Filtry
wszystkich: 426
wybranych: 367
-
Katalog
Filtry wybranego katalogu
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: ZIMNOLUBNY ENZYM
-
The synthesis and biological activity of lipophilic derivatives of bicine conjugated with n3-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-l-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid(fmdp) - an inhibitor of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase
PublikacjaOtrzymano serię pochodnych bicyny połączonych z inhibitorem syntazy glukozamino-6-fosforanu (fmdp)oraz zbadano ich właściwości lipofilowe i aktywność przeciwgrzybową. otrzymane związki charakteryzowały się wyższą llipofilowością niż fmdp. wszystkie otrzymane związki wykazywały także wyższą aktywność przeciwgrzybową niż fmdp.
-
Synthesis of the inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors
Publikacja -
Novel synthesis scheme and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of a panel of (E)-2-aryl-1-cyano-1-nitroethenes
Publikacja -
Antiglycoxidative properties of amantadine – a systematic review and comprehensive in vitro study
Publikacja -
Flavonoids as inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase
Publikacja -
Flavonoids as tyrosinase inhibitors in in silico and in vitro models: basic framework of SAR using a statistical modelling approach
Publikacja -
9,10-Dioxoanthracenyldithiocarbamates effectively inhibit the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting multiple protein tyrosine kinases
PublikacjaAnthraquinones have attracted considerable interest in the realm of cancer treatment owing to their potent anticancer properties. This study evaluates the potential of a series of new anthraquinone derivatives as anticancer agents for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The compounds were subjected to a range of tests to assess their cytotoxic and apoptotic properties, ability to inhibit colony formation, pro-DNA damage functions,...
-
Development of potent and effective SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors based on maleimide analogs for the potential treatment of COVID-19
PublikacjaIn the present work, we report a new series of potent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) inhibitors based on maleimide derivatives. The inhibitory activities were tested in an enzymatic assay using recombinant Mpro (3CL Protease from coronavirus SARS-CoV-2). Within the set of new Mpro inhibitors, 6e demonstrated the highest activity in the enzymatic assay with an IC50 value of 8.52 ± 0.44 mM. The IC50 value for Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332,...
-
Palindromic carbazole derivatives: unveiling their antiproliferative effect via topoisomerase II catalytic inhibition and apoptosis induction
PublikacjaHuman DNA topoisomerases are essential for crucial cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, chromatin condensation, and maintenance of its structure. One of the significant strategies employed in cancer treatment involves the inhibition of a specific type of topoisomerase, known as topoisomerase II (Topo II). Carbazole derivatives, recognised for their varied biological activities, have recently become a significant...
-
Synthesis and biological activity of ester derivatives of mycophenolic acid and acridines/acridones as potential immunosuppressive agents
PublikacjaImproved derivatives of mycophenolic acid (MPA) are necessary to reduce the frequency of adverse effects, this drug exerts in treated patients. In this study, MPA was coupled with N-(x-hydroxyalkyl)-9-acridone-4-carboxamides or N-(x-hydroxyalkyl)acridine-4-carboxamides to give respective ester conjugates upon Yamaguchi protocol. This esterification required protection of phenol group in MPA. Designed conjugates revealed higher...
-
Synthesis of the inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors
PublikacjaIn this review are summrized newly described IMPDH inhibitors. The article concerns both synthetic pathways and biological activities of the most promising compounds.
-
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-phosphorylated and O-phosphorylated tacrine derivatives as potential drugs against Alzheimer’s disease
PublikacjaIn this work, we designed, synthesised and biologically investigated a novel series of 14N- and O-phosphorylated tacrine derivatives as potential anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents. In the reaction of 9-chlorotacrine and corresponding diamines/aminoalkylalcohol we obtained diamino and aminoalkylhydroxy tacrine derivatives. Next, the compounds were acid to give final products 6–13 and 16–21 that were characterised by 1H, 13 C, 31P...
-
Novel amides of mycophenolic acid and some heterocyclic derivatives as immunosuppressive agents
PublikacjaThe group of new amide derivatives of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and selected heterocyclic amines was synthesised as potential immunosuppressive agents functioning as inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) uncompetitive inhibitors. The synthesis employed uronium-type activating system (TBTU/HOBt/DIPEA) while or phosphonic acid anhydride method (T3P/Py) facilitating amides to be obtained in moderate to excellent yields without...
-
New potent steroid sulphatase inhibitors based on 6-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)naphthalen-2-yl sulphamate derivatives
PublikacjaIn the present work, we report a new class of potent steroid sulphatase (STS) inhibitors based on 6-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)naphthalen-2-yl sulphamate derivatives. Within the set of new STS inhibitors, 6-(1-(1,2,3-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)naphthalen-2-yl sulphamate 3L demonstrated the highest activity in the enzymatic assay inhibiting the STS activity to 7.98% at 0.5 µM concentration. Furthermore, to verify...
-
Recent progress in the development of steroid sulfatase inhibitors – examples of the novel and most promising compounds from the last decade
PublikacjaThe purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of recent achievements in the synthesis of novel steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitors. STS is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of active hormones (including estrogens and androgens) and, therefore, represents an extremely attractive molecular target for the development of hormone-dependent cancer therapies. The inhibition of STS may effectively reduce the availability...
-
The New LM-PCR/Shifter Method for the Genotyping of Microorganism
PublikacjaTechniques relies on the ligation of appropriates adapters (LM-PCR) as AFLP, PCR MP and ADSRRS are successfully used for epidemiological studies for prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. In this study we propose a new method, called the LM-PCR/Shifter, based on the use of a Class IIS restriction enzyme giving restriction fragments with different 4 base 5' overhangs (Shifter) and the ligation of appropriate oligonucleotide...
-
The influence of different acids and pepsin on the extractability of collagen from the skin of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua)
PublikacjaZastosowano 5,0 M roztwory kwasu cytrynowego, mlekowego, octowego oraz 0,115 M roztwór kwasu solnego. Kolagen z całych skór ekstrahowano w 4 st.C odpowiednimi kwasami (1 : 6, w/v) w czasie 24, 48 i 72 h. Stwierdzono, że kwas solny jest najmniej efektywnym rozpuszczalnikiem kolagenu spośród użytych kwasów. W zastosowanych warunkach doświadczeń maksymalnie można wyekstrahować kwasem cytrynowym 60 % kolagenu, kwasem octowym i mlekowym...
-
Targeting Spike‐ACE2 Interface of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its Omicron Variant: A Comparative Screening of Potential Inhibitors for Existing and Anticipating Variants Using Molecular Modelling Approach
PublikacjaThe recent COVID pandemic has shown major impact on public health and economic crisis. Despite the development of many vaccines and drugs against the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, the pandemic still persists. The continued spread of the virus is largely driven by the emergence of viral variants such as α, β, γ, delta, epsilon spike, omicron and its subvariants (BA.1,2,3) which can evade the current vaccines...
-
Antifungal Effect of Penicillamine Due to the Selective Targeting of L-Homoserine O-Acetyltransferase
PublikacjaDue to the apparent similarity of fungal and mammalian metabolic pathways, the number of established antifungal targets is low, and the identification of novel ones is highly desirable. The results of our studies, presented in this work, indicate that the fungal biosynthetic pathway of L-methionine, an amino acid essential for humans, seems to be an attractive perspective. The MET2 gene from Candida albicans encoding L-homoserine...
-
A Novel Cryptic Clostridial Peptide That Kills Bacteria by a Cell Membrane Permeabilization Mechanism
PublikacjaThis work reports detailed characteristics of the antimicrobial peptide Intestinalin (P30), which is derived from the LysC enzyme of Clostridium intestinale strain URNW. The peptide shows a broader antibacterial spectrum than the parental enzyme, showing potent antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of Gram-positive staphylococci and Gram-negative pathogens and causing between 3.04 ± 0.12 log kill for Pseudomonas aeruginosa...
-
DDLMS PCR double digestion Ligation Mediated Suppression PCR - a new technique for bacterial specific differentiation
PublikacjaA new diagnostic kit for K. oxytoca specific differentiation based on ddLMS PCR (ang. double digest ligation Mediated PCR) technique is shown. As a species-specific DNA fragment pehX gene, encoding the enzyme polygalactouronase, was chosen. The genome sequence of K. oxytoca is digested with two endonucleases: AclI and BclI which cut DNA before and after pehX gene. The polymorphic DNA fragments are ligated with AclI-end-specific...
-
Metabolic transformation of antitumor agent C1311 with various fractions of rat liver.
PublikacjaWykazano, że enzymatyczna aktywacja jest konieczna dla aktywności bilogicznej pochodnej C-1311. Zbadano przemiany związku w obecności różnych frakcji enzymatycznych mikrosomalnych komórek wątroby szczura.Badania te wykazały, że związek C-1311 jest bardziej podatny na transformację pod wpływem frakcji aktywowanych enzymów mikrosomalnych (CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP3A i CYP4A) niż frakcji S9, cytozolowej czy mikrosomów nieaktywowanych. Związek...
-
Proteins
PublikacjaStruktura białek wpływa na ich wartość odżywczą, właściwości funkcjonalne wżywności oraz reakcje w surowcach i produktach żywnościowych. Warunki prze-chowywania oraz obróbki w przemyśle i w czasie przygotowywania kulinarnegowywołują przemiany białek istotne dla jakości żywności. Przez celowe, enzy-matyczne i chemiczne modyfikowanie składu i struktury białek można wpływaćna ich właściwości funkcjonalne w żywności i wartość...
-
The influence of fresh cabbage and sauerkraut juices on the activity of protective enzymes in human cell lines
PublikacjaMechanizmami przeciwrakotwórczego działania związków zawartych w kapuście jest m.in. metaboliczna aktywacja enzymów II fazy detoksykacji, indukcja enzymów naprawczych DNA oraz aktywnośc przeciwutleniająca. Do enzymów II fazy odtruwania należą m.in. S-transferazy glutationowe (GST) oraz oksydoreduktaza chinonowa NQO1 zwana też DT-diaforazą. GST katalizują reakcję sprzęgania glutationu z wieloma różnymi typami ksenobiotyków, ułatwiając...
-
Molecular mechanism of the enzymatic oxidation investigated for imidazoacridinone antitumor drug C-1311.
PublikacjaPraca miala na celu określenie molekularnego mechanizmu enzymatycznej utleniającej aktywacji wymienionego związku przeciwnowotworowego w takim układzie modelowym, w którym wcześniej wykazano jego kowalencyjne wiązanie się do DNA. Badania struktur chemicznych produktów enzymatycznej aktywacji wykazały, że dwa z nich powstają w wyniku dealkilacji łańcucha bocznego cząsteczki, natomiast dwa inne w wyniku aktywacji pierścienia imidazoakrydonu....
-
Amino Acid Based Antimicrobial Agents – Synthesis and Properties
PublikacjaStructures of several dozen of known antibacterial, antifungal or antiprotozoal agents are based on the amino acid scaffold. In most of them, the amino acid skeleton is of a crucial importance for their antimicrobial activity, since very often they are structural analogs of amino acid intermediates of different microbial biosynthetic pathways. Particularly, some aminophosphonate or aminoboronate analogs of protein amino acids are...
-
Characterization of recombinant homocitrate synthase from Candida albicans
PublikacjaLYS21 and LYS22 genes from Candida albicans encoding isoforms of homocitrate synthase (HCS), an enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway, were cloned and expressed as NoligoHistagged fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. The purified gene products revealed HCS activity, i.e. catalyzed the condensation of α-ketoglutarate with acetyl-coenzyme A to yield homocitrate. The recombinant enzymes were purified...
-
The antioxidative properties of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba) fresh and submitted to culinary processing
PublikacjaKapusta biała stanowi jeden z podstawowych składników diety w Europie centralnej. W publikacji autorzy skupili się na określeniu właściwościach przeciwutleniających kapusty świeżej, kiszonej i poddanej obróbce termicznej. Te właściwości zostały oszacowane dla soków przy wykorzystaniu systemów pozakomórkowych, w komórkach HT29 pod kątem ochrony przed utlenieniem DNA oraz poprzez symulację GSTs i naprawę DNA. Wszystkie badane soki...
-
Polysaccharides-Based Hybrid Materials for Bio- and Non-Bio Sectors. Edytorial
PublikacjaThis special edition spotlights the recent research in the design, development, and emerging applications of polysaccharides-based hybrid materials for biotechnological and biomedical purposes. All the articles published in this issue underscore the significance of materials derived from cellulose, alginate, chitosan, starch, and carrageenan for various applications, including enzyme production, encapsulation, targeted drug delivery,...
-
A new division of bacterial UvrA homologues
PublikacjaThe UvrA protein is a DNA-binding and damage-recognition enzyme which participates in the prokaryotic type nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. It has recently been noted that some bacterial genomes comprise additional uvrA genes which encode five distinct types of UvrA homologue. We investigated the sequences of over 2400 bacterial genomes and found 130 examples of bacteria containing uvrA 2 genes. The sequence analyses conducted...
-
New potent STS inhibitors based on fluorinated 4-(1-phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-phenyl sulfamates
PublikacjaA series of fluorinated analogs based on the frameworks of 4-(1- phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-phenyl sulfamates have been synthesized as steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitors. The design of chemical structures of new potential STS inhibitors was supported by molecular docking techniques to identify potential interactions between inhibitors and amino acid residues located in the STS active site. The STS inhibitory potency was evaluated...
-
Porównanie metod oznaczania struktury triacylogliceroli z wykorzystaniem lipazy trzustkowej - metody Brockerhoffa i metody ISO.
PublikacjaPorównano dwie metody oznaczania struktury triacylogliceroli (TAG) przy użyciu lipazy trzustkowej - metody Brockerhoffa i metody wg normy ISO. Substratami tłuszczowymi użytymi do badań były oleje: rzepakowy niskoerukowy, rzepakowy wysokoerukowy oraz olej oliwkowy. Metoda opracowana w postaci normy ISO wymaga wprowadzenia pewnych zmian: należy sporządzać zawiesinę enzymu w roztworze buforu TRIS, zwiększyć ilość próby użytej...
-
Pharmacomicrobiomics of cell-cycle specific anti-cancer drugs – is it a new perspective for personalized treatment of cancer patients?
PublikacjaIntestinal bacteria are equipped with an enzyme apparatus that is involved in the active biotrans-formation of xenobiotics, including drugs. Pharmacomicrobiomics, a new area of pharmacology, analyses interactions between bacteria and xenobiotics. However, there is another side to the coin. Pharmacotherapeutic agents can significantly modify the microbiota, which consequently affects their efficacy. In this review, we comprehensively...
-
3D polypyrrole structures as a sensing material for glucose detection
PublikacjaIn this work, 3D polypyrrole (PPy) structures as material for glucose detection is proposed. Polypyrrole was electrochemically polymerized on platinum screen-printed electrode from an aqueous solution of lithium perchlorate and pyrrole. The growth mechanism of such PPy structures was studied by ex-situ scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary studies show that studied here PPy film is a good candidate as a sensing material for...
-
Molecular docking studies towards development of novel Gly-Phe analogs for potential inhibition of Cathepsin C (dipeptidyl peptidase I).
PublikacjaCathepsin C is a cysteine protease required for activation of various pro-inflammatory serine proteases and, essentially, is of interest as a therapeutic target. Cathepsin C coordinate system was employed as a model to study the interaction of some already available inhibitors of Cathepsin C. Compounds containing Gly-Phe fragment with functional groups at its ends were designed by knowledge based approach. Using AutoDock and...
-
PCR-ELISA: inexpensive alternative to quantitative PCR
PublikacjaPCR-ELISA (polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), a combination of PCR and ELISA methods, has been used since late 1980s. The technique is based on specially labelled DNA fragments which are captured by specific DNA sequences and detected by antibodies. The whole procedure of PCR-ELISA is divided into three steps: DNA extraction, PCR reaction and detection by ELISA. The method has been found as very specific...
-
Hybrid battery based on arylated carbon nanotubes and laccase
PublikacjaSingle-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were covalently modified with anthracene and anthraquinone and used for the construction of cathodes for biocatalytic reduction of dioxygen. The nanotubes with aromatic groups casted onto the electrode increased the working surface of the electrode and enabled efficient direct electron transfer (DET) between the enzyme and the electrode. The aryl groups enter the hydrophobic pocket of the...
-
PCR-RFLP assays for species-specific identification of fungi belonging to Scopulariopsis and related genera
PublikacjaFungi of the Scopulariopsis genus, commonly found in the environment, are opportunistic pathogens that can cause various types of human infections. So far, no efficient molecular method has been developed for species differentiation among Scopulariopsis and related genera. In order to advance this field, we have evaluated performance of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays, based...
-
Projektowanie, synteza oraz badanie aktywności biologicznej nowych inhibitorów sulfatazy steroidowej (STS) na bazie amidosiarczanowych pochodnych triazoli i oksadiazoli
PublikacjaNiniejsza dysertacja dotyczy szeregu badań z wykorzystaniem technik modelowania molekularnego oraz metod syntezy nowych inhibitorów STS opartych o rdzenie pierścieni heterocyklicznych 1,2,3-triazolu oraz 1,2,4-oksadiazolu. Aktywność inhibicyjna otrzymanych pochodnych została oznaczona w testach in vitro z wykorzystaniem enzymu wyizolowanym z łożyska ludzkiego oraz znakowanym radioizotopowo siarczanem estronu, a także w teście komórkowych...
-
Novel dendrimeric lipopeptides with antifungal activity
PublikacjaZaprojektowano, zsyntezowano i scharakteryzowano serię nowych kationowych lipopeptydów zawierających rozgałęziony, amfifilowy polarny rdzeń strukturalny pochodzący od dendronu (Lys)(Lys)(Lys) oraz łańcuchy C8 i C12 na C-końcu. Otrzymane zwiazki wykazywały aktywność przeciwdrobnoustrojową, w tym szczególnie przeciwgrzybową wobec drożdżaków z rodzaju Candida. Najwyższą aktywność, selektywną wobec drobnoustrojów grzybowych, wykazywały...
-
Interakcje składników żywności. Rozdział 7
PublikacjaWpływ na interakcje składników żywności w czasie przechowywania i przetwarzania mają struktury komórkowe i subkomórkowe w których te składniki występują, enzymy i inhibitory enzymów, promieniowanie UV i jonizujące, temperatura, ciśnienie, rodniki, aktywne formy tlenu, sensybilizatory, przeciwutleniacze, wielowartościowe kationy, aktywność wody, siła jonowa, kwasowość i lepkość środowiska. Interakcje składników wpływają na barwę...
-
Beta-Galactosidases of Pseudoalteromonas sp. – Characteristics and application for lactose hydrolysis and galactopyranosides synthesis
PublikacjaBeta-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of O-glycosidic linkages in galactosides. It has biotechnological applications in the dairy industry for the production of milk with a low content of lactose and galactooligosacharides for use in healthy food. The transgalactosylation activity of beta-galactosidase can be used in the synthesis of alkyl galactopyranosides. Due to the fact that conditions of...
-
Review on Current Status of Echinocandins Use
PublikacjaFungal infections are rising all over the world every year. There are only five medical compound classes for treatment: triazoles, echinocandins, polyenes, flucytosine and allylamine. Currently, echinocandins are the most important compounds, because of their wide activity spectrum and much lower sides effects that may occur during therapy with other drugs. Echinocandins are secondary metabolites of fungi, which can inhibit the...
-
D-Tagatoza - prosty cukier o ogromnym potencjale aplikacyjnym
PublikacjaD-Tagatoza jest naturalnym cukrem prostym, występującym w przyrodzie w niewielkich ilościach. D-Tagatoza jest ketoheksozą, epimerem D-fruktozy oraz izomerem D-galaktozy. Jest to związek dobrze rozpuszczalny w wodzie, stabilny w pH 2-7 i wykazujący słodki smak. Słodkość D-tagatozy wynosi 92% słodkości sacharozy, jednak jej kaloryczność jest znacznie niższa. Wysoka słodkość oraz niska wartość kaloryczna D-tagatozy sprawiają, iż stanowi...
-
Contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in metabolism of acridinone antitumor agents, C-1311, C-1305, and their less active structural analogues, C-1330 and C-1299
PublikacjaCelem prowadzonych badań było określenie roli UDP-glukuronylotransferaz, uważanych za najważniejsze enzymy detoksykujące, w metabolizmie pochodnych imidazo- i triazoloakrydonu. Wykazano, że najbardziej aktywne przeciwnowotworowo związki z obu grup, tj. C-1311 i C-1305 są transformowane do O-glukuronidów, w przeciwieństwie do ich metoksylowych analogów, odpowiednio związku C-1330 i C-1299. Analiza składu mieszanin reakcyjnych zawierających...
-
Green chemical and hybrid enzymatic pretreatments for lignocellulosic biorefineries: Mechanism and challenges
PublikacjaThe greener chemical and enzymatic pretreatments for lignocellulosic biomasses are portraying a crucial role owing to their recalcitrant nature. Traditional pretreatments lead to partial degradation of lignin and hemicellulose moieties from the pretreated biomass. But it still restricts the enzyme accessibility for the digestibility towards the celluloses and the interaction of lignin-enzymes, nonproductively. Moreover, incursion...
-
Introduction of Pro and Its Analogues in the Conserved P1 Position of Trypsin Inhibitor SFTI-1 Retains Its Inhibitory Activity
PublikacjaA number of monocyclic SFTI-1 analogues modified in the conserved inhibitor P1 position by Pro, its L-hydroxyproline (Hyp) derivative as well as mimetics with different ring size were synthesized by the solid-phase method. Replacement of Ser6 by Pro, Hyp, and a four-member ring, L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze), retained trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitory activity. The determined association equilibrium constants of these analogues...
-
Properties of recombinant trehalose synthase from Deinococcus radiodurans expressed in Escherichia coli
PublikacjaA trehalose synthase gene from Deinococcus radiodurans(DSMZ 20539)containing 1659 bp reading frame encoding 552 amino acids was amplified using PCR. The gene was finally ligated into pET30Ek/LIC vector and expressed after isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside induction in Escherichia coli (DE3) Rosetta pLysS. The recombinanttrehalose synthase (DraTreS) containing a His6-tag at the C-terminus was purified by metal affinity chromatography...
-
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-acylated tyramine sulfamates containing C-F bonds as steroid sulfatase inhibitors
PublikacjaSteroid sulfatase (STS) is responsible for the hydrolysis of biologically inactive sulfated steroids into their active un-sulfated forms and promotes the growth of various hormone-dependent cancers (e.g., breast cancer). Therefore, the STS enzyme is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of steroid-sensitive cancers. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of sulfamate analogs as potential STS inhibitors...
-
Solubilization of keratins and functional properties of their isolates and hydrolysates
PublikacjaThe keratinous wastes of the textile industry and poultry slaughterhouses may be used as sources of soluble keratins or hydrolysates. This review presents methods for processing raw keratin-based materials into bioproducts with functional and bioactive properties suitable for biomedical, cosmetic, food, and agricultural applications. Soluble keratin can be obtained by thermal treatment in some organic solvents, reduction, or oxidation...