Search results for: sparse autoregressive models - Bridge of Knowledge

Search

Search results for: sparse autoregressive models

Search results for: sparse autoregressive models

  • Modeling SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins in the CASP‐commons experiment

    Publication
    • A. Kryshtafovych
    • J. Moult
    • W. M. Billings
    • D. Della Corte
    • K. Fidelis
    • S. Kwon
    • K. Olechnovič
    • C. Seok
    • Č. Venclovas
    • J. Won... and 79 others

    - PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS - Year 2021

    Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP) is an organization aimed at advancing the state of the art in computing protein structure from sequence. In the spring of 2020, CASP launched a community project to compute the structures of the most structurally challenging proteins coded for in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Forty-seven research groups submitted over 3000 three-dimensional models and 700 sets of accuracy estimates on...

    Full text to download in external service

  • CAD. Introduction (2024/25)

    e-Learning Courses
    • D. Cyparski

    This course introduces students to the application of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) in creating architectural drawings and project presentations. No prior CAD experience is required. Through hands-on exercises, students will learn to create engaging project presentations using 2D drawings and 3D models created in AutoDesk AutoCAD and other industry-standard software.  

  • Numerical solution analysis of fractional point kinetics and heat exchange in nuclear reactor

    The paper presents the neutron point kinetics and heat exchange models for the nuclear reactor. The models consist of a nonlinear system of fractional ordinary differential and algebraic equations. Two numerical algorithms are used to solve them. The first algorithm is application of discrete Grünwald-Letnikov definition of the fractional derivative in the model. The second involves building an analog scheme in the FOMCON Toolbox...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Low harmonic multipulse voltage converters using coupled reactors

    Publication

    - Year 2016

    This paper presents a novel approach to the multi pulse voltage converters (VC), especially voltage source inverters (VSI) and matrix converters (MC) based on several typical identical modules connected in parallel using coupled reactors. Such arrangements resulting in lower voltage distortions at extremely low switching frequency. The proposed arrangement was validated by simulation. Laboratory models of 18- and 24pulse 3-level...

    Full text to download in external service

  • On constitutive modeling for technical woven fabric

    Publication

    W pracy przestawiono kilka modeli konstytutywnych przyjmowanych do opisu zachowania się tkanin technicznych. Oprócz modeli zaczerpniętych z literatury autorzy prezentują własną koncepcje modelu stanowiąca rozszerzenie modelu sieci gęstej.This paper describes several types of the constitutive models used for the technical woven fabric description. Besides of the literatures examples of the constitutive models, the authors presented...

  • A collection of directed graphs for the minimum cycle mean weight computation

    Open Research Data
    open access

    This dataset contains definitions of the 16 directed graphs with weighted edges that were described in the following paper: Paweł Pilarczyk, A space-efficient algorithm for computing the minimum cycle mean in a directed graph, Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, 20 (2020), no. 4, 349--355, DOI: 10.22436/jmcs.020.04.08, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22436/jmcs.020.04.08   These...

  • Chained machine learning model for predicting load capacity and ductility of steel fiber–reinforced concrete beams

    Publication
    • T. Shafighfard
    • F. Kazemi
    • F. Bagherzadeh
    • M. Mieloszyk
    • D. Yoo

    - COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING - Year 2024

    One of the main issues associated with steel fiber–reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams is the ability to anticipate their flexural response. With a comprehensive grid search, several stacked models (i.e., chained, parallel) consisting of various machine learning (ML) algorithms and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed to predict the flexural response of SFRC beams. The flexural performance of SFRC beams under bending was...

    Full text available to download

  • Data-Driven Modeling of Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete: A Critical Review

    Publication

    - ARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING - Year 2024

    Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is extensively used in diverse structural engineering applications, and its mechanical properties are crucial for designing and evaluating its performance. The compressive, flexural, splitting tensile, and shear strengths of FRCs are among the most important attributes, which have been discussed more extensively than other properties. The accurate prediction of these properties, which are required...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Detecting type of hearing loss with different AI classification methods: a performance review

    Publication
    • M. Kassjański
    • M. Kulawiak
    • T. Przewoźny
    • D. Tretiakow
    • J. Kuryłowicz
    • A. Molisz
    • K. Koźmiński
    • A. Kwaśniewska
    • P. Mierzwińska-Dolny
    • M. Grono

    - Year 2023

    Hearing is one of the most crucial senses for all humans. It allows people to hear and connect with the environment, the people they can meet and the knowledge they need to live their lives to the fullest. Hearing loss can have a detrimental impact on a person's quality of life in a variety of ways, ranging from fewer educational and job opportunities due to impaired communication to social withdrawal in severe situations. Early...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Assessing the attractiveness of human face based on machine learning

    Publication

    The attractiveness of the face plays an important role in everyday life, especially in the modern world where social media and the Internet surround us. In this study, an attempt to assess the attractiveness of a face by machine learning is shown. Attractiveness is determined by three deep models whose sum of predictions is the final score. Two annotated datasets available in the literature are employed for training and testing...

    Full text available to download

  • Numerical Model of Femur Part

    The aim of the study is to create a new more accurate method of femur part modelling by using the finite element method. According to this new method, a femur part is treated as a complex structure composed of trabecular bone (internal part) and cortical bone (external part). The internal part is modelled as a scaffold, thus the external part is modelled as a coat (i.e. covering). Applying the programme ABAQUS, there were created...

  • Improving the procedure of probabilistic load testing design of typical bridges based on structural response similarities

    Publication

    This paper concerns load testing of typical bridge structures performed prior to operation. In-situ tests of a two-span post-tensioned bridge loaded with three vehicles of 38-ton mass each formed the input of this study. On the basis of the results of these measurements, an advanced FEM model of the structure was developed for which the sensitivity analysis was performed for chosen uncertainty sources. Three uncorrelated random...

    Full text available to download

  • Reliable data-driven modeling of high-frequency structures by means of nested kriging with enhanced design of experiments

    Data-driven (or approximation) surrogate models have been gaining popularity in many areas of engineering and science, including high-frequency electronics. They are attractive as a way of alleviating the difficulties pertinent to high computational cost of evaluating full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation models of microwave, antenna, and integrated photonic components and devices. Carrying out design tasks that involve massive...

    Full text to download in external service

  • 5G/6G optical fronthaul modeling: cost and energy consumption assessment

    In fifth generation (5G) and the future beyond 5G (6G) radio access networks (RANs), the cost of fronthaul deployment is a main challenge for mobile network operators. Depending on different constraints, there are various solutions to deploy an efficient fronthaul. Fiber-optic-based fronthaul offers long-term support with regard to a rapid increase in capacity demands. When fiber connections, either point-to-point (P2P) or point-to-multipoint...

    Full text available to download

  • Changes in the addiction prevalence in Polish population between 1990-2019: Review of available data

    Publication

    - Year 2020

    The 1989 collapse of the socialist political system in Poland initiated an avalanche of modifications regarding healthcare policy resulting with new institutions and programs dedicated to monitoring and preventing addiction. In the current article, we look at the available data allowing to track changes in (1) the prevalence of exposure to addictive substances and behaviors, and (2) changes of addictions prevalence in Poland...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Design of Cost-Efficient Optical Fronthaul for 5G/6G Networks: An Optimization Perspective

    Publication

    - SENSORS - Year 2022

    Currently, 5G and the forthcoming 6G mobile communication systems are the most promising cellular generations expected to beat the growing hunger for bandwidth and enable the fully connected world presented by the Internet of Everything (IoE). The cloud radio access network (CRAN) has been proposed as a promising architecture for meeting the needs and goals of 5G/6G (5G and beyond) networks. Nevertheless, the provisioning of cost-efficient...

    Full text available to download

  • Accelerated Parameter Tuning of Antenna Structures by Means of Response Features and Principal Directions

    Popularity of numerical optimization has been steadily on the rise in the design of modern antenna systems. Resorting to mathematically rigorous parameter tuning methods is a matter of practical necessity as interactive techniques (e.g., parameter sweeping) are no longer adequate when handling several performance figures over multi-dimensional parameter spaces. The most common design scenarios involve local tuning since decent...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Analiza zachowań tłumu w multimedialnym systemie bezpieczeństwa

    W niniejszym referacie zawarto opis metody detekcji zachowań tłumu na podstawie analizy obrazu. Koncepcja docelowego wykorzystania to wspomaganie pracy operatorów w systemach monitoringu, w szczególności podczas imprez masowych, np. na stadionach wyposażonych w wiele kamer. Celem opracowanej metody jest wykrywanie normalnych oraz potencjalnie niebezpiecznych zachowań tłumu, takich jak: panika, kierunkowy ruch masy ludzi, czy gromadzenie...

  • Measurement of Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter Angular Dependence at 150 kHz Using a Multibeam Echosounder

    Publication
    • K. Trzcińska
    • J. Tęgowski
    • P. Poćwiardowski
    • Ł. Janowski
    • J. Zdroik
    • A. Kruss
    • M. Rucińska
    • Z. Łubniewski
    • J. S. von Deimling

    - Remote Sensing - Year 2021

    Acoustic seafloor measurements with multibeam echosounders (MBESs) are currently often used for submarine habitat mapping, but the MBESs are usually not acoustically calibrated for backscattering strength (BBS) and cannot be used to infer absolute seafloor angular dependence. We present a study outlining the calibration and showing absolute backscattering strength values measured at a frequency of 150 kHz at around 10–20 m water...

    Full text available to download

  • Evidence for consolidation of neuronal assemblies after seizures in humans

    Publication
    • M. R. Bower
    • M. Stead
    • R. S. Bower
    • M. T. Kucewicz
    • V. Sulc
    • J. Cymbalnik
    • B. H. Brinkmann
    • V. Vasoli
    • E. K. ST.Louis
    • F. Meyer... and 2 others

    - Journal of Neuroscience - Year 2015

    The establishment of memories involves reactivation of waking neuronal activity patterns and strengthening of associated neural circuits during slow-wave sleep (SWS), a process known as "cellular consolidation" (Dudai and Morris, 2013). Reactivation of neural activity patterns during waking behaviors that occurs on a timescale of seconds to minutes is thought to constitute memory recall (O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978), whereas consolidation...

    Full text available to download

  • 3D mesoporous α-Co(OH)2 nanosheets electrodeposited on nickel foam: A new generation of macroscopic cobalt-based hybrid for peroxymonosulfate activation

    Publication
    • R. Yuan
    • M. Jiang
    • S. Gao
    • Z. Wang
    • H. Wang
    • G. Boczkaj
    • Z. Liu
    • J. Ma
    • Z. Li

    - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL - Year 2020

    Cobalt-based catalysts with high stability and facile recovery for heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation are still rather sparse and therefore highly desirable. Herein, 3D mesoporous α-Co(OH)2 nanosheets was created on robust nickel foam (NF) via facile electrodeposition approach at 6 mA/cm2 for only 400 s. Almost complete removal of phenol can be achieved within 7 min with a degradation rate of 0.39 min−1, 2 times higher...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Expedited constrained multi-objective aerodynamic shape optimization by means of physics-based surrogates

    Publication

    - APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING - Year 2016

    In the paper, computationally efficient constrained multi-objective design optimization of transonic airfoil profiles is considered. Our methodology focuses on fixed-lift design aimed at finding the best possible trade-offs between the two objectives: minimization of the drag coefficient and maximization of the pitching moment. The algorithm presented here exploits the surrogate-based optimization principle, variable-fidelity computational...

    Full text available to download

  • Jakub Golik dr

    People

    Jakub Golik currently works as a Research & Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Management and Economics, Department of Entrepreneurship, Gdańsk University of Technology. Jakub does research in Utility-maximizing Models in Economy, Entrepreneurial Economics, Career Choice and Decision/Risk Theory. In his research he utilises mainly quantitative and experimental research methods including Conjoint Analysis and Structural Equation...

  • Mariusz Franciszek Kaszubowski dr

    Biogram Mariusz Kaszubowski works as Assistant Professor at the Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdansk University of Technology. He is teaching descriptive and mathematical statistics, as well social statistics and insurance statistics. He is lecturer of statistics in at postgraduate studies „Lean Six Sigma Black Belt”.   He is a graduate of two majors: Management (specializing Insurance...

  • Marek Czachor prof. dr hab.

  • Modelowanie podziału zadań przewozowych w obszarach zurbanizowanych

    Publication

    - Year 2018

    Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska dotyczy problematyki modelowania podziału zadań przewozowych w procesie modelowania podróży. Wykonane analizy wykazały zasadność zastosowania dodatkowych czynników w modelowaniu wyboru środka transportu z uwagi na ich istotny wpływ na jakość modelu dla wybranych motywacji podróży. W pracy zawarto przykładowe modele uwzględniające każdy z analizowanych czynników. Z wykorzystaniem badań heurystycznych...

  • The use of machine learning for face regions detection in thermograms

    Publication

    - Year 2022

    The aim of this study is to analyse the methods of detecting characteristic points of the face in thermographic images. As part of the implementation an extensive analysis of scientific publications covering similar issues both for the analysis of images made in visible light and thermographic images was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, 3 models were selected and then they were implemented and tested on the basis of...

    Full text to download in external service

  • A Goal-Oriented Error Estimator for Reduced Basis Method Modeling of Microwave Devices

    This letter proposes a novel a-posteriori error estimator suitable for the reduced order modeling of microwave circuits. Unlike the existing error estimators based on impedance function residuals, the new one exploits the residual error associated with the computation of the scattering matrix. The estimator can be effectively used in the Reduced Basis Method (RBM) to automatically generate reduced-order models. The results of numerical...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Studies of the mechanism of metal metal dusting of 10CrMo9-10 steel after 10 years of operation in trhe semi-regenerative catalytic reformer

    Publication

    The study showed that metal dusting mechanism of 10CrMo9-10 steel operated in industrial environment differs from models developed in laboratories. Significant differences lie in the fact that the models developed in laboratories only assume the formation of metastable carbide M3C, while studies have shown that the formation of M3C carbides is associated with the transformation of primary carbides and in the next stage is preceded...

    Full text available to download

  • Recognizing emotions on the basis of keystroke dynamics

    Publication

    - Year 2015

    The article describes a research on recognizing emotional states on the basis of keystroke dynamics. An overview of various studies and applications of emotion recognition based on data coming from keyboard is presented. Then, the idea of an experiment is presented, i.e. the way of collecting and labeling training data, extracting features and finally training classifiers. Different classification approaches are proposed to be...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Cough influence on fascia-mesh system built for a hernia repair - an experimental research

    Publication

    An experimental approach to identify stronger and weaker fixation schemes in laparoscopic ventral hernia repair is presented in the paper. Two types of implants, whose mechanical properties are significantly different and five kinds of connectors are considered. Physical models of operated hernia have been built using those materials and porcine abdominal tissue. The models have been subjected to dynamic impulse load, similar to...

  • Design analysis of Tesla micro-turbine operating on a low-boiling medium

    Publication

    - Polish Maritime Research - Year 2009

    This paper presents results of the design analysis of a Tesla bladeless turbine intended for a co-generating micro-power plantof heat capacity 20 kW, which operates in an organic Rankine cycle on a low-boiling medium. Numerical calculations of flowin several Tesla turbine models were performed for a range of design parameters. Results of investigations exhibit interestingfeatures in the distribution of flow parameters within the...

    Full text available to download

  • Count Data Modeling About Relationship Between Dubai Housing Sales Transactions and Financial Indicators

    Publication

    - Year 2017

    In this study, illustrating and comparing the performances of count data models such as Poisson, negative binomial (NB), Hurdle and zero-inflated models for the determination of factors affected housing sales in Dubai. Model comparisons are made via Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), the Vuong test and examining the residuals. Main purpose of this study is building reliable statistical model for relationship between Dubai housing...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Integrated membrane bioreactors modelling: A review on new comprehensive modelling framework

    Publication
    • J. Mąkinia
    • G. Mannina
    • M. Alliet
    • C. Brepols
    • J. Comas
    • J. Harmand
    • M. Heran
    • N. Kalboussi
    • Á. Robles
    • F. T. Rebouças... and 5 others

    - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY - Year 2021

    Integrated Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) models, combination of biological and physical models, have been representing powerful tools for the accomplishment of high environmental sustainability. This paper, produced by the International Water Association (IWA) Task Group on Membrane Modelling and Control, reviews the state-of-the-art, identifying gaps for future researches, and proposes a new integrated MBR modelling framework. In...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Modal properties identification of a novel sandwich footbridge – Comparison of measured dynamic response and FEA

    A modern sandwich composite footbridge made of high-tech materials, being an example of practical application of laminated composites in civil engineering, is presented. The in situ non-destructive testing of the footbridge, aiming to identify modal properties and pedestrian comfort, is described. The measured eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies are compared with numerically estimated values. Finite element analyses of the footbridge...

    Full text to download in external service

  • River flow simulation based on the HEC-RAS system

    Publication

    This work considers the problem of river floods, and presents a computer solution that can be used to predict such a threat. The basic tool, called Hydrologic Engineering Centers for River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), and created by the US Army Corps of Engineering, is well developed; and the models created in the system HEC-RAS are quite realistic. For the purpose of solving practical national flood problems, simplified static and...

    Full text to download in external service

  • River Flow Simulation Based on the HEC-RAS System

    This work considers the problem of river floods, and presents a computer solution that can be used to predict such a threat. The basic tool, called Hydrologic Engineering Centers for River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), and created by the US Army Corps of Engineering, is well developed; and the models created in the system HEC-RAS are quite realistic. For the purpose of solving practical national flood problems, simplified static and...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Intercomparison of TEC obtained from the IRI model to the one derived from GPS measurements

    Publication

    - ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH - Year 2002

    IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) is a well-known standard of the ionosphere, but nowadays GPS permanent observations are also the base of the regional and global ionosphere models. In this paper, comparison of TEC (Total Electron Content) derived from the IRI model to the global TEC parameters derived from GPS measurements is presented. Global TEC maps show, that GPS derived ionosphere models, in opposition to the IRI,...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Introduction of SAF-T in selected European countries together with applicable national names

    Open Research Data
    open access

    Among the methods used by individual countries in norder to seal the tax collection the introduction of the Standard Audit File for Tax is one of the most important ones. 

  • An facile Fortran-95 algorithm to simulate complex instabilities in three-dimensional hyperbolic systems

    Open Research Data
    open access

    It is well know that the simulation of fractional systems is a difficult task from all points of view. In particular, the computer implementation of numerical algorithms to simulate fractional systems of partial differential equations in three dimensions is a hard task which has no been solved satisfactorily. Here, we provide a Fortran-95 code to solve...

  • Using FreeFEM open software for modelling the vibrations of piezoelectric devices

    Publication

    Modelling vibrations of piezoelectric transducers has been a topic discussed in the literature for many decades. The first models - so-called one-dimensional - describe the vibrations only near operating frequency and near its harmonics. Attempts to introduce two-dimensional models were related to the possibility of one transducer working at several frequencies, including both thickness vibrations and those resulting from the transducer...

    Full text available to download

  • Numerical modelling and analysis of steel specimens subjected to marine immersed corrosion and tensile load

    Publication

    - Year 2022

    The present study develops numerical models to analyse the behaviour of steel specimens subjected to marine immersed corrosion degradation and tensile load. The finite element method with the use of the explicit dynamic solver LS-DYNA, satisfying the quasi-static conditions, is employed. Two numerical models are developed, where in the first one, the scans of surfaces gathered from corroded plate specimens are implemented directly...

    Full text available to download

  • Revisiting Supervision for Continual Representation Learning

    Publication
    • D. Marczak
    • S. Cygert
    • T. Trzciński
    • B. Twardowski

    - Year 2024

    "In the field of continual learning, models are designed to learn tasks one after the other. While most research has centered on supervised continual learning, there is a growing interest in unsupervised continual learning, which makes use of the vast amounts of unlabeled data. Recent studies have highlighted the strengths of unsupervised methods, particularly self-supervised learning, in providing robust representations. The improved...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Application of Fracture Mechanics for Energetic Effects Predictions While Wood Sawing

    Publication

    - WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Year 2013

    In the classical approach, energetic effects (cutting forces and cutting power) of wood sawing process are generally calculated on the basis of the specific cutting resistance, which is in the case of wood cutting the function of more or less important factors. On the other hand, cutting forces (or power - more interesting from energetic point of view) could be considered from a point of view of modern fracture mechanics. Cutting...

    Full text available to download

  • Knowledge-Based Virtual Modeling and Simulation of Manufacturing Processes for Industry 4.0

    Publication

    - CYBERNETICS AND SYSTEMS - Year 2020

    ABSTRACT Industry 4.0 aims at providing a digital representation of a production landscape, but the challenges in building, maintaining, optimizing, and evolving digital models in inter-organizational production chains have not been identified yet in a systematic manner. In this paper, various Industry 4.0 research and technical challenges are addressed, and their present scenario is discussed. Moreover, in this article, the novel...

    Full text available to download

  • Quality Parameters in IMS/NGN Networks

    Publication

    - Year 2019

    The Next Generation Network (NGN) architecture, including elements of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) concept, is a proposition of a telecommunication network dedicated to the needs of current and future information society. The main goal of NGN is to provide Quality of Service (QoS), for which proper network design is necessary with respect to among others standardized call processing performance parameters, including expected...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Modelling reinforced concrete beams under mixed shear-tension failure with different continuous FE approaches

    The paper presents quasi-static numerical simulations of the behaviour of short reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement under mixed shear-tension failure using the FEM and four various constitutive continuum models for concrete. First, an isotropic elasto-plastic model with a Drucker-Prager criterion defined in compression and with a Rankine criterion defined in tension was used. Next, an anisotropic smeared crack...

    Full text to download in external service

  • Modelowanie współpracy odbieraka prądu z siecią trakcyjną

    W artykule przedstawiono aspekty oceny współpracy odbieraka prądu z górną siecią trakcyjną na podstawie porównania modeli matematycznych. Zaprezentowano modele odbieraków prądu i sieci jezdnej wskazując na ich użyteczność do oceny siły stykowej i uniesienia przewodów jezdnych. Wykonano szereg symulacji stanów dynamicznych interakcji górnej sieci trakcyjnej i odbieraka prądu dla różnych parametrów. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę...

    Full text available to download

  • Wpływ sposobu odwzorowania pojazdu szynowego na odpowiedź dynamiczną przęsła mostowego

    Publication

    W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty analiz numerycznych oraz badań eksploatacyjnych dwóch przęseł mostowych wymuszonych ruchomym pojazdem szynowym. Pojazd odwzorowano za pomocą czterech modeli uproszczonych: strumienia sił skupionych, strumienia mas skupionych oraz strumieni oscylatorów jedno- i dwumasowych. Analizy numeryczne wykonano przy wykorzystaniu MES. Potrzebne parametry dynamiczne wyznaczono na podstawie wyników identyfikacji...

    Full text available to download

  • Geometric Algebra Model of Distributed Representations

    Publication

    - Year 2010

    Formalism based on GA is an alternative to distributed representation models developed so far-Smolensky's tensor product, Holographic Reduced Representations (HRR) and Binary Spatter Code (BSC). Convolutions are replaced by geometric products, interpretable in terms of geometry which seems to be the most natural language for visualization of higher concepts. This paper recalls the main ideas behind the GA model and investigates...