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Rok 2021
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Opinia na temat celowości oraz zakresu rzeczowego remontu tokarki karuzelowej FKD-60/80. Ekspertyza techniczna opracowana na zlecenie ENEROMONTAŻ-PÓŁNOC GDYNIA S.A.
PublikacjaOpracowana Opinia Jednostki Naukowej dotyczyła ciężkiej tokarki karuzelowej typu FKD-60/80 ze sterowaniem CNC. Na podstawie przeprowadzonego w miejscu użytkowania tej obrabiarki audytu, dokonano oceny obecnego stanu maszyny oraz przeanalizowano przyczyny awarii, które zdarzały się w okresie jej eksploatacji. Zakres analizy przyczyn stanów awaryjnych obejmował: - awarie zespołu elektrowrzeciona oraz układów hydraulicznych zawartych...
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Opinia na temat celowości oraz zakresu rzeczowego remontu wytaczarko-frezarki płytowej typu FLF16/CNC. Ekspertyza techniczna opracowana na zlecenie ENEROMONTAŻ-PÓŁNOC GDYNIA S.A.
PublikacjaOpracowana Opinia Jednostki Naukowej dotyczyła ciężkiej wytaczarko-frezarki płytowej typu FLF16/CNC ze sterowaniem CNC. Na podstawie przeprowadzonego w miejscu użytkowania tej obrabiarki audytu, dokonano oceny obecnego stanu maszyny oraz przeanalizowano przyczyny awarii, które zdarzały się w okresie jej eksploatacji. Zakres analizy przyczyn problemów eksploatacyjnych i stanów awaryjnych obejmował: - awarie zespołu elektrowrzeciona...
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Opłacalność zastosowania pompy ciepła w układach centralnego ogrzewania i ciepłej wody użytkowej
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono problem opłacalności ekonomicznej stosowania pompy ciepła, w układach ciepłej wody użytkowej oraz centralnego ogrzewania. Zasadność zastosowania takich źródeł ciepła w tych instalacjach spowodowana jest ogólnoświatowymi kierunkami i stopniowym odchodzeniem od konwencjonalnych źródeł energii takich jak kotły olejowe lub gazowe. Przedmiotem artykułu był budynek jednorodzinny o powierzchni użytkowej ok. 145...
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PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE COMBINED GAS-STEAM TURBINE UNIT OF A HYBRID CYCLE FOR THE FPSO VESSEL
PublikacjaA thermal diagram of the combined gas‒steam turbine unit of a hybrid cycle, which is an energy complex consisting of a base gas turbine engine with a steam turbine heat recovery circuit and a steam-injected gas turbine operating with overexpansion, is proposed. A mathematical model of a power plant has been developed, taking into consideration the features of thermodynamic processes of simple, binary, and steam-injected...
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Performance and Emission Modelling and Simulation of Marine Diesel Engines using Publicly Available Engine Data
PublikacjaTo analyse the behaviour of marine diesel engines in unsteady states for different purposes, for example to determine the fuel consumption or emissions level, to adjust the control strategy, to manage the maintenance, etc., a goal-based mathematical model that can be easily implemented for simulation is necessary. Such a model usually requires a wide range of operating data, measured on a test stand. This is a time-consuming process...
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Photogrammetry image-based approach for imperfect structure modelling and FE analysis
PublikacjaThis study aims to model and analyse imperfect tructures using real measurements, employing photogrammetry technique commonly used in the geodesy. The study highlights the capability of the photogrammetry in aiding the structural analysis of imperfect engineering objects. Firstly, the photogrammetry measurements of a stiffened plate are carried out using a specially designed for the purpose experimental stand. Then, the plate surface...
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Pin Angle Thermal Effects on Friction Stir Welding of AA5058 Aluminum Alloy: CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation
PublikacjaThe friction stir welding (FSW) of tool pin geometry plays a critical role in the final properties of the produced joint. The tool pin geometry directly affects the generation of heat and the flow of internal materials during the FSW process. The effects of the FSW tool pin angle on heat generation and internal flow have not been quantitatively investigated in detail. In this manuscript, a validated Computational Fluid Dynamic...
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Planning optimised multi-tasking operations under the capability for parallel machining
PublikacjaThe advent of advanced multi-tasking machines (MTMs) in the metalworking industry has provided the opportunity for more efficient parallel machining as compared to traditional sequential processing. It entailed the need for developing appropriate reasoning schemes for efficient process planning to take advantage of machining capabilities inherent in these machines. This paper addresses an adequate methodical approach for a non-linear...
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Platforma aktywnego nauczania dla zwiększenia poziomu umiejętności techników i inżynierów
PublikacjaPrzemysł 4.0 całkowicie przekształca sektor wytwórczy w Unii Europejskiej wprowadzając zasady cyfryzacji procesów przemysłowych. W rezultacie, nowe cyber-fizyczne systemy produkcyjne wywierają ogromny wpływ na siłę roboczą, a zwłaszcza na techników i inżynierów. Systemy te wymagają nowych hybrydowych zespołów "człowiek – maszyna", w których technicy i inżynierowie powinni umieć analizować zbiory danych Big Data, tworzyć symulacje...
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Pozytywne doświadczenia zakupowe w kreowaniu lojalności nabywczej
PublikacjaDoświadczenie zakupowe to rodzaj mentalnej podróży, pozostawiającej niematerialne wrażenia, w postaci wiedzy i śladu emocjonalnego [69], będące kluczowym elementem w zrozumieniu zachowań konsumentów, jak również istotnych zmian zachodzących we współczesnym marketingu [10]. Cel: Celem głównym badań było ukazanie wpływu pozytywnych doświadczeń zakupowych na kształtowanie satysfakcji i lojalności nabywczej oraz sposobów budowania...
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Prawne aspekty gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego
PublikacjaRozmaite organizacje od lat podejmują szereg prac mających na celu skierowania gospodarki na model o obiegu zamkniętym. Tego typu działania mają pomóc w ograniczeniu negatywnego wpływu przemysłu na środowisko. Jakie są słabe i mocne strony sytuacji prawnej w tym zakresie i jakie niesie to za sobą skutki? W ostatnich latach obserwuje się dynamiczny rozwój światowej gospodarki, który wpływa nie tylko na stale rosnący poziom życia,...
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Problematyka efektywności docierania maszynowego powierzchni płaskich i płasko-równoległych
PublikacjaPrzedstawiono sposób oceny efektywności docierania na docierarkach tarczowych. Omówiono przykładowe technologie obróbki powierzchni płaskich i płasko-równoległych. Wyznaczono składowe czasów operacji docierania wstępnego i wykończeniowego oraz wartości wskaźnika OEE dla obróbki jednotarczowej. Omówiono wyniki analiz docierania grupy 10 przedmiotów w układzie dwutarczowym. Zaprezentowano pracę zautomatyzowanego gniazda docierarek...
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PROJEKT STANOWISKA DYDAKTYCZNEGO DO WYZNACZANIA CHARAKTERYSTYK POMP WIROWYCH
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono projekt oraz gotowe stanowisko do wyznaczenia charakterystyk przepływowych pomp wirowych w pracy indywidualnej oraz w wybranych wariantach współpracy szeregowej jak i równoległej. Obserwację parametrów kontrolnych pomp wirowych w różnych stanach pracy: dławienie przepływu, zmiana prędkości obrotowej. Dużą zaletą stanowiska jest wymuszanie obserwację zjawiska kawitacji.
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Promising Nanoparticle-Based Heat Transfer Fluids—Environmental and Techno-Economic Analysis Compared to Conventional Fluids
PublikacjaProviding optimal operating conditions is one of the major challenges for effective heating or cooling systems. Moreover, proper adjustment of the heat transfer fluid is also important from the viewpoint of the correct operation, maintenance, and cost efficiency of these systems. Therefore, in this paper, a detailed review of recent work on the subject of conventional and novel heat transfer fluid applications is presented. Particular...
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Prototype design and development of low-load-roof photovoltaic modules for applications in on-grid systems
PublikacjaFour prototypes of lightweight photovoltaic modules for applications in on-grid systems have been designed, developed, manufactured and tested for compliance with relevant IEC standards. Selected, commercially available materials characterized by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, dilatometry, scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation technique were used in frameless, adhesively-bonded sandwich-structures...
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Przyrządy do docierania powierzchni płaskich i płasko-równoległych docierakami aktywizowanymi w sposób swobodny i wymuszony
PublikacjaPrzedstawiono konstrukcje przyrządów do docierania powierzchni płaskich i płasko-równoległych elementów o niewielkich wymiarach gabarytowych. Analizowano wersje oprzyrządowania w aspekcie łatwości obsługi przy docieraniu dwutarczowym z obiegowym układem kinematycznym i przy użyciu dawkowanej okresowo pasty ściernej. Opracowano też koncepcję zmechanizowanej aktywizacji wymuszonej powierzchni roboczej tarczy docierającej mikroziarnami...
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Quasistatic and fatigue behavior of an AISI H13 steel obtained by additive manufacturing and conventional method
PublikacjaThis work aims to compare the mechanical behavior of an AISI H13 steel obtained by additive manufacturing with that obtained by conventional manufacturing methods. The average values of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and ductility obtained for the specimens produced by the conventional method were equal to 658 MPa and 18%, respectively, which compares with 503 MPa and 0.75% registered for the selective laser melting (SLM)...
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Recent Advances in Loop Heat Pipes with Flat Evaporator
PublikacjaThe focus of this review is to present the current advances in Loop Heat Pipes (LHP) with flat evaporators, which address the current challenges to the wide implementation of the technology. A recent advance in LHP is the design of flat-shaped evaporators, which is better suited to the geometry of discretely mounted electronics components (microprocessors) and therefore negate the need for an additional transfer surface (saddle)...
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Recovering Evaluation of Narrow-Kerf Teeth of Mini Sash Gang Saws
PublikacjaSash gang saws with narrow-kerf saw blades are used in the production of glued laminate flooring elements in plants where dry technology is applied. This means that boards or friezes are sawn into top layer lamellae in dry conditions (moisture content of about 10–12%) from expensive wood species, often exotic. The object of this research was stellite-tipped teeth of narrow kerf saw blades sharpened under industrial conditions....
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Research of Emergency Modes of Wind Power Plants Using Computer Simulation
PublikacjaThe aim of this study is to investigate changes in the wind power plant energy production parameters under the conditions of sudden wind changes and voltage drop. To achieve these goals, a simulation of operation of wind power plants was performed. Twelve wind turbines with variable rotational speed equipped with a Fuhrländer FL 2500/104 asynchronous double-fed induction generator (DFIG) were used, each with an installed capacity...
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Revalorisation of the Szewalski’s concept of the law of varying the last-stage blade retraction in a gas-steam turbine
PublikacjaThe article presents the implementations of the free vortex law to the blade of the last stage of a gas-steam turbine. First, a thermodynamic analysis was carried out, determining the parameters at the inlet, then the number of stages of the high and low-pressure part of the turbine was constructed, together with the kinematics and velocity vectors for subsequent stages of the axial turbine. The last step of article was to take...
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Robust-adaptive dynamic programming-based time-delay control of autonomous ships under stochastic disturbances using an actor-critic learning algorithm
PublikacjaThis paper proposes a hybrid robust-adaptive learning-based control scheme based on Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP) for the tracking control of autonomous ship maneuvering. We adopt a Time-Delay Control (TDC) approach, which is known as a simple, practical, model free and roughly robust strategy, combined with an Actor-Critic Approximate Dynamic Programming (ACADP) algorithm as an adaptive part in the proposed hybrid control...
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Selected Aspects of Pavement Texture Influence on Tire Rolling Resistance
PublikacjaTire rolling resistance has a significant influence on fuel consumption in cars and trucks and on CO2 emissions. Rolling resistance depends on the tire construction, pavement texture and stiffness, as well as environmental and traffic conditions. This article presents a pilot study on the impact of pavement texture on the rolling resistance of passenger car tires. Reasons why Mean Profile Depth is not a good descriptor of pavement...
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Self-Organising map neural network in the analysis of electromyography data of muscles acting at temporomandibular joint.
PublikacjaThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the joint that via muscle action and jaw motion allows for necessary physiological performances such as mastication. Whereas mandible translates and rotates [1]. Estimation of activity of muscles acting at the TMJ provides a knowledge of activation pattern solely of a specific patient that an electromyography (EMG) examination was carried out [2]. In this work, a Self-Organising Maps (SOMs)...
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Significant Production of Thermal Energy in Partially Ionized Hyperbolic Tangent Material Based on Ternary Hybrid Nanomaterials
PublikacjaNanoparticles are frequently used to enhance the thermal performance of numerous materials. This study has many practical applications for activities that have to minimize losses of energy due to several impacts. This study investigates the inclusion of ternary hybrid nanoparticles in a partially ionized hyperbolic tangent liquid passed over a stretched melting surface. The fluid motion equation is presented by considering the...
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Simplified approach to assess the dynamic response of a container ship subjected to bow slamming load
PublikacjaSimplified approach to assess the dynamic response of a container ship subjected to the bow slamming load, resulting in a transient vibratory response, typically called a 'whip-ping', is presented. The accurate numerical modelling is very complex and involves cou-pling of the hydrodynamic and structural solution at every time step, leading to huge com-putational and workload cost. Thus, the one-way coupling methodology is adopted,...
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Sounding rocket vibration mechanical filter and amplifier
PublikacjaMeasuring accelerations and vibrations of a sounding rocket provides both information for engineers on the launcher vehicle performance as well as environment description for future payload designers. Typically, information on the level of vibration and eigenfrequencies are required to properly design a payload. This paper presents a design of a novel mechanical filter and amplifier for mechanical vibrations. Its key feature is...
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Spawanie ramy motocyklowej ze stopu aluminium metodami TIG i MIG
PublikacjaNaprawa uszkodzonych elementów konstrukcji technologiami spawalniczymi może pozwolić na przedłużenie ich eksploatacji przy stosunkowo niskich kosztach i krótkim czasie wyłączenia z użytkowania. W pracy porównano cztery technologie spawania ramy motocyklowej Kawasaki wykonanej ze stopu aluminium PA11 (AW 5754, Wr. nr. 3.3535, AlMg3). Spawanie przeprowadzono procesami TIG oraz MIG z wykorzystaniem materiałów dodatkowych AlSi5, AlMg5Mn...
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Strain sequence effect on fatigue life and fracture surface topography of 7075-T651 aluminium alloy
PublikacjaThe paper studies the effect of strain-loading sequence on fatigue lifetime and fracture surface topographies in 7075-T651 aluminum alloy specimens. Fatigue tests were performed in two ways: (i) constant-amplitude loading and (ii) two series of variable amplitude loading with non-zero mean strain values. The topography of the fatigue fractures was measured over their entire surfaces with the help of an optical confocal measurement...
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Strength analysis of container ship subjected to torsional loading
PublikacjaThe objective of this work is to investigate the torsional response of a container ship, with particular consideration of the warping effect. Two different models are investigated. In the first case, the full length model of a ship is analyzed and a distributed load is applied with the use of a novel approach. The model is supported in the torsional centre of the cross-section, which is derived analytically. In the second case,...
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Structural and Material Determinants Influencing the Behavior of Porous Ti and Its Alloys Made by Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications
PublikacjaOne of the biggest challenges in tissue engineering is the manufacturing of porous structures that are customized in size and shape and that mimic natural bone structure. Additive manufacturing is known as a sufficient method to produce 3D porous structures used as bone substitutes in large segmental bone defects. The literature indicates that the mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds highly depend on geometrical features...
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Study of a Multicriterion Decision-Making Approach to the MQL Turning of AISI 304 Steel Using Hybrid Nanocutting Fluid
PublikacjaThe enormous use of cutting fluid in machining leads to an increase in machining costs, along with different health hazards. Cutting fluid can be used efficiently using the MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) method, which aids in improving the machining performance. This paper contains multiple responses, namely, force, surface roughness, and temperature, so there arises a need for a multicriteria optimization technique. Therefore,...
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Study of Non-Newtonian biomagnetic blood flow in a stenosed bifurcated artery having elastic walls
PublikacjaFluid structure interaction (FSI) gained attention of researchers and scientist due to its applications in science felds like biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering etc. One of the major application in FSI is to study elastic wall behavior of stenotic arteries. In this paper we discussed an incompressible Non-Newtonian blood fow analysis in an elastic bifurcated artery. A magnetic feld is applied along x direction. For...
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Study on Dry Sliding Wear and Friction Behaviour of Al7068/Si3N4/BN Hybrid Composites
PublikacjaHybrid aluminium metal matrix composites have the potential to replace single reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites due to improved properties. Moreover, tribological performance is critical for these composites, as they have extensive application areas, such as the automotive, aerospace, marine and defence industries. The present work aims to establish the tribological characteristics of Al7068/Si3N4/BN hybrid metal matrix...
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Study on Microstructural Characterization, Mechanical Properties and Residual Stress of GTAW Dissimilar Joints of P91 and P22 Steels
PublikacjaThis article deals with the dissimilar joining of two different grade Cr-Mo steel (2.25Cr-1Mo: P22 and modified 9Cr-1Mo: P91) for power plant application. The dissimilar butt-welded joint was produced for conventional V groove design by using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process with the application of an ERNiCrMo-3 Ni-based super alloy filler. A microstructure characterization was performed to measure the inhomogeneity...
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Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Welded Dissimilar Joint of P91 Steel and INCOLOY 800HT Nickel Alloy
PublikacjaThis investigation attempts to explore the weld characteristics of a laser welded dissimilar joint of ferritic/martensitic 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb (P91) steel and Incoloy 800HT austenitic nickel alloy. This dissimilar joint is essential in power generating nuclear and thermal plants operating at 600–650 °C. In such critical operating conditions, it is essential for a dissimilar joint to preserve its characteristics and be free from any kind...
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Surface Roughness Evaluation in Thin EN AW-6086-T6 Alloy Plates after Face Milling Process with Different Strategies
PublikacjaLightweight alloys made from aluminium are used to manufacture cars, trains and planes. The main parts most often manufactured from thin sheets requiring the use of milling in the manufacturing process are front panels for control systems, housing parts for electrical and electronic components. As a result of the final phase of the manufacturing process, cold rolling, residual stresses remain in the surface layers, which can influence...
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Surface Texture after Turning for Various Workpiece Rigidities
PublikacjaIn the paper, we present an analysis of the surface texture of turned parts with L/D (length/diameter) ratios of 6 and 12 and various rigidity values. The studies were carried out on samples made of S355JR steel and AISI 304 stainless steel. A detailed analysis of 2D surface profiles was carried out by using a large number of parameters that allowed us to distinguish significant differences in the surface microgeometry, which confirmed...
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Technical and Economic Analysis of the Supercritical Combined Gas-Steam Cycle
PublikacjaCombined cycle power plants are characterized by high efficiency, now exceeding 60%. The record-breaking power plant listed in the Guinness Book of World Records is the Nishi-Nagoya power plant commissioned in March 2018, located in Japan, and reaching the gross efficiency of 63.08%. Research and development centers, energy companies, and scientific institutions are taking various actions to increase this efficiency. Both the gas...
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TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE CHEMICAL EMISSIONS OF A MARINE DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST IN OPERATION
PublikacjaThe article briefly describes the problem of air pollution caused by sea-going ships and the resulting restrictions on the emission of toxic and harmful chemical compounds in the exhaust of marine engines, introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) under the International Convention for the Prevention of Sea Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). Such emissions provide a significant metrological problem, not only...
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The Chemical and Biological Properties of Nanohydroxyapatite Coatings with Antibacterial Nanometals, Obtained in the Electrophoretic Process on the Ti13Zr13Nb Alloy
PublikacjaThe risk of an early inflammation after implantation surgery of titanium implants has caused the development of different antimicrobial measures. The present research is aimed at characterizing the effects of nanosilver and nanocopper dispersed in the nanohydroxyapatite coatings, deposited on the Ti13Zr13Nb alloy, and on the chemical and biological properties of the coatings.The one-stage deposition process was performed by the...
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The Development of a Combined Method to Quickly Assess Ship Speed and Fuel Consumption at Different Powertrain Load and Sea Conditions
PublikacjaDecision support systems (DSS) recently have been increasingly in use during ships operation. They require realistic input data regarding different aspects of navigation. To address the optimal weather routing of a ship, which is one of the most promising field of DSS application, it is necessary to accurately predict an actually attainable speed of a ship and corresponding fuel consumption at given loading conditions and predicted...
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The Effectiveness of Basic Resuscitation Activities Carried out by Combat Paramedics of the Police, as Exemplified by Polish Counterterrorist Units
PublikacjaThe tasks carried out by Police officers are often accompanied by dangerous situations that threaten the life and health of the people involved, the police themselves, and bystanders. It concerns especially counter-terrorism police units whose activities are aimed at terrorists and particularly dangerous criminals, and their course is violent and aggressive. In conjunction with the inability to bring civilian rescue services into...
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The efficiency of turbomachinery in the zero-and three-dimensional approaches
PublikacjaEfficiency of turbomachinery is usually defined using an isentropic process. This approach provides a reliable reference point only when pressure and temperature measurements are available, e.g. at the casing inlet and outlet. In the case of a single stage internal efficiency determination the reference point is difficult. Computational fluid dynamics allows for an exact calculation of values of losses occurring in a turbine...
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The Influence of Drying Temperature on Color Change of Hornbeam and Maple Wood Used as Surface and Inner Layers of Wood Composites
PublikacjaThe thermal treatment of wood changes its structure due to the degradation of wood polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), so the physical properties of wood are either improved or degraded. Color changes apply not only to natural wood, but also to such wood composites for which some amount of glue is used in their construction (e.g., plywood, blockboard or laminboard). This article is focused on the analysis of hornbeam...
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The Influence of Nanometals, Dispersed in the Electrophoretic Nanohydroxyapatite Coatings on the Ti13Zr13Nb Alloy, on Their Morphology and Mechanical Properties
PublikacjaIn this work, nanohydroxyapatite coatings with nanosilver and nanocopper have been fabricated and studied. The presented results concern coatings with a chemical composition that has never been proposed before. The present research aims to characterize the effects of nanosilver and nanocopper, dispersed in nanohydroxyapatite coatings and deposited on a new, non-toxic Ti13Zr13Nb alloy, on the physical and mechanical properties of...
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The influence of selected strain-based failure criteria on ship structure damage resulting from a collision with an offshore wind turbine monopile
PublikacjaOffshore wind farms are developing well all over the world, providing green energy from renewable sources. The evaluation of possible consequences of a collision involves Finite Element computer simulations. The goal of this paper was to analyse the influence of selected strain-based failure criteria on ship damage resulting from a collision with an offshore wind turbine monopile. The case of a collision between an offshore supply...
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The influence of the basic conditions of the forced feed of abrasive compound on the roughness of flat ceramic elements after lapping.
PublikacjaW docieraniu standardowym zawiesina ścierna dostarczana jest do strefy obróbki w sposób ciągły - zalewowo lub kroplowo, co generuje duże straty ścierniwa. W artykule opisano innowacyjny system dozowania i nanoszenia zawiesiny ściernej na powierzchnię żeliwnego docieraka tarczowego, który eliminuje tą wadę. W przeprowadzonych eksperymentach badano wpływ procentowej zawartości ziaren ściernych w nośniku oraz wielkość dawki zawiesiny...
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The influence of the grid density of measurement points on damage detection in an isotropic plate by the use of elastic waves and laser scanning Doppler vibrometry
PublikacjaDamage detection in structural components, especially in mechanical engineering, is an 2 important element of engineering practice. There are many methods of damage detection, in which 3 changes in various parameters caused by the presence of damage are analysed. Recently, methods 4 based on the analysis of changes in dynamic parameters of structures, i.e. frequencies or mode shapes 5 of natural vibrations, as well as changes in...
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The Influence of Tool Shape and Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of AW-3004 Aluminium Alloy Friction Stir Welded Joints
PublikacjaThe purpose of the following study was to compare the effect of the shape of a tool onthe joint and to obtain the values of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) parameters that provide the bestpossible joint quality. The material used was an aluminium alloy, EN AW-3004 (AlMn1Mg1). To theauthors’ best knowledge, no investigations of this alloy during FSW have been presented earlier. Fivebutt joints were made with a self-developed, cylindrical,...