagnetic (EM) simulation models and adjoint sensitivities. The low-fidelity EM model correction is realized by means of space mapping (SM). In the optimization process, the SM parameters are optimized together with the design itself, which allows us to keep the number...

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  • Load function walking pedestrian on the footbridge.

    Publication

    - Year 2004

    Modern foot bridges are more and more sensitive to variable load created by moving pedestrians. These are several reasons for that. Quickly growing up road infrastructure forces us to build foot bridges just to reconnect one piece of land, separated now by the new road or railway. These bridges are lightweight because the only live load acting on them comes from pedestrians.The paper focuses on the definition of human induces dynamic...

  • Experimental and theoretical investigation of conformational states and noncovalent interactions in crystalline sulfonamides with a methoxyphenyl moiety

    Publication

    - CRYSTENGCOMM - Year 2021

    Four sulfonamide derivatives with a methoxyphenyl moiety, namely N-{4-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfamoyl] phenyl}acetamide (1a), N-{4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)sulfamoyl]phenyl}acetamide (1b), 4-amino-N-(2- methoxyphenyl)benzenesulfonamide (2a) and 4-amino-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzenesulfonamide (2b), have been synthesized and characterized physiochemically by CHNS, MS, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, PXRD and TG methods. Crystal structures were determined...

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  • Miejski obszar funkcjonalny czy powiat? Problemy ponadgminne i miejsca ich rozwiązywania

    Miasta, także małe, oddziałują na otoczenie wiejskie w dużej mierze poprzez dojazdy do miast do pracy i usług. Tak powstają tzw. miejskie systemy dzienne. Powiązania systemowe powodują, że ich kształtowaniu towarzyszą problemy, których zasięg przekracza granice gmin lub skala właściwa dla ich rozwiązywania przekracza kompetencje jednej gminy. Autor analizuje te problemy oraz możliwe miejsca ich rozwiązywania, porównując planowanie...

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  • Cel i funkcje zamówień publicznych

    Publication

    System zamówień publicznych, obok zagadnień prawnych, obejmuje między innymi również zagadnienia organizacyjne, czy też ekonomiczne. Dlatego elementy systemowe należy rozpatrywać w bardzo szerokim ujęciu i nie można zawężać ich tylko do zagadnień prawnych. Cele i funkcje zamówień przeplatają się nawzajem i tym samym są od siebie niezależne. Nie można mówić o celach bez wyraźnego oparcia w funkcjach zamówień publicznych i odwrotnie....

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  • Mechanizmy bezpieczeństwa w strefie C systemu netBaltic

    W artykule zaprezentowano rozwiązania zaimplementowane do zabezpieczania komunikacji w warunkach sporadycznej i nieciągłej łączności (Delay Tolerant Networking – DTN) w systemie netBaltic - charakterystycznej dla strefy C tego systemu. Ze względu na dużą różnorodność rozważanych mechanizmów komunikacyjnych, architektura bezpieczeństwa całego systemu została podzielona na kilka elementów – infrastrukturę klucza publicznego (PKI),...

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  • Poprawa sprawności układów ORC i systemów trigeneracyjnych poprzez zastosowanie różnych termodynamicznych wariantów ich działania

    Nadrzędnym celem w procesie projektowania instalacji opartej o układy ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) i systemy trigeneracyjne jest uzyskanie możliwie najwyższej sprawności lub maksymalnej mocy układu. Jednak naturalną barierą wdrażania nowych, często kosztownych, technologii są przesłanki natury ekonomicznej. Niedoceniany również bywa w takich przypadkach efekt ekologiczny ewentualnej modernizacji. Niniejsza praca przedstawia systemowe...

  • Magnetic field microsensor based on GaAs MESFET

    Publication
    • W. Kordalski
    • B. Boratyński
    • M. Panek
    • B. Ściana
    • I. Zborowska-Lindert
    • M. Tłaczała

    - Year 2007

    A novel concept of the drain separation design in a horizontally-split-drain GaAs MAGFET sensor, based on epitaxial layer growth, was developed. Proper choice of GaAs/AlAs/GaAs epitaxial layer sequence provided good electrical isolation between the drain regions. The measured leakage current between the drain regions was in the range of nA for up to 2V drain voltage bias difference. Performed analytical and numerical calculations...

  • Is it all about networking? Building a sustainable value of a small enterprise in Polish context

    Publication

    - Year 2010

    In this paper we aim to propose and outline key ingredients to a small enterprise success, emerging from the social capital of small business owner-managers and their business networks. We employ resource based view of an organization as well as an embeddedness perspective along with new approach transaction costs to outline the pillars of an advantage of a small business entity. The analysis of survey data leads us to conclusion,...

  • Collective Uncertainty Entanglement Test

    Publication

    - PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS - Year 2011

    For a given pure state of a composite quantum system we analyze the product of its projections onto aset of locally orthogonal separable pure states. We derive a bound for this product analogous to theentropic uncertainty relations. For bipartite systems the bound is saturated for maximally entangled statesand it allows us to construct a family of entanglement measures, we shall call collectibility. As thesequantities are experimentally...

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  • Categorization of Cloud Workload Types with Clustering

    The paper presents a new classification schema of IaaS cloud workloads types, based on the functional characteristics. We show the results of an experiment of automatic categorization performed with different benchmarks that represent particular workload types. Monitoring of resource utilization allowed us to construct workload models that can be processed with machine learning algorithms. The direct connection between the functional...

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  • Monitoring of the Process of System Information Broadcasting in Time

    One of the problems of quantum physics is how a measurement turns quantum, noncopyable data, towards copyable classical knowledge. We use the quantum state discrimination in a central system model to show how its evolution leads to the broadcasting of the information, and how orthogonalization and decoherence factors allow us to monitor the distance of the state in question to the one perfectly broadcasting information, in any...

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  • Novel Structure and EM-Driven Design of Small UWB Monopole Antenna

    Publication

    A novel structure of a small UWB monopole antenna is presented. In our approach, a compact size is achieved by means of a meander line for current path enlargement as well as the two parameterized slits that introduce additional degrees of freedom helping to ensure good impedance matching. The antenna design is carried out using surrogate-based optimization involving variable-fidelity EM simulations. This allows us to simultaneously...

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  • A Concept and Design Optimization of Compact Planar UWB Monopole Antenna

    Publication

    A novel structure concept of a compact UWB monopole antenna is introduced together with a low-cost design optimization procedure. Reduced footprint is achieved by introduction of a protruded ground plane for current path increase and a matching transformer to ensure wideband impedance matching. All geometrical parameters of the structure are optimized simultaneously by means of surrogate based optimization involving variable-fidelity...

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