Filtry
wszystkich: 4658
wybranych: 4040
-
Katalog
- Publikacje 4040 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Czasopisma 99 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Konferencje 7 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Wydawnictwa 3 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Osoby 118 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Projekty 10 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Laboratoria 1 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Kursy Online 63 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Wydarzenia 5 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Dane Badawcze 312 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
Filtry wybranego katalogu
wyświetlamy 1000 najlepszych wyników Pomoc
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: STEADY-STATE PROCESSES
-
Systematic comparison of a biotrickling filter and a conventional filter for the removal of a mixture of hydrophobic VOCs by Candida subhashii
PublikacjaThis work systematically compared the potential of a conventional fungal biofilter (BF) and a fungal biotrickling filter (BTF) for the abatement of a mixture of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Candida subhashii was herein used for the first time, to the best of the author's knowledge, to remove n-hexane, trichloroethylene, toluene and α-pinene under aerobic conditions. C. subhashii immobilized on polyurethane foam...
-
TEORIA DECYZYJNYCH PROCESÓW SEMI-MARKOWA I JEJ ZASTOSOWANIE W PROJEKTOWANIU I EKSPLOATACJI OKRĘTOWYCH SILNIKÓW GŁÓWNYCH I INNYCH URZĄDZEŃ SIŁOWNI OKRĘTOWYCH
PublikacjaW referacie zaprezentowano znaczenie teorii procesów semi-Markowa w naukach technicznych, zwłaszcza w teorii niezawodności urządzeń technicznych, teorii bezpieczeństwa ich działania oraz statystycznej teorii podejmowania decyzji eksploatacyjnych. W referacie wyeksponowano także przydatność teorii procesów semi-Markowa w teorii i praktyce eksploatacji wspomnianych urządzeń technicznych na przykładzie tak istotnych urządzeń w transporcie...
-
Analysis of diagnostic informativeness of the exhaust temperature of a naval gas turbine
PublikacjaThe conducted investigations aimed to carry out an analysis of the possibility that the failures identification in the automatic control system of a gas turbine engine could be worked out on the basis of measurements of the exhaust stream temperature behind the gas generator. The exhaust temperature represents a basic control parameter, enabling technical state evaluation of the engine within the operation process, which is observed...
-
Tailoring Diffusional Fields in Zwitterion/Dopamine Copolymer Electropolymerized at Carbon Nanowalls for Sensitive Recognition of Neurotransmitters
PublikacjaThe importance of neurotransmitter sensing in the diagnosis and treatment of many psychological illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases is non-negotiable. For electrochemical sensors to become widespread and accurate, a long journey must be undertaken for each device, from understanding the materials at the molecular level to real applications in biological fluids. We report a modification of diamondized boron-doped carbon nanowalls...
-
Ground lemon and stevia leaves as renewable functional fillers with antioxidant activity for high-density polyethylene composites
PublikacjaThe development of new sustainable material solutions in the processing of thermoplastic polymers concerns both the application of biopolymers and the use of valorized plant derivatives as fillers and modifiers of petrochemical polymers. Herein, the possibility of using unprocessed raw parts of two commonly used in the food industry leaves, i.e., lemon (LL) and stevia (ST), as active and functional fillers for high-density polyethylene...
-
Volumetric and torque efficiency of pumps during start-up in low ambient temperatures
PublikacjaThe volumetric, torque and total efficiency of hydraulic pumps change during start-up in low ambient temperatures, as well as in thermal shock conditions, un-til they reach the set conditions. The time to reach steady-state conditions de-pends on many parameters: ambient temperature, flow rate, fluid temperature, design of hydraulic units. The author carried out tests of hydraulic pumps in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Faculty...
-
Simultaneous Removal of Hexane and Ethanol from Air in a Biotrickling Filter—Process Performance and Monitoring Using Electronic Nose
PublikacjaBiofiltration is a well-accepted method for the removal of malodorous compounds from air streams. Interestingly, the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. The aim of this paper was to investigate the simultaneous removal of hydrophobic hexane with hydrophilic ethanol, resulting in the enhanced removal of hexane in the presence of ethanol. Investigations were performed in a peat-perlite packed biotrickling...
-
Heat transfer characteristics of hybrid microjet – Microchannel cooling module
PublikacjaThe paper presents experimental investigation of heat transfer intensification in a microjet–microchannel cooling module. Applied technology takes benefits from two very attractive heat removal techniques. When jets are impinging on the surface, they have a very high kinetic energy at the stagnation point, also in microchannels boundary layer is very thin allowing to obtain very high heat fluxes. Main objective of this paper was...
-
Comparison of heat transfer characteristics in surface cooling with boiling microjets of water, ethanol and HFE7100
PublikacjaThe basis of microjet technology is to produce jets which impinge the surface at the stagnation point with a very high kinetic energy. Main objective of this paper was to investigate the physical phenomena occurring on solid surfaces upon impingement of the single microjet in case of three fluids, namely water, ethanol and HFE7100. Intense heat transfer in the impact zone of microjet has been examined and described with precise...
-
Measurement of temperature at sliding polymer surface by grindable thermocouples
PublikacjaThis paper is devoted to experimental study of capabilities and limitations of grindable thermocouples as applied to polymer materials sliding on metal. Chromel–alumel and chromel–copel grindable thermocouples have been developed and tested for wide ranges of contact pressure and sliding velocity. The background temperature of the sliding surface can be determined as the lower envelope of the signal from the grindable thermocouple....
-
Optimization of hydrodynamic vortex separator for removal of sand particles from storm water by computational fluid dynamics
PublikacjaStorm water treatment has been gradually acknowledged for the removal of pollutants from urban areas using the hydro cyclone separation technique. The separation efficiency of the hydrodynamic vortex separator (HDVS) is a complex phenomenon. With the aim enhance the separation potency of HDVS for storm runoff to get rid of sand particles, the HDVS with different structural configurations was studied by computational fluid dynamics....
-
Heat transfer characteristics of hybrid microjet -microchannel cooling module
PublikacjaThe paper presents the experimental investigation of heat transfer intensification in a microjet- microchannel cooling module. Applied technology takes benefits from two very attractive heat removal techniques. When jets are impinging on the surface, they have a very high kinetic energy at the stagnation point, also in microchannels boundary layer is very thin allowing to obtain very high heat fluxes. Main objective of this paper...
-
Sound intensity distribution around organ pipe
PublikacjaThe aim of the paper was to compare acoustic field around the open and stopped organ pipes. The wooden organ pipe was located in the anechoic chamber and activated with a constant air flow, produced by an external air-compressor. Thus, long-term steady state response was possible to obtain. Multichannel acoustic vector sensor was used to measure the sound intensity distribution of radiated acoustic energy. Measurements have been...
-
Investigating Fuel Injection Strategies to Enhance Ship Energy Efficiency in Wave Conditions
PublikacjaThe prediction of fuel consumption and resulting transportation costs is a crucial stage in ship design, particularly for conditions involving motion in waves. This study investigates the real-time fuel consumption of a container ship when sailing in waves. The overall ship performance is evaluated using a novel non-linear coupled hull-engine-propeller interaction model. A series of towing tank experiments for hull resistance in...
-
Performance of the PEM fuel cell module. Part 2. Effect of excess ratio and stack temperature
PublikacjaThe paper describes a fuel cell based system performance under different thermal conditions. The system could be fed with bottled hydrogen or with very high purity hydrogen obtained from reforming of methanol. The system is based on two fuel cell units (1.2 kW each, produced by Ballard Power Systems Inc. and called Nexa), DC/DC converter, DC/AC inverter, microprocessor control unit, load unit, bottled hydrogen supply system and...
-
Experimental Verification of the CFD Model of the Squeeze Film Lifting Effect
PublikacjaAbstract: The presented study shows the results of the research into the squeeze film levitation phenomena. The system introduced in the investigation is composed of a vibrating surface, air squeeze film, and the surface of the body freely suspended over the film. The use of the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model used in the system allows us to determine the steady state, periodic behavior of the air film (described by Navier–Stokes,...
-
Can sodium 1-alkylsulfonates participate in the sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle formation?
PublikacjaThe aggregation behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was studied in an aqueous solution in the presence of increasing concentrations of selected sodium 1-alkylsulfonates, namely sodium 1-octanesulfonate, sodium 1-decanesulfonate, and sodium 1-dodecanesufonate. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS was determined by conductivity and fluorescence intensity measurements. The steady-state fluorescence quenching experiments...
-
ROBOT TYPU QUADROCOPTER STEROWANY MIKROKONTROLERAMI O NIEWIELKIEJ MOCY OBLICZENIOWEJ
PublikacjaWspółczesna robotyka rozwija się bardzo dynamicznie. Coraz więcej osób prywatnych i inżynierów konstruuje różnego rodzaju pojazdy mobilne. Dlatego autorzy niniejszego referatu postawili sobie następującą tezę: możliwa jest budowa latającego robota mobilnego na bazie kontrolera o niskiej mocy obliczeniowej oraz prostego regulatora, i podjęli się jej udowodnienia.
-
Analiza właściwości rozszerzonego obserwatora prędkości maszyny indukcyjnej
PublikacjaRozszerzony obserwator prędkości został zaproponowany przez prof. Krzemińskiego i jest oparty na rozszerzonym modelu maszyny indukcyjnej, gdzie wprowadzona został nowa zmienna ζ. Jest to nowe podejście do estymacji zmiennych stanu maszyny indukcyjnej i nie wszystkie problemy zostały do tej pory rozwiązane. Zaproponowano wykorzystanie algorytmów ewolucyjnych do doboru wzmocnień obserwatora. W celu redukcji nakładów obliczeniowych...
-
A case study of odour nuisance evaluation in the context of integrated urban planning
PublikacjaOdour nuisance poses a serious problem in many urban areas, yet its evaluation and mitigation is often omitted in the urban planning process. By identifying its range and spatio-temporal variations, it could be taken into consideration by planners in urban development strategies and land use decisions. The aim of the study was to present the application of odour evaluation techniques in the improvement of the quality of life in...
-
Lagrangian model of an isolated dc-dc converter with a 3-phase medium frequency transformer accounting magnetic cross saturation
PublikacjaThis article presents a nonlinear equivalent circuit model of an isolated dc-dc converter with a 3-phase medium frequency transformer. The model takes into account the magnetic cross saturation of the 3-phase core-type magnetic circuit. The model is suitable in detailed electromagnetic transient simulations of power systems involving isolated dc-dc converters. The model is developed using the Lagrange energy method. It involves...
-
COMPARISON OF HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN SURFACE COOLING WITH BOILING MICROJETS OF WATER, ETHANOL AND HFE7100
PublikacjaThe basis of microjet technology is to produce laminar jets which when impinging the surface have a very high kinetic energy at the stagnation point. Boundary layer is not formed in those conditions, while the area of film cooling has a very high turbulence resulting from a very high heat transfer coefficient. Applied technology of jet production can result with the size of jets ranging from 20 to 500μm in breadth and 20 to 100μm...
-
Performance analyses of helical coil heat exchangers. The effect of external coil surface modification on heat exchanger effectiveness
PublikacjaThe shell and coil heat exchangers are commonly used in heating, ventilation, nuclear industry, process plant, heat recovery and air conditioning systems. This type of recuperators benefits from simple construction, the low value of pressure drops and high heat transfer. In helical coil,centrifugal force is acting on the moving fluid due to the curvature of thetube results in the development. It has been long recognized that the...
-
Active Control of Highly Autocorrelated Machinery Noise in Multivariate Nonminimum Phase Systems
PublikacjaIn this paper, a novel multivariate active noise control scheme, designed to attenuate disturbances with high autocorrelation characteristics and preserve background signals, is proposed. The algorithm belongs to the class of feedback controllers and, unlike the popular feedforward FX-LMS approach, does not require availability of a reference signal. The proposed approach draws its inspiration from the iterative learning control...
-
Modelling of wastewater treatment plant for monitoring and control purposes by state - space wavelet networks
PublikacjaMost of industrial processes are nonlinear, not stationary, and dynamical with at least few different time scales in their internal dynamics and hardly measured states. A biological wastewater treatment plant falls into this category. The paper considers modelling such processes for monitorning and control purposes by using State - Space Wavelet Neural Networks (SSWN). The modelling method is illustrated based on bioreactors of...
-
Mathematical Modeling of the Impact Range of Sewage Discharge on the Vistula Water Quality in the Region of Włocławek
PublikacjaThe paper presents results of analysis of the industrial sewage discharge influence at km 688 + 250 of the Vistula River on water quality. During the analysis, two-dimensional models of flow, impurities and temperature transport were used. Hydrological conditions of the analyzed section of the river, characteristic flows and bathymetry of the riverbed in the first instance were defined. Calculations of velocity distribution at...
-
Sensorless Field Oriented Control of Five Phase Induction Motor with Third Harmonic Injection
PublikacjaIn this paper, a sensorless field oriented control system of five-phase induction machine with the 3rd harmonic rotor flux is presented. Two vector models, α1-β1 and α3-β3, were transformed into d1-q1, d3-q3 models oriented in rotating frames, which correspond to the 1st and 3rd harmonic plane respectively. The authors proposed the linearization of the model in d-q coordinate frames by introducing a new variable “x” which is proportional...
-
Magneto-thermal convection of low concentration nanofluids
PublikacjaThe main aim of this paper was to analyze possible utilization of the low concentration nanofluids and the magnetic field to enhance heat transfer. The studied fluids were based on water with an addition of copper particles (40-60 nm diameter). They belonged to the diamagnetic group of materials. As a first attempt to stated target the analysis of enclosure placed in the maximal value of square magnetic induction gradient was carried...
-
Ukrainian Market of Electrical Energy: Reforming, Financing, Innovative Investment, Efficiency Analysis, and Audit
PublikacjaThe aim of this research is to determine the influence of electrical energy market regulation reform in Ukraine on the competitive environment, the reproduction processes of financial and innovative support, and the energy efficiency of the national economy. The authors have put forward and verified the hypothesis that, under conditions of institutional maturity of the Ukrainian electrical energy market, its liberalization and...
-
Suppression of Supply Current Harmonics of 18-Pulse Diode Rectifier by Series Active Power Filter with LC Coupling
PublikacjaThe reported research aims at improving the quality of three-phase rectifier supply currents. An effective method consists of adding properly formed booster voltages to the fundamental supply voltages using a series active filter. In the proposed solution, the booster voltages are generated by three single-phase systems consisting of inverters, LC filters, and single-phase transformers. The application of LC couplings ensures low...
-
Up-conversion white emission and other luminescence properties of a YAG:Yb2O3·Tm2O3·Ho2O3@SiO2 glass-nanocomposite
PublikacjaWe report on a glass-nanocomposite material consisting of yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) nanocrystals co-doped with Yb3+, Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions as well as entrapped into a SiO2 xerogel. This 94YAG·5Yb2O3·0.8Tm2O3·0.2Ho2O3@SiO2 (abbr. YAG:YbTmHo@SiO2) nanocomposite material has been prepared by sol–gel procedure. Its structure and morphology has been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope...
-
eFRADIR: An Enhanced FRAmework for DIsaster Resilience
PublikacjaThis paper focuses on how to increase the availability of a backbone network with minimal cost. In particular, the new framework focuses on resilience against natural disasters and is an evolution of the FRADIR/FRADIR-II framework. It targets three different directions, namely: network planning, failure modeling, and survivable routing. The steady state network planning is tackled by upgrading a sub-network (a set of links termed...
-
CGO FILMS ON YSZ ELECTROLYTE FABRICATED BY SPRAY PYROLYSIS FOR SOFC
PublikacjaINTRODUCTION Solid oxide fuel cells are one of the fastest developing energy converters. The advancement introduced by research community provides steady state progress is stability and performance of the fuel cells. Significant influence on the cell’s performance and stability is related to cell design. The simplest design just consists of an anode, a solid electrolyte and a cathode. However, in order to improve the properties,...
-
Nonlinear secondary arc model use for evaluation of single pole auto-reclosing effectiveness
PublikacjaPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss two evaluation methods of single pole autoreclosing process effectiveness in HV transmission lines. Secondary arc current and recovery voltage results obtained by load flow calculation are compared to the results obtained by the time domain simulations. Moreover, a nonlinear secondary arc implementation is presented. Design/methodology/approach – A computer simulation studies were...
-
Exhaust gas temperature measurements in diagnostics of turbocharged marine internal combustion engines. Part I. Standard measurements.
PublikacjaThe article discusses the problem of diagnostic informativeness of exhaust gas temperature measurements in turbocharged marine internal combustion engines. Theoretical principles of the process of exhaust gas flow in turbocharger inlet channels are analysed in its dynamic and energetic aspects. Diagnostic parameters are defined which enable to formulate general evaluation of technical condition of the engine based on standard...
-
Analiza drgań przewodów jezdnych sieci trakcyjnej w aspekcie oceny jej stanu technicznego
PublikacjaW pracy przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania analizy drgań przewodów jezdnych sieci trakcyjnej do oceny jej stanu technicznego. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań laboratoryjnych, w których rejestrowano drgania odcinka przewodu jezdnego o zróżnicowanym stopniu zużycia i przy różnych warunkach jego zawieszenia. Na bazie przeprowadzonych analiz w dziedzinie czasu i częstotliwości, wskazano zależności między stanem sieci a wybranymi parametrami...
-
Impact of maintenance of floodplains of the Vistula River on high water levels on the section from Włocławek to Toruń
PublikacjaThis article describes the methodology of hydraulic calculations to estimate the water levels in open channels for steady gradually varied flow. The presented method has been used to analyse the water level on the Vistula River from Włocławek cross-section to Toruń cross-section. The HEC-RAS modelling system has been used for parameterization of the river channel and floodplains, as well as for flow simulation. The results obtained...
-
Application of Eco-innovative Technologies of Nutrients Removal in Wastewater – Case Study BARITECH Project
PublikacjaEco-innovative technologies in wastewater treatment should provide not only stringent standards for the quality of treated wastewater but also ensure maximum recovery of energy and raw materials from wastewater. One of the ways to improve the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in existing conventional wastewater treatment plants is pretreatment of reject water generated during the mechanical...
-
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE PLANNED SEWAGE DISCHARGE FROM THE ‘NORTH’ POWER PLANT ON THE VISTULA WATER QUALITY
PublikacjaThe paper presents results of analysis of the industrial sewage discharge impact from the ‘North’ Power Plant on the Vistula water quality around 45+330 of the river kilometer. For the analysis, the two-dimensional models of flow, impurities and temperature transport were used. Hydrological conditions of the analyzed section of the river, characteristic flows and bathymetry of the riverbed in the first instance were defined....
-
ZARZADZANIE ORGANIZACJĄ TYPU SMART
PublikacjaZaprezentowano organizacji, w której charakterystykę wpisano następujące cechy: strategiczne uwarunkowanie, maksymalną innowacyjność, atrakcyjność dla interesariuszy, rozwijanie osobowości pracowników oraz twórczość w działaniu. Te atrybuty, tworzą koncepcję organizacji SMART (akronim od pierwszych liter powyższych cech), która wyróżnia się dodatkowo strukturą opartą o dynamicznie kreowane zespoły oraz skutecznym wspomaganiem...
-
Nonlinear control of five phase induction motor with synchronized third harmonic flux injection
PublikacjaThe paper deals with the novel control system for five phase induction motor (IM) that enables the injection of the rotor flux 3rd harmonic component. Two multiscalar models are transformed from the 1-1 and 2-2 vector models developed in the 1st and 3rd harmonic planes. Based on the obtained multiscalar models the synthesis of dual multiscalar control is established. The obtained two multiscalar control systems can independently...
-
Enzymes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway as targets for antifungals ?
PublikacjaSystemic infections caused by human pathogenic fungi in immunocompromized patients continue to be one of the important clinical problems. Limited availability of safe and efficacious antifungal chemotherapeutics and emerging resistance to existing drugs stimulates search for novel molecular targets for antifungals. The α-aminoadipate pathway (AAP) of L-lysine biosynthesis is unique in fungi and thus has been so far considered...
-
Hyperelastic Microcantilever AFM: Efficient Detection Mechanism Based on Principal Parametric Resonance
PublikacjaThe impetus of writing this paper is to propose an efficient detection mechanism to scan the surface profile of a micro-sample using cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM), operating in non-contact mode. In order to implement this scheme, the principal parametric resonance characteristics of the resonator are employed, benefiting from the bifurcation-based sensing mechanism. It is assumed that the microcantilever is made...
-
Fungal co-culture improves the biodegradation of hydrophobic VOCs gas mixtures in conventional biofilters and biotrickling filters
PublikacjaThe present study systematically evaluated the potential of Candida subhashii, Fusarium solani and their consortium for the abatement of n-hexane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene and α-pinene in biofilters (BFs) and biotrickling filters (BTFs). Three 3.2 L BFs packed with polyurethane foam and operated at a gas residence time of 77 s with an air mixture of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were inoculated with C. subhashii,...
-
Three-dimensional numerical investigation of hybrid nanofluids in chain microchannel under electrohydrodynamic actuator
PublikacjaEnergy efficiency enhancement methods have received considerable attentionwithin the industry and scientific community, owing to the rising concern ofglobal energy sustainability. The present article attempts to scrutinize the effectsof electrohydrodynamics and nanofluids on the rate of heat transfer and fluidflow in the 3-D chain microchannels. Improved heat exchangers (e.g., chainmicrochannel) would have a key role in increasing...
-
Modelling and analysis of medium frequency transformers for power converters
PublikacjaThe evolutions in power systems and electric vehicles, related to the economic opportunities and the environmental issues, bring the need of high power galvanically isolated DC-DC converter. The medium frequency transformer (MFT) is one of its key components, enabled by the increasing switching frequency of modern power semiconductors like silicon carbide transistors or diodes. The increased operating frequency offers small...
-
The possibilities for application of new comminution circuits in order to improve technological indexes of KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. copper ore concentrators = Możliwości zastosowania nowych układów rozdrabniania w aspekcie wskaźników technologicznych w warunkach O/ZWR
PublikacjaArtykuł opisuje zagadnienia związane z efektywnością procesu przygotowania urobku do wzbogacania. Przeanalizowano w nim aktualne układy rozdrabniające, oparte o kruszarki młotkowe i młyny prętowe, jak również warianty układów rozdrabniania z aplikacjami najnowszych rozwiązań techniczno – technologicznych tj. wysokociśnieniowej kruszarki walcowej oraz kruszarki stożkowej. Omawiane aspekty oparte są na badaniach prowadzonych...
-
Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases: Effects of altered expression in breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines.
PublikacjaIncreased aerobic glycolysis and de novo lipid biosynthesis are common characteristics of invasive cancers. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase II drug metabolizing enzymes that in normal cells possess the ability to glucuronidate these lipids and speed their excretion; however, de-regulation of these enzymes in cancer cells can lead to an accumulation of bioactive lipids, which further fuels cancer progression. We hypothesize...
-
Comparison of Tire Rolling Resistance Measuring Methods for Different Surfaces
PublikacjaThe rolling resistance of car tires is one of the most important parameters characterizing tires today. This resistance has a very significant contribution to the energy consumption of wheeled vehicles. The climate crisis has forced tire and car manufacturers to place great emphasis on the environmental impact of their products. Paradoxically, the development of electric vehicles has led to an even greater importance of rolling...
-
Mechanical characterization of a gravel column in a calibration chamber operating as a triaxial cell
PublikacjaA series of tests considering the behavior of gravel columns was performed. A segment of column with a height of 1 m and a diameter of 0.53 m was modelled in a calibration chamber used as a triaxial cell at three different lateral stress applied. The vertical load transferred on the column head was simulated with steady increase of water pressures in the upper and lower membranes. During the loading the volumetric changes in the...