Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: SECOND-ORDER SYSTEMS.

• Advanced Mechanics of Marine Structures I, MSc, Summer 2022-2023, [L,T], PG_00051723

  Kursy Online

  • B. Rozmarynowski

  1.  Literature overview,  definition of marine and offshore structures, ocean engineering technologies and mechanical aspects, structural systems applied, jack-up drilling platforms and structural elements. 2. Tensor algebra fundamentals,  stress and small strain states of a solid, constitutive relations. 3. SDOF and MDOF dynamic systems, damping and added masses in offshore vibrations,  generalised eigenvalue problem, forced vibrations...

• Baltic Phytoremediation - Training Module

  Kursy Online

  • A. Rogala
  • P. Rybarczyk

  This is an on-line training course developed in BAPR - Baltic Phytoremediation project, co-financed by Interreg South Baltic Programme 2014 - 2020. Here, You can learn about the basics and potential of phytoremediation  to clean soil and see the real-life applications of this technology. In order to be enrolled to this course, you’ll need to create a local account with the user ID provided. When your account is generated, you...

• Construction project II 2023/2024

  Kursy Online

  • T. Zybała
  • N. Hassas

  Basic types of building structures, subdivision, definitions.Basic issues related to reinforced concrete and masonry structures.Pre-design work.Architectural and building design.Selected issues of fire safety regulations.Finishing work.Building elements e.g. stairs, façade systems and claddings, glazed walls, curtain walls, suspended ceilings, floors and flooring.suspended ceilings, floors and flooring, etc.Relationships between...

• Advanced methods in biosensing: fundamentals and applications

  Kursy Online

  • R. Bogdanowicz
  • J. Ryl

  This course provides instruction in the basic science and engineering conceptsrequired to understand the design and application of biosensors. Different biosensorsystems are explored, ranging from electrochemical devices, through to optical orthermal systems. Instruction is also given in the general principles of sampling andanalysis, statistical presentation and manipulation of data. The primary focus will bethe physics of biomolecule...

• [BHP] Szkolenie w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy

  Kursy Online

  {mlang pl} Ten kurs jest prowadzony centralnie dla wszystkich studentów i doktorantów PG.  Szkolenie BHP jest obowiązkowe. Nawet jeśli na poprzednim etapie kształcenia (studia I lub II stopnia) obecny doktorant zaliczył to szkolenie, wymagane jest kolejne podejście. {mlang} {mlang en} This course is conducted on a central level for all the students and PhD students of GUT. Health and safety training is compulsory. Even...

• 2023_2024winter-Engineering Surveying and GIS Applications

  Kursy Online

  • A. Sobieraj-Żłobińska

  Engineering Surveying and GIS Applications (Environmental Engineering sem II MSU) In this course students become  acquainted  with  basic  survey  measurements  and  modern  methods  used  in  engineering surveying. Students also get elementary knowledge on remote sensing and broaden understanding of  geographic information systems. teacher: dr inż. Anna Sobieraj-Żłobińska (annsobie@pg.edu.pl) 

• Theory of Achitectural Design II 2021/2022

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the set of lectures is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space. An important feature...

• Theory of Achitectural Design II 2020/2021

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the set of lectures is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space. An important feature...

• 2022-2023 - Wytrzymałość materiałów I, PG_00039799

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  Celem przedmiotu jest zapoznanie studentów z podstawowymi zagadnieniami związanymi z wytrzymałością materiałów. Wykłady dotyczą kolejno: podstawy wytrzymałości materiałów, wytrzymałość pręta prostego na ściskanie/rozciąganie, analiza wytrzymałości dla układów prętowych statycznie niewyznaczalnych, wytrzymałość prętów na skręcanie, wytrzymałość belek zginanie, odkształcenia belki zginanej, ścinanie pręta (pręt ścinany), stany naprężeń,...

• Theory of urbanism IV

  Kursy Online

  • K. Krośnicka

  The aim of the course is to familiarize the student with the complexity of the process of functioning and development of cities, including: - hierarchical spatial (morphology) and functional structure of cities on models (the hierarchy of services and public spaces) - networks and systems that make up the city (environmental system, technical and social infrastructure) - role and importance of the district in the structure of...

• Chemistry and Nanochemistry 2022.

  Kursy Online

  • M. Prześniak-Welenc
  • M. Bobrowski

  The course consists of lectures (15 x 2 hours) and laboratories (5 x 3 hours).The goal of this course is to teach general chemistry and adequately apply it to nano-size systems, their synthesis and analysis. An emphasis is laid on an analysis of electronic structure of molecules and prediction of  resulting properties and reasons of consequent behaviour in chemical reactions. The course also encloses laboratory classes, where the...

• Projektowanie układów VLSI

  Kursy Online

  • A. Bekasiewicz
  • A. Pietrenko-Dąbrowska

  The lecture tackles the problem of VLSI circuits design. In particular, emphasis is put on the physical design stage and more in-depth discussion of its sub-components. The lecture also focus on detailed explanation of selected numerical algorithms that are utilized in the course of physical design. Specialization: Microelectronic Systems

• [BHP] Szkolenie w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy

  Kursy Online

  {mlang pl} Ten kurs jest prowadzony centralnie dla wszystkich studentów i doktorantów PG.  Szkolenie BHP jest obowiązkowe dla wszystkich doktorantów I roku. Nawet jeśli na poprzednim etapie kształcenia (studia I lub II stopnia) obecny doktorant zaliczył to szkolenie, wymagane jest kolejne podejście. {mlang} {mlang en} This course is conducted on a central level for all the students and PhD students of GUT. Health and...

• [BHP] Szkolenie w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy

  Kursy Online

  {mlang pl} Ten kurs jest prowadzony centralnie dla wszystkich studentów i doktorantów PG.  Szkolenie BHP jest obowiązkowe dla wszystkich doktorantów I roku. Nawet jeśli na poprzednim etapie kształcenia (studia I lub II stopnia) obecny doktorant zaliczył to szkolenie, wymagane jest kolejne podejście. {mlang} {mlang en} This course is conducted on a central level for all the students and PhD students of GUT. Health and...

• Baltic Smart Asset Management - Training Module

  Kursy Online

  • A. Rogala
  • P. Rybarczyk

  Baltic Smart Asset Management is an international project co-financed by the funds from Interreg South Baltic Programme 2014-2020. The aim of the project is to develop methods, transnational collaboration processes and knowledge about Smart Asset Management (SAM) for District Heating (DH) sector. The training module will help to spread the professional knowledge on new solutions and applications of SAM methods to promote data-driven...

• Fizyczne podstawy mikrokontrolerowych układów pomiarowych (2022/2023)

  Kursy Online

  • P. Syty

  Kurs skierowany dla studentów VI semestru, kierunek Fizyka Techniczna, specjalność Informatyka Stosowana (ale nie tylko). Kurs obejmuje naukę podstawowych metod projektowania i programowania prostych systemów wbudowanych (ang. embedded systems), czyli specjalizowanych systemów informatycznych, odpowiadających za wykonywanie ściśle określonych zadań - głównie związanych z monitorowaniem i sterowaniem. W ramach kursu przedstawiane...

• Fizyczne podstawy mikrokontrolerowych układów pomiarowych (2021/2022)

  Kursy Online

  • P. Syty
  • M. Franz
  • P. Możejko

  Kurs skierowany dla studentów VI semestru, kierunek Fizyka Techniczna, specjalność Informatyka Stosowana (ale nie tylko). Kurs obejmuje naukę podstawowych metod projektowania i programowania prostych systemów wbudowanych (ang. embedded systems), czyli specjalizowanych systemów informatycznych, odpowiadających za wykonywanie ściśle określonych zadań - głównie związanych z monitorowaniem i sterowaniem. W ramach kursu przedstawiane...

• Fizyczne podstawy mikrokontrolerowych układów pomiarowych (2023/2024)

  Kursy Online

  • P. Syty

  Kurs skierowany dla studentów VI semestru, kierunek Fizyka Techniczna, specjalność Informatyka Stosowana (ale nie tylko). Kurs obejmuje naukę podstawowych metod projektowania i programowania prostych systemów wbudowanych (ang. embedded systems), czyli specjalizowanych systemów informatycznych, odpowiadających za wykonywanie ściśle określonych zadań - głównie związanych z monitorowaniem i sterowaniem. W ramach kursu przedstawiane...

• Assessment of performance of unmanned maritime vehicles (USV, UUV, AUV) by CFD and MES investigation, PG_00053662

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  The course entitled "Assessment of Performance of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles" consists of the following problems to be discussed during the lectures (W): - major areas of application of UMV unmanned maritime vehicles, - sea environment, - types of UMV vehicles, - parameters, characteristics and features of UMV vehicles, - research, design, construction, implementation and operation of  UMV vehicles, - systems of UMV vehicles...

• PROJEKT ZESPOŁOWY [DK][2023/24]

  Kursy Online

  • D. Karkosiński

  CCCLECTURE and Classes: Power supply systems for industrial facilities. Devices and main circuits of MV power stations. Short-circuit calculation. Power protection automation. Security classification according to American ANSI standards used in the EU. Microprocessor protection relays. Drive systems for medium power and medium voltage pumps. Roving inverters. PROJECT: Design of a MV switching station for a medium-power pumping...

• [Soft Skills] Smart metering - social risk perception and risk governance (2023/2024)

  Kursy Online

  • S. Potrykus
  • M. Jaskólski
  • A. Augusiak

  The aim of the course is to broaden the understanding of the risks associated with technology and to present the concept of social risk perception and risk management in the context of smart metering technology. In the current phase of technological development - called the Fourth Industrial Revolution - rapid and profound changes are creating new, particularly destabilizing threats. In the increasingly complex technological systems...

• Smart metering - social risk perception and risk governance (10h, 2 ECTS credits)

  Kursy Online

  • M. Galik
  • A. Klej

  The goal of the course is to broaden the understanding of technology-related risks and to present the concepts of social risk perception and risk governance in the context of smart metering technology. In current phase of technological development – known as the fourth industrial revolution – rapid and profound changes are setting up new and particularly destabilizing risks. In more and more complex technological systems that constitute...

• Finite Element Method

  Kursy Online

  • B. Sobczyk
  • M. Malikan

  Item Name : Finite Element Method- Abaqus learning Field of study : Civil Engineering Faculty : Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Education level : Second degree studies Form of studies : Full-time studies Year of studies : 1 Study semester : 2 Start of the semester : November 2021 Academic year of the course : 2021/2022 Form of classes : Lecture, Laboratory

• Interactive Decision Making, Inżynieria Środowiska, Environmental Engineering, 2023/2024 (summer semester)

  Kursy Online

  • A. Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska
  • A. Siemaszko

  The course is designed for students of MSc Studies in Environmental Engineering (studies in Polish and English) Person responsible for the subject, carrying out lectures and tutorials: mgr inż. Agata.Siemaszko; agata.siemaszko@pg.edu.pl The person conducting the lectures and tutorials: dr inż. Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska; anna.jakubczyk@pg.edu.pl The course is conducted using the Project-Based Learning (PBL) method. It provides...

• Architectural Project Sem. II 2021/2022

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz
  • K. Życzkowska
  • M. Wojtkiewicz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG mgr inż. arch. Marta Golińska   Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the course is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space....

• Architectural Project II 2022/2023

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz
  • K. Życzkowska
  • M. Wojtkiewicz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG mgr inż. arch. Marta Golińska   Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the course is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space....

• Diagnostyka Systemów 2022

  Kursy Online

  • M. Domżalski

  The aim of the course is to familiarize students with modern methods of systems diagnostics. As part of the project, each student solves one problem, prepares a report and finally a project presentation.     Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów ze współczesnymi metodami diagnostyki systemów. W ramach projektu każdy student rozwiązuje samodzielnie jeden problem, przygotowuje sprawozdanie oraz prezentację projektu.  

• Architectural & Urban Heritage 2021/2022

  Kursy Online

  • J. Szczepański
  • M. Sołtysik
  • A. Orchowska
  • R. Hirsch
  • Ł. Bugalski

  Participation in the course ARCHITECTURAL & URBAN HERITAGE gives an opportunity of knowing political, economic, and cultural issues of Polish Architecture in the 19th and 20th century. This period includes the fall of feudalism, the flourish of the industrial era, the birth of modernism, two totalitarian systems, and the rebuilding of Poland after II World War. Mentioned circumstances caused deep changes which gave a strong...

• 2022-2023 - Assessment of performance of unmanned maritime vehicles (USV, UUV, AUV) by CFD and MES investigation, PG_00053662

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  The course entitled "APofUMV Assessment of Performance of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles (W-lecture) is mainly conducted  for the DAPE Course Students. The lectures (W) are closely connected with the project exercises (P) where some examples for the data designs are conducted. All the AP of UMV lectures are connected with presentation following problems: - major areas of application of UMV unmanned maritime vehicles, - sea environment...

• Diagnostyka Systemów 2021

  Kursy Online

  • M. Domżalski

  The aim of the course is to familiarize students with modern methods of systems diagnostics. As part of the project, each student solves one problem, prepares a report and finally a project presentation.     Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów ze współczesnymi metodami diagnostyki systemów. W ramach projektu każdy student rozwiązuje samodzielnie jeden problem, przygotowuje sprawozdanie oraz prezentację projektu.  

• Wastewater Engineering 2020/21 (Environmental Engineering, II stopnia, stacjonarne, II semestr))

  Kursy Online

  • K. Czerwionka
  • J. Mąkinia

  Wastewater sources and flows Wastewater characterization based on physical and biodegradation criteria Preliminary treatment unit operations (screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers) Biological processes (suspended growth vs. attached growth, hybrid systems, granular sludge) for wastewater treatment. Principles of biological nutrient removal (nitrification, denitrification, enhanced biological P removal,  anammox). Implementation...

• Functional Materials

  Kursy Online

  • P. Jasiński
  • R. Bogdanowicz
  • M. Sobaszek
  • K. Cysewska
  • S. Molin

  Prerequisites: The course is primarily open to all PhD students at Gdansk University of Technology. This course is compulsory for PhD students assigned to Automation, Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Space Technologies tracks at Doctoral School at Gdańsk University of Technology Content During the course students will learn about different classes of intelligent materials and a strong emphasis will be placed on their practical...

• History of World Architecture II 2021/2022

  Kursy Online

  • M. Sołtysik
  • A. Orchowska
  • B. Macikowski

  The course HISTORY OF WORLD II (HWA I) is obligatory in the second semester of study at the Faculty of Architecture at Gdańsk University ofTechnology. It lasts 15 weeks, finishes with the exam, and consists of 15 one-hour lectures and 7 two-hour exercises. The merit of the course includes Western World architecture, beginning from Renaissance (XVI c.), Baroque, Neoclassicism, and Historicism, up until the XIX century. The aim of the...

• History of World Architecture II 2022/2023

  Kursy Online

  • M. Sołtysik
  • A. Orchowska
  • B. Macikowski

  The course HISTORY OF WORLD II (HWA I) is obligatory in the second semester of study at the Faculty of Architecture at Gdańsk University ofTechnology. It lasts 15 weeks, finishes with the exam, and consists of 15 one-hour lectures and 7 two-hour exercises. The merit of the course includes Western World architecture, beginning from Renaissance (XVI c.), Baroque, Neoclassicism, and Historicism, up until the XIX century. The aim of the...

• [AEiE] Selected topics of electrical engineering - models of electrical machines

  Kursy Online

  • A. Wilk
  • R. Jankowski
  • Z. Krzemiński

  {mlang pl} Dyscyplina: automatyka, elektronika i elektrotechnika Zajęcia fakultatywne dla doktorantów II roku Prowadzący:  dr hab. inż. Andrzej Wilk, prof. PG, prof. dr hab. inż. Zbigniew Krzemiński Liczba godzin: 15 Forma zajęć: wykład {mlang} {mlang en} Discipline: control, electronic and electrical engineering Facultative course for 2nd-year PhD students Academic teachers: dr hab. inż. Andrzej Wilk, prof. PG, prof....

• Wastewater Engineering 2021/22 (Environmental Engineering, II stopnia, stacjonarne, II semestr))

  Kursy Online

  • K. Czerwionka
  • J. Mąkinia

  Wastewater sources and flows Wastewater characterization based on physical and biodegradation criteria Preliminary treatment unit operations (screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers) Biological processes (suspended growth vs. attached growth, hybrid systems, granular sludge) for wastewater treatment Principles of biological nutrient removal (nitrification, denitrification, enhanced biological P removal, anammox) Implementation...

• Wastewater Engineering 2022/23 (Environmental Engineering, II stopnia, stacjonarne, II semestr))

  Kursy Online

  • K. Czerwionka
  • J. Mąkinia

  Wastewater sources and flows Wastewater characterization based on physical and biodegradation criteria Preliminary treatment unit operations (screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers) Biological processes (suspended growth vs. attached growth, hybrid systems, granular sludge) for wastewater treatment Principles of biological nutrient removal (nitrification, denitrification, enhanced biological P removal, anammox) Implementation...

• Hydraulics and Pneumatics

  Kursy Online

  • S. Głuch
  • J. Głuch

  Zapoznanie ze zjawiskami fizycznymi, podstawami projektowania i eksploatacji hydraulicznych i pneumatycznych układów napędu i sterowania   Acquainting with physical phenomena, the basics of design and operation of hydraulic and pneumatic drive and control systems

• Wastewater Engineering 2023/24 (Environmental Engineering, II stopnia, stacjonarne, II semestr)

  Kursy Online

  • J. Mąkinia

  Wastewater sources and flows Wastewater characterization based on physical and biodegradation criteria Preliminary treatment unit operations (screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers) Biological processes (suspended growth vs. attached growth, hybrid systems, granular sludge) for wastewater treatment Principles of biological nutrient removal (nitrification, denitrification, enhanced biological P removal, anammox) Implementation...

• System Diagnostics - project

  Kursy Online

  • M. Domżalski

  As part of the course, students prepare practical solutions to problems in the field of modern systems diagnostics. Studies: Automatic Control, Cybernetics and RoboticsLevel: IILecturer: dr inż. Mariusz Domżalski Time: Tuesday, 11:15AM Language: English

• ASSESSMENT of PERFORMANCE of UMV (2024)

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  (W) Assessment of Performance of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles (W-Lecture) - DAPE - WIMiO AP-of-UMV (W) -DAPE - WIMiO   The course entitled "Assessment of Performance of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles (W-Lecture)" is conducted for the DAPE WIMiO Students.   The AP-of-UMV (W) course is to discuss the following problems: - major areas of application of UMV unmanned maritime vehicles, - sea environment, - types of UMV vehicles, -...

• WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

  Kursy Online

  • H. Al-Hazmi

  The course on Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal provides a comprehensive understanding of the principles, practices, and technologies involved in managing water resources effectively. It covers both the supply side, focusing on the provision of clean and safe drinking water, and the disposal side, addressing the treatment and management of wastewater to minimize environmental impact. Key Topics Covered: 1. Introduction to...

• Wymagania inżynierii systemów dla maszyn wirujących (PG-00060237)

  Kursy Online

  • J. Szwedowicz

  Turbiny wiatrowe, gazowe, mikroturbiny, silniki lotnicze, turbosprężarki i inne systemy mechaniczne to przykłady maszyn wirujących, które wymagają wysoko wykwalifikowanych inżynierów. Powinni oni zrozumieć złożoność procesów projektowania i produkcji, w tym wytwarzania przyrostowego, oraz konserwacji prognostycznej opartej na inżynierii cyfrowej dla bezawaryjnej pracy silnika. Kurs zapewnia fundamentalną wiedzę wymaganą w przemyśle...

• Numerical Methods

  Kursy Online

  • P. Sypek
  • M. Rewieński

  Numerical Methods: for Electronics and Telecommunications students, Master's level, semester 1 Instructor: Michał Rewieński, Piotr Sypek Course description: This course provides an introduction to computational techniques for the simulation and modeling of a broad range of engineering and physical systems. Concepts and methods discussed are widely illustrated by various applications including modeling of integrated circuits,...

• Urban and Road Engineering - Smolnicki

  Kursy Online

  • P. M. Smolnicki

  Lectures about "Urban and Road Engineering", dedicated to sixth semester of the English-speaking group, will be conducted in a way that activates students. Lectures on Road Engineering cover a wide range of important issues related to the subject, starting from a discussion of the historical circumstances of the creation, development and domination of the contemporary conventional model, through identifying new approaches and...

• Multimedia i Interfejsy 2022

  Kursy Online

  • J. Daciuk
  • W. Szwoch
  • M. Szwoch

  {mlang pl} Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów z: rodzajami danych multimedialnych oraz metodami ich pozyskiwania formatami i standardami danych multimedialnych metodami kompresji danych multimedialnych podstawami przetwarzania danych multimedialnych oraz ich rozpoznawania programowaniem aplikacji multimedialnych, w tym gier wideo rodzajami interfejsów użytkownika w systemach komputerowych metodami opisu oraz zasadami...

• Multimedia i Interfejsy 2023

  Kursy Online

  • J. Daciuk
  • W. Szwoch
  • M. Szwoch

  {mlang pl} Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów z: rodzajami danych multimedialnych oraz metodami ich pozyskiwania formatami i standardami danych multimedialnych metodami kompresji danych multimedialnych podstawami przetwarzania danych multimedialnych oraz ich rozpoznawania programowaniem aplikacji multimedialnych, w tym gier wideo rodzajami interfejsów użytkownika w systemach komputerowych metodami opisu oraz zasadami...

• Space and Landscape in a Global Context

  Kursy Online

  • R. Orlik
  • I. Mironowicz

  Module SPACE AND LANDSCAPE IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT (2022/2023, autumn semester) Objective The objective of the module is to debate different approaches to managing spatial development and contemporary issues in a global context. The course is founded on the students' knowledge about urban planning and instruments used to make them better places both for people and the environment.  Course proceedings Lectures and classes run online...

• Space and Landscape in a Global Context - 2023/24

  Kursy Online

  • R. Orlik
  • A. Wancław
  • I. Mironowicz

  Module SPACE AND LANDSCAPE IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT (2022/2023, autumn semester) Objective The objective of the module is to debate different approaches to managing spatial development and contemporary issues in a global context. The course is founded on the students' knowledge about urban planning and instruments used to make them better places both for people and the environment.  Course proceedings Lectures and classes run online...

• Forest management

  Kursy Online

  • S. Klisz

  The last ice age ended in Scandinavia about 15 000 years ago. The land was gradually occupied by present tree species. Human settlement followed the vegetation. The first forest uses were hunting and gathering. Animal husbandry and forest grazing came later. Shifting cultivation was a wide spread form of agriculture, especially in Sweden and Finland. Wood was first used for domestic purposes and for construction, In the 18th century,...