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Search results for: HYDROGELS
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Modelling of dark fermentation of glucose and sour cabbage
PublicationIn the article, modified Anaerobic Digestion Models 1 (ADM-1) was tested for modelling dark fermentation for hydrogen production. The model refitting was done with the Euler method. The new model was based on sets of differential equations. The model was checked for hydrogen production from sour cabbage in batch and semi-batch in 5 g VSS (volatile solid suspension)/L and at the semi-batch process from glucose at 5 and 10 g VSS/L....
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Bioreactors and biophoton-driven biohydrogen production strategies
PublicationGiven the current issues with global warming and rising greenhouse gas emissions, biohydrogen is a viable alternative fuel option. Technologies to produce biohydrogen include photo fermentation, dark fermentation, direct and indirect bio-photolysis, and two-stage fermentation. Biological hydrogen generation is a green and promising technique with mild reaction conditions and low energy consumption compared to thermochemical and...
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Hydration of Oxometallate Ions in Aqueous Solution
PublicationThe strength of hydrogen bonding to and structure of hydrated oxometallate ions in aqueous solution have been studied by double difference infrared (DDIR) spectroscopy and large-angle X-ray scattering (LAXS), respectively. Anions are hydrated by accepting hydrogen bonds from the hydrating water molecules. The oxygen atom of the permanganate and perrhenate ions form weaker and longer hydrogen bonds to water than the hydrogen bonds...
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Chemically reduced graphene oxide based aerogels - Insight on the surface and textural functionalities dependent on handling the synthesis factors
PublicationEfficient adjusting of reduced graphene oxide aerogels properties requires information about experimental factor-aerogel property relationship. In this work, the reduced graphene oxide aerogels surface and textural functionalities in relation to precursor concentration, gelation time and hydrogel freezing temperature were studied in detail, with the use of dynamic adsorption method of gaseous organic probes and experimental design....
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Magazynowanie energii elektrycznej i gospodarka wodorowa
PublicationW artykule dokonano przegl ą du aktualnych technologii magazynowania energii elektrycznej oraz zestawiono uzyskiwane parametry w aspekcie zastosowa ń w zasobnikach systemowych. Przedstawiono studium mo ż liwo ś ci magazynowania energii z odnawialnych ź róde ł energii (O Ź E) w zasobnikach akumulatorowych i elektrowniach szczytowo-pompowych w Polsce. Omówiono tak ż e mo ż liwo ś ci wykorzystania...
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A novel concept of H2/O2 steam generator
PublicationThis paper presents an idea of hydrogen utilization to steam generation to drive a turbine and produce electricity or to supply a condenser as an element of a heating system. Electrolysis process is considered as a source of hydrogen as well as oxygen. Hydrogen combustion with a stoichiometric ratio of pure oxygen produces steam at very high temperature. Steam temperature can be controlled by mixing the generated steam with liquid...
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A NOVEL CONCEPT OF H2/O2 STEAM GENERATOR
PublicationThis paper presents an idea of hydrogen utilization to steam generation to drive a turbine and produce electricity or to supply a condenser as an element of heating system. Electrolysis process is considered as a source of hydrogen as well as oxygen. Hydrogen combustion with a stoichiometric ratio of pure oxygen produces steam at very high temperature. Steam temperature can be controlled by mixing the generated steam with liquid...
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Performance of the PEM fuel cell module. Part 2. Effect of excess ratio and stack temperature
PublicationThe paper describes a fuel cell based system performance under different thermal conditions. The system could be fed with bottled hydrogen or with very high purity hydrogen obtained from reforming of methanol. The system is based on two fuel cell units (1.2 kW each, produced by Ballard Power Systems Inc. and called Nexa), DC/DC converter, DC/AC inverter, microprocessor control unit, load unit, bottled hydrogen supply system and...
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<i>N,N</i>'-diphenylthiourea acetone monosolvate
PublicationIn the title compound, C13H12N2S·C3H6O, the phenyl rings of the thiourea molecule are in syn and anti positions in relation to the C=S bond. Two molecules are connected by N-HS=C hydrogen bonds into a centrosymmetric dimer. An additional N-HO=C hydrogen bond to the acetone solvent molecule and some weak C-H interactions reinforce the crystal structure.
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Assessment of hydrogenation of deposited metal of P 62 MR covered electrodes
PublicationThe determination of diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal of P 62 MR covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding by mercury method was carried out. The test results indicate that covered electrodes 62 P MR grade generate a mean of 4.02 ml/100g of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal, which is consistent with H5 class.
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Crystallographic study of self-organization in the solid state including quasi-aromatic pseudo-ring stacking interactions in 1-benzoyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)thiourea and 1-benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)thiourea
Publication1-Benzoylthioureas contain both carbonyl and thiocarbonyl functional groups and are of interest for their biological activity, metal coordination ability and involvement in hydrogen-bond formation. Two novel 1-benzoylthiourea derivatives, namely 1-benzoyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)thiourea, C₁₆H₁₆N₂O₃S, (I), and 1-benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)thiourea, C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₂S, (II), have been synthesized and characterized. Compound (I) crystallizes...
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Determination of moisture resistance of covered electrodes according to PN-EN ISO 14372
PublicationMoisture present in the electrode covering is one of the sources of diffusible hydrogen in welded joints. In order to study the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal, a stand for moisturizing covered electrodes, in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 14372 standard, was built. After the stand was completed, a test of moisturizing the electrodes was carried out and measurements of the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited...
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Correlation between structural and electrical properties in highly porous (Y,Sr)(Ti,Nb)O3-delta SOFC anodes
PublicationIn order to find a relationship between structural and electrical properties, niobium and yttrium doped SrTiO3 ceramics were prepared via solid-state reaction. The samples were sintered in hydrogen and air conditions. The samples were also fabricated with a pore-former to obtain highly porous specimens. The electrical properties of Nb-doped SrTiO3 samples and yttrium and niobium co-doped SrTiO3 were compared. The comparable electrical...
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Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion
PublicationPhotocatalytic oxidation over suspended solid photocatalysts (e.g., titanium dioxide) has been proposed as a sustainable process for treatment and purification of water and wastewater as well as the process for photoconversion of solar energy to hydrogen, methane, and other low hydrocarbons. Solar radiation could be used to drive heterogeneous electrochemical reactions at the surface of an optically active photocatalyst (e.g.,...
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Weakly Hydrated Solute of Mixed Hydrophobic–Hydrophilic Nature
PublicationInfrared (IR) spectroscopy is a commonly used and invaluable tool in studies of solvation phenomena in aqueous solutions. Concurrently, density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations deliver the solvation shell picture at the molecular detail level. The mentioned techniques allowed us to gain insights into the structure and energy of the hydrogen bonding network of water molecules around methylsulfonylmethane...
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Alternative methods for dark fermentation course analysis
PublicationDark fermentation course analysis is crucial, as complexed matrix of gaseous components may be formed and revealed during the process. The paper considers key issues related to the microbiological process in which complex organic substances are transformed into hydrogen. For the purposes of hydrogen generation, the application of wastewater mixed sludge pre-treated according to Faloye method (Faloye et al. in Int J Hydrog Energy...
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Zaawansowane utlenianie odcieków składowiskowych - przegląd metod
PublicationPrzedstawiono rozwiązania unieszkodliwiania odcieków składowiskowych metodami zaawansowanego utleniania, takimi jak: reakcja Fentona, utlenienie ozonem i nadtlenkiem wodoru, utlenienie elektrochemiczne, utlenienie w warunkach nadkrytycznych oraz mokre utlenienie powietrzem. Podstawy teoretyczne tych metod, ich efektywność oraz stosowane reagenty. Uwarunkowania stosowania poszczególnych metod.
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Preparation and X-ray structures of selected aminium thiosulfates
PublicationVarious types of aminium thiosulfates (1–6), including hydrates and mixed salts, have been obtained by the reaction of ammonium thiosulfate with amines. Tertbutylamine, cyclo-hexylamine and 1,6-diaminohexane gave crystals of (t-BuNH3)2S2O3·H2O (1), (c-C6H11NH3)2S2O3 (3) and {(NH4)2(H3NC6H12NH3)(S2O3)2} (6), respectively, which were investigated by X-ray structural analysis. Extensive hydrogen bonding of the N-H…O and N-H…S type...
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Effect of Nanohydroxyapatite on Silk Fibroin–Chitosan Interactions—Molecular Dynamics Study
PublicationFibroin–chitosan composites, especially those containing nanohydroxyapatite, show potential for bone tissue regeneration. The physicochemical properties of these biocomposites depend on the compatibility between their components. In this study, the intermolecular interactions of fibroin and chitosan were analyzed using a molecular dynamics approach. Two types of systems were investigated: one containing acetic acid and the other...
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Interactions of protons with furan molecules studied by collision-induced emission spectroscopy at the incident energy range of 50–1000 eV
PublicationInvestigations of the ion-molecule reactions provide insight into many fields ranging from the stellar wind interaction with interstellar media, up to medicine and industrial applications. Besides the applications, the understanding of these processes is itself a problem of fundamental importance. Thus, interactions of protons with the gas-phase furan molecules have been investigated for the first time in the energy range of 50–1000...
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Corrosion and Cavitation Resistances of Low Alloy Steel After Frictional-Mechanical Treatment
PublicationPaper presents the results of the studies of wear, corrosion and cavitation resistances of the S355J2 low alloy medium carbon steel subjected to surface modification by friction-mechanical treatment, as tested in sea water simulated solution. To evaluate the effect of the surface treatment, the comparative studies of the corrosive properties of the steel before and after treatment have been considered. The treatment due to a severe...
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Why is the cubic structure preferred in newly formed ice?
PublicationMolecular dynamics was employed to explain the preference for the cubic structure in newly formed crystals of ice. The results showed that in supercooled liquid water the molecules connected by hydrogen bonds are more likely to adopt relative orientations similar to the ones characteristic for cubic ice. The observed preference for certain relative orientations of molecules in the hydrogen-bonded pairs results in the higher probability...
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Self-assembly of secondary aryl amides in cocrystals with perfluoroaryl coformers: structural analysis and synthon preferences
PublicationCooperation of aryl⋯perfluoroaryl stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds was utilized in the construction of six novel cocrystals of aromatic cis-amides with pentafluorobenzoic acid (pfba) and pentafluorophenol (pfp). They were obtained by crystallization from solution and structurally characterized. In four instances, the components form heterotetrameric motifs, in which amide:amide homodimer interacts symmetrically on two sides...
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1,3-Di-<i>n</i>-butylthiourea
PublicationIn the title compound, C9H20N2S, the n-butyl groups are in syn and anti positions in relation to the C=S bond. In the crystal, two molecules are connected by two N-H···S=C hydrogen bonds into a centrosymmetric dimer. Another N-H···S=C hydrogen bond links the dimers, forming layers with a hydrophilic interior and a hydrophobic exterior, which spread across the (100) plane. Interlacing of the...
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Effect of temperature and composition on physical properties of deep eutectic solvents based on 2-(methylamino)ethanol – measurement and prediction
PublicationNovel deep eutectic solvents were synthesized using 2-(methylamino)ethanol as hydrogen bond donor with tetrabutylammonium bromide or tetrabutylammonium chloride or tetraethylammonium chloride as hydrogen bond acceptors. Mixtures were prepared at different molar ratios of 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 salt to alkanolamine and then Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurements were performed to confirm hydrogen bonds interactions between...
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Non-Isocyanate-Based Waterborne Polyurethanes
PublicationNon-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) are a greener alternative for the conventional polyurethanes synthesized using toxic and moisture-sensitive di- or polyisocyanates. The most often described method of NIPU synthesis involves the reaction of five-membered cyclic carbonates with amines, and resulting polymers containing primary and secondary hydroxyl groups (so they are also known as polyhydroxyurethanes), which can be further...
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF DISSIMILAR AUSTENITIC 316L AND DUPLEX 2205 STAINLESS STEELS WELDED JOINTS
PublicationThe paper describes structure and properties of dissimilar stainless steels welded joints between duplex 2205 and austenitic 316L steels. Investigations were focused on environmentally assisted cracking of welded joints. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement was determined in slow strain rate tests (SSRT) with the strain rate of 2.2 × 10–6 s–1. Chloride-inducted SCC was determined in the...
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Application of H2O2 to optimize ammonium removal from domestic wastewater
PublicationThe paper presents the results of application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the optimization of the effects of ammonia nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater. The investigations were carried out at a model wastewater treatment plant consisting of a preliminary sedimentation tank and a sand filter with a horizontal flow of wastewater at a constant hydraulic load of 1.44 L/day. The efficiency of ammonia nitrogen removal was...
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Wodór jako paliwo cz. 1
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono wodór jako nowoczesny nośnik energii oraz jego zastosowanie techniczne w ujęciu konwersji energii. Przybliżono jego odkrycie, właściwości oraz jego wykorzystanie od odkrycia do współczesności. Dokonano opisu budowy i zasady działania ogniw paliwowych. Omówiono ich podział przedstawiając zalety i wady każdego rozwiązania oraz ich zastosowanie techniczne w zależności od typu ogniwa.
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Configurational and Conformational Preferences in Stereoselective Acylations of N-Methyl-1,3-diaminopropane with Acyl Chlorides
PublicationEvidence for a stereoinduction profile of the reaction of N-methyl-1,3-diaminopropane with acyl chlorides was provided. A possibility to engage in intramol. CH2···HN and Cl···H-N interactions and the proton migration process to the methylamino group leads to the E secondary amides carrying the N···H+···N or N-H···N bridges, that show unusual spectroscopic images. Empirical relations between the ΔδC chem. shift differences,...
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Wet H2S corrosion and degradation of pipeline in amine regeneration system
PublicationThe paper presents the results of NDT examinations, metallographic tests and risk assessment of degradation related to corrosion of amine regeneration unit in a desulphurisation system. Intensive corrosion resulting from acid gases environment upon water condensation causes perforation of the pipeline. Detailed analysis reveals cracking related to the mechanism of wet H2S. Hydrogen penetration, resulting from the wet H2S process,...
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Bis(diisopropylammonium) thiosulfate and bis(tert-butylammonium) thiosulfate
PublicationTwo new dialkylammonium thiosulfates, namely bis(diisopropylammonium) thiosulfate, 2C6H16N+S2O3 2-, (I), and bis(tert-butylammonium) thiosulfate, 2C4H12N+S2O3 2-, (II), have been characterized. The secondary ammonium salt (I) crystallizes with Z = 4, while the primary ammonium salt (II), with more...
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Anion–water interactions of weakly hydrated anions: molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous NaBF4 and NaPF6
PublicationIn aqueous ionic solutions, both the structure and the dynamics of water are altered dramatically with respect to the pure solvent. The emergence of novel experimental techniques makes these changes accessible to detailed investigations. At the same time, computational studies deliver unique possibilities for the interpretation of the experimental data at the molecular level. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate...
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Nanostructure of the laser-modified transition metal nanocomposites for water splitting
PublicationAlthough hydrogen is considered by many to be the green fuel of the future, nowadays it is primarily produced through steam reforming, which is a process far from ecological. Therefore, emphasis is being put on the development of electrodes capable of the efficient production of hydrogen and oxygen from water. To make the green alternative possible, the solution should be cost-efficient and well processable, generating less waste...
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Closer look into the structures of tetrabutylammonium bromide–glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents and their mixtures with water
PublicationIn recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DES) and it’s mixture with water have become more and more attention as green solvents used in chemistry. However, there are only a few theoretical studies on the mechanisms of pure DES and DES-water complex formation. Therefore, the structural properties of tetrabutylammonium bromide–glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents and their mixtures with water have been investigated by means of Molecular...
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Effect of water salinity on properties of multipass underwater wet manual metal arc welded joints
PublicationThe weldability of steel under the water is limited due to the influence of the environment. Water causes limited visibility, presence of the residual stresses, increasing the cooling rate, and increasing the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal, leading to the formation of brittle microstructures in heat-affected zone (HAZ). The paper presents the results of mechanical properties testing of S420G2+M steel welded joints...
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Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines running on gaseous fuels in dual-fuel mode
PublicationConventional fossil fuels are being substituted with alternative green fuels because of their greenhouse gas emissions and pollution problems, which pose a severe threat to the environment. Several studies have reported the usage of biodiesel and gaseous fuels in both single and dual-fuel modes. Gaseous fuels such as producer gas, biogas, syngas, and hydrogen produced from renewable biomass could potentially be used along with...
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Ceria Based Protective Coatings for Steel Interconnects Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis
PublicationStainless steels can be used in solid oxide fuel/electrolysis stacks as interconnects. For successful long term operation they require protective coatings, that lower the corrosion rate and block chemical reactions between the interconnect and adjacent layers of the oxygen or the hydrogen electrode. One of the promising coating materials for the hydrogen side is ceria. Using standard sintering techniques, ceria sinters at around...
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Degradation of Rhodamine dyes by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) – Focus on cavitation and photocatalysis - A critical review
PublicationThis review evaluates selected advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) - cavitation and photocatalysis - successfully used for wastewater treatment towards degradation of Rhodamine (Rh) dyes. Reactor configuration and impact of process parameters and oxidants addition (hydrogen peroxide, ozone, persulfates) on degradation effectiveness along with degradation mechanisms are discussed. Best technologies provide 100% degradation within...
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Structural properties of hydration shell around various conformations of simple polypeptides
PublicationIn this paper we investigate structural properties of water within the solvation shell around the peptide core created by a well-defined conformation of polypeptide chain. The following secondary structures are investigated: linear (straight chain), and three helices PII (polyproline-like), 310, and α. We propose using the two-particle contribution to entropy as a rational measure of the water structural ordering within the solvation...
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Powering the Future by Iron Sulfide Type Material (FexSy) Based Electrochemical Materials for Water Splitting and Energy Storage Applications: A Review
PublicationWater electrolysis is among the recent alternatives for generating clean fuels (hydrogen). It is an efficient way to produce pure hydrogen at a rapid pace with no unwanted by-products. Effective and cheap water-splitting electrocatalysts with enhanced activity, specificity, and stability are currently widely studied. In this regard, noble metal-free transition metal-based catalysts are of high interest. Iron sulfide (FeS) is one...
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Partial inhibition of borohydride hydrolysis using porous activated carbon as an effective method to improve the electrocatalytic activity of the DBFC anode
PublicationCarbon materials are commonly used catalyst supports in various types of fuel cells. Due to the possibility of designing their properties, they seem to be attractive and functional additives. In Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells (DBFCs), the electrooxidation reaction of borohydride competes with the undesirable hydrolysis reaction, therefore our work aimed to modify anodes based on a multi-component hydrogen storage alloy with a small...
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Investigation of tetrabutylammonium bromide-glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents and their mixtures with water by spectroscopic techniques
PublicationDeep eutectic solvents (DES) are formed by an acceptor and a donor of hydrogen bonds. They are generally considered as a possible alternative to hazardous organic solvents in various fields. Very recently they have also appeared in analytical chemistry, used mainly for the separation of analytes before instrumental quantification. For the development of new extraction procedures, it is important, among other things, to understand...
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Resonance-Raman spectro-electrochemistry of intermediates in molecular artificial photosynthesis of bimetallic complexes
PublicationThe sequential order of photoinduced charge transfer processes and accompanying structure changes were analyzed by UV-vis and resonance-Raman spectroscopy of intermediates of a Ru(II) based photocatalytic hydrogen evolving system obtained by electrochemical reduction.
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Preliminary studies of seamless flux cored wires stored in extreme conditions
PublicationIn the paper preliminary experimental studies of flux cored wires moisturized under controlled conditions are described. Three seamless wires of different grades have been placed in environmental chamber and moisturized in extremely adverse conditions (temperature T = 60° C, relative humidity H = 90%) for 240 hours. During this time measurements of weight gain and observations of surface of wires have been carried out. Also diffusible...
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Radio- and photosensitization of DNA with compounds containing platinum and bromine atoms
Publication. Irradiations of plasmid DNA by both X-rays and UV light in the presence and absence of compounds containing platinum and bromine atoms were performed in order to asses the sensitization potential of these compounds. Plasmid DNA pBR322 was incubated with platinum (II) bromide, hydrogen hexabromoplatinate (IV), hydrogen hexahydroxyplatinate (IV) and sodium hexahydroxyplatinate (IV). Incubation was followed by X-ray or UV irradiations....
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TOTAL CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS FOR ELECTRON SCATTERING ON METHYL FORMATE (HCOOCH3) MOLECULE: METHYLATION EFFECT
PublicationWe present the absolute total cross section (TCS) for electron scattering from the methyl formate (HCOOCH3) molecule measured in the 10-300 eV energy range, with electrostatic electron spectrometer working in the linear transmission mode. Comparison of TCS for the HCOOCH3 molecule with that measured earlier for the formic acid (HCOOH) compound manifests the methylation effect i.e. the response of the electron scattering dynamics...
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Fabrication of ILs-Assisted AgTaO3 Nanoparticles for the Water Splitting Reaction: The Effect of ILs on Morphology and Photoactivity
PublicationThe design of an active, stable and ecient photocatalyst that is able to be used for hydrogen production is of great interest nowadays. Therefore, four methods of AgTaO3 perovskite synthesis, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel and solid state reactions, were proposed in this study to identify the one with the highest hydrogen generation eciency by the water splitting reaction. The comprehensive results clearly show that...
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Comprehensive evaluation of physical properties and carbon dioxide capacities of new 2-(butylamino)ethanol-based deep eutectic solvents
PublicationThe aim of this research was to assess the impact of the components of alkanolamine deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the physical properties of those DESs and their carbon dioxide capacity. To achieve this goal, novel deep eutectic solvents were synthesized by using 2-(butylamino)ethanol (BAE) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD), along with tetrabutylammonium bromide TBAB), tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC), or tetraethy- lammonium...
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Molecular and structural characteristics of cod gelatin films modifiedwith EDC and TGase
PublicationCod gelatin films before and after cross-linking of gelatin with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) or transglutaminase (TGase) have been characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC analysis. For comparison, a film prepared from unmodified pig gelatin has been also analysed. The difference spectra showed that cod gelatin during the film formation involved first of all water-to-amide hydrogen bonds, and the film...