Search results for: I-SECTION BRACKET - Bridge of Knowledge

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Search results for: I-SECTION BRACKET

Search results for: I-SECTION BRACKET

  • Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics II

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. K. Gerigk

    The following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES

  • Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. K. Gerigk

    The following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES

  • Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics - advances

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. K. Gerigk

    The following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES

  • Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics - advances

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. K. Gerigk

    The following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES

  • Strenght of materials towards applications, PG_00053661

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. K. Gerigk

    The aim of the course is to perform the following subjects: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES

  • Projektowanie sieci bezprzewodowych I - 2024/2025

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Rajchowski

    Celem przedmiotu jest pozyskanie wiedzy z zakresu projektowania i pomiarów współczesnych sieci bezprzewodowych, m.in. prywatnych sieci ogólnego przeznaczenia jak i sieci komórkowych 4G-5G.

  • Geomatyka B 2021

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Pyrchla

    Zapoznanie studentów z zagadnieniami pozyskiwania, analizowania, interpretowania i praktycznego stosowania geoinformacji poprzez wzajemne powiązanie aspektów geometrycznych i fizycznych przechodzących od zagadnień globalnych do regionalnych.

  • Geomatyka B

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Pyrchla

    Zapoznanie studentów z zagadnieniami pozyskiwania, analizowania, interpretowania i praktycznego stosowania geoinformacji poprzez wzajemne powiązanie aspektów geometrycznych i fizycznych przechodzących od zagadnień globalnych do regionalnych.

  • Topology and Dynamical Systems in Action - Summer school 2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Signerska-Rynkowska
    • P. Rakowski
    • I. Kuzborska
    • P. Bartłomiejczyk
    • A. Bartłomiejczyk
    • J. Szostak
    • J. Szczepański
    • A. Myszkowski

    The course is designed for participants in the Spinnaker summer school in mathematics.

  • Vehicle Dynamics - L-15/C-15/L-15/P-15, Design and Production Engineering, WIMiO, undergraduate studies, engineering studies, full-time (stationary) studies, 2021/2022, se06, (M:320383W0), summer semester 2023/2024

    e-Learning Courses
    • G. Ronowski
    • R. Woźniak

    Moduł przedmiotów wybieralnych, MiBM, I stopień, specjalność w j. angielskim: Design and Production Engineering (DaPE), semestr 6?, (przedmiot dla Chińczyków), Lecture: Throttle by tyred wheel: slip rolling, rolling with tyre strain, vertical and lateral surface reactions, traction, energetic looses, forces in contact path. Drugs of movement: rolling, air, gradient, inertia, cornering and towing. Forces ant torques acting to vehicle...

  • Geodezja morska z nawigacją - 2022/2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Daliga
    • J. Pyrchla
    • K. Łapiński

    Zapoznanie studentów z zagadnieniami związanymi z wykorzystaniem geodezyjnych technik pomiarowych w gospodarce morskiej w tym technik satelitarnych w badaniach mórz i oceanów, podstawami nawigacji oraz hydrografii morskiej.

  • Geodezja morska z nawigacją - 2023/2024

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Daliga
    • J. Pyrchla
    • K. Łapiński

    Zapoznanie studentów z zagadnieniami związanymi z wykorzystaniem geodezyjnych technik pomiarowych w gospodarce morskiej w tym technik satelitarnych w badaniach mórz i oceanów, podstawami nawigacji oraz hydrografii morskiej.

  • Complex Concrete Structures (CE) - 2021/2022

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Ziółkowski

    The following issues in the field of concrete structures will be discussed in the lecture part: Mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing steel; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections bending; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections shear; Serviceability limit state in reinforced concrete structures; Reinforced concrete slabs, one-way and cross-reinforced; Reinforced concrete stairs; Reinforced...

  • Complex Concrete Structures (CE) - 2023/2024

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Ziółkowski
    • R. Ossowski

    The following issues in the field of concrete structures will be discussed in the lecture part: Mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing steel; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections bending; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections shear; Serviceability limit state in reinforced concrete structures; Reinforced concrete slabs, one-way and cross-reinforced; Reinforced concrete stairs; Reinforced...

  • Materials Selection (DaPE; 1st grade; 6th semester) 21/22 PG_00053711

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Sitko

  • Designing everydayness: 4 objects, place, atmosphere / Elective design II

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Malewczyk
    • J. Borucka

    Students will become familiar with the principal theories within the philosophical trend called Everyday Aesthetics.They will learn how objects and places acquire an aesthetic value and produce aesthetic experience and how to create an atmosphere by stimulating all the senses.

  • GEODEZJA WYŻSZA 2021

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Pyrchla

    Nabycie wiedzy i umiejętności rozwiązywania zagadnień geodezyjnych na kuli, elipsoidzie lub układach przestrzennych przy wykorzystaniu nowoczesnej technologii i systemów pomiarowych. Zapoznanie z zasadami wyznaczania figury Ziemi metodami grawimetrycznymi, wpływem pola siły ciężkości na wyniki pomiarów geodezyjnych, systemami wysokości oraz systemami odniesień przestrzennych. Umieć korzystać i interpretować...

  • Nauki o organizacji studia niestacjonarne - Nowy

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Adamowicz
    • A. Sekuła

    WYKŁADEwolucja teorii organizacji; Teorie stosunków między organizacją a otoczeniem; Organizacja jako podmiot społecznej odpowiedzialności; Organizacja w otoczeniu globalnym; Zasoby materialne i niematerialne organizacji; Zasoby ludzkie w organizacji; Struktury i procesy społeczne w organizacji; Organizacja w procesie zmian, innowacji i uczenia się ĆWICZENIAKlasyczna teoria zarządzania; Analiza organizacji w otoczeniu;...

  • GEODEZJA WYŻSZA - ĆWICZENIA 2021

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Pyrchla

    Obliczenia z zakresu trygonometrii sferycznej:twierdzenie sinusów, cosinusów dla boków, cosinusów dla kątów oraz tangensów. wzory Borda, analogie Nepera. Nadmiar sferyczny. Pole powierzchni trójkąta sferycznego. Zadania z zakresu podstawowych obliczeń na elipsoidzie, linia geodezyjna na powierzchni elipsoidy obrotowej. Przenoszenie współrzędnych na elipsoidzie, zadanie wprost i odwrotne

  • PROJEKT KONSERWATORSKI II | SEM. LETNI 2021/22

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Piwek
    • P. Samól
    • M. Sołtysik
    • S. Kowalski
    • A. Orchowska
    • R. Hirsch
    • G. Bukal
    • B. Macikowski

        Zadaniem kursu projektowania konserwatorskiego jest opracowanie projektu architektonicznego w oparciu o studium historyczne i autorską waloryzację konserwatorską obiektu/zespołu zabytkowego, a w konsekwencji uzyskanie wiedzy na temat architektonicznych i urbanistycznych uwarunkowań projektowania konserwatorskiego.

  • Metody badawcze w informatyce 2022/2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Weichbroth
    • G. Gołaszewski
    • J. Miler
    • J. Szymański
    • A. Przybyłek
    • A. Landowska

    Przedmiot "metody badawcze w informatyce" uczy, czym są badania naukowe, jak je prowadzić, jak zbierać dane badawcze, analizować dane, opracowywać wyniki oraz raportować badania. Omawia wiele metod badawczych takich jak: systematyczny przegląd literatury (SLR), wywiady, ankiety, grupy fokusowe, eksperymenty, action research i inne.

  • Metody badawcze w informatyce 2021/2022

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Weichbroth
    • J. Kuchta
    • G. Gołaszewski
    • J. Miler
    • T. Zawadzka
    • A. Przybyłek
    • A. Landowska

    Przedmiot "metody badawcze w informatyce" uczy, czym są badania naukowe, jak je prowadzić, jak zbierać dane badawcze, analizować dane, opracowywać wyniki oraz raportować badania. Omawia wiele metod badawczych takich jak: systematyczny przegląd literatury (SLR), wywiady, ankiety, grupy fokusowe, eksperymenty, action research i inne.

  • Metody badawcze w informatyce 2023/2024

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Weichbroth
    • G. Gołaszewski
    • J. Miler
    • J. Szymański
    • A. Przybyłek
    • A. Landowska

    Przedmiot "metody badawcze w informatyce" uczy, czym są badania naukowe, jak je prowadzić, jak zbierać dane badawcze, analizować dane, opracowywać wyniki oraz raportować badania. Omawia wiele metod badawczych takich jak: systematyczny przegląd literatury (SLR), wywiady, ankiety, grupy fokusowe, eksperymenty, action research i inne.

  • Joanna Ozimek WIMiO, BM II st., sem 2, niestacj., 2022/2023 l

    e-Learning Courses
    • B. Ozimek
    • U. Kamińska
    • I. Mokwa-Tarnowska
    • J. Wielgus
    • E. Wawoczna

    .

  • Engineering Graphics II (M:31997W1) 2023/24

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Łubiński
    • B. Bastian

    The course covers subject scope of standardised methods used for the presentation of machine details in projected views, in technical design drawings. Detailed topics include: projection systems, principles of design documentation in machine design, rules in dimensioning and selection of views in technical drawing. Practical excercises are carried out and an introduction to CAD is performed.

  • Elective design II: PLANNING GENDERED CITY- GENDER CITY WALKING TOURS Women in Architecture series_2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Borucka
    • N. Hassas

    The course aim is to get familiar with the topic of tangible and intangible cultural heritage created by women in 100 years. The recognition of the past and present achievements as well as problems and challenges female are facing in built environment is curtail for understanding importance of women involvement and need of their support and promotion. This new perception continues to increase the visibility of creative...

  • Pumps, turbines and small hydropower, DaPE, LEC/LAB, sem.05 winter 24/25, (M:320403W0)

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Banaszek

    The aim of the course is to provide students with knowledge of basic information about hydrotechnical structures used for damming water used for small hydropower, discussing the machine equipment of a small hydropower plant and its cooperation with the power grid, providing basic concepts and principles of operation of hydraulic turbines and pumps and their selection, and the environmental impact of the energetic use of the river.

  • Pumps, turbines and small hydropower, ET, LEC/LAB, sem.07 winter 24/25, (PG_00042108)

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Banaszek

    The aim of the course is to provide students with knowledge of basic information about hydrotechnical structures used for damming water used for small hydropower, discussing the machine equipment of a small hydropower plant and its cooperation with the power grid, providing basic concepts and principles of operation of hydraulic turbines and pumps and their selection, and the environmental impact of the energetic use of the river.

  • TD (trans-disciplinarity) as a conceptual research approach to address complex collective action problems in governance and planning research

    e-Learning Courses
    • R. Ruczyński
    • P. Lorens
    • I. Mironowicz

  • WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE 2021

    e-Learning Courses
    • I. E. Kłosowska-Chomiczewska

    The aim of the course is to learn the characteristics of different types of wastewater depending on their origin (industrial sector) as well as introduce the commonly used technologies for removing pollutants from wastewater and get to know an alternative methods. Another goal is to understand the problems of management of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial plants.

  • 2022 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal of Sewage Sludge

    e-Learning Courses
    • I. E. Kłosowska-Chomiczewska

    The aim of the course is to learn the characteristics of different types of wastewater depending on their origin (e.g. industrial sector) as well as to introduce the commonly used technologies for removing pollutants from wastewater and get familiar with alternative methods. Another goal is to understand the problems of management of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial plants.

  • Architectural and Urban Project I 2024/25

    e-Learning Courses
    • K. Piątkowska
    • J. Martyniuk-Pęczek
    • M. Wojtkiewicz

    LONDON RETROFIT:  WESTMINSTER SITE ALLOCATION. The project for this semester will involve collaborating with the City of London (Westminster part) to conduct design research on the development, architecture, and urban revitalization of the central area around Paddington Station. This project is in partnership with the Bartlett School of Planning at University College London (UCL) and the University of Westminster.

  • Fuel, Oils and Greases, W, E, sem.01, zimowy 22/23

    e-Learning Courses

    Division and origin of fuels. Fossil energy resources in Poland and in the world. Production and structure of fuel consumption. Main directions of crude oil processing. Classification and physical properties of gaseous and liquid fuels - natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, heating oil. Classification and characteristic indicators of solid fuels - hard coal, lignite, peat. Fuel contaminants and methods of their removal....

  • Measurements in civil engineering, transport, environmental engineering, mining and power engineering 22/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Zima

    The course is primarily open to all PhD students at Gdansk University of Technology. This course is compulsory for PhD students assigned to Civil Engineering and Transport as well as Environmental Engineering, Mining and Power Engineering tracks at Doctoral School of GUT. This course allows the PhD students to obtain the knowledge related to the experimental equipment and types of experiments carried out at GUT in the field of...

  • Measurements in civil engineering, transport, environmental engineering, mining and power engineering 23/24

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Zima

    The course is primarily open to all PhD students at Gdansk University of Technology. This course is compulsory for PhD students assigned to Civil Engineering and Transport as well as Environmental Engineering, Mining and Power Engineering tracks at Doctoral School of GUT. This course allows the PhD students to obtain the knowledge related to the experimental equipment and types of experiments carried out at GUT in the field of...

  • 20232024_Elective design II_CULTURAL HERITAGE ROUTES_Gdańsk Measuring the city, advanced digital surveying techniques for cultural heritage documentation

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Borucka

    Cultural Heritage Routes – Gdańsk. This course explores challenges, conflicts and concepts of cultural heritage preservation and protection at urban level, their connection to architectural and urban design in the time of digitalisation and their importance for a future of the cities. The aim of this course, based on the case study city of Gdańsk, is to understand the problem of cultural heritage and develop innovative...

  • SUMMER SCHOOL: Arch Drawing 2/ Elective design II: CULTURAL HERITAGE ROUTES – GDAŃSK FORTIFICATION SYSTEM _2023

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Azadgar
    • J. Badach
    • J. M. Józekowski
    • J. Gorzka
    • J. Borucka
    • P. Samól
    • S. Kowalski
    • D. Cyparski
    • A. Orchowska
    • K. Życzkowska
    • M. Kwasek

    Cultural Heritage Routes – Gdańsk Fortification System This course explores challenges, conflicts and concepts of cultural heritage preservation and protection in urban level, their connection to architectural and urban design in the time of digitalisation and their importance for a future of the cities. The aim of this course, based on the case study city of Gdańsk, is to understand the problem of cultural heritage and...

  • 20232024_Elective design II_CULTURAL HERITAGE ROUTES_Gdańsk Drawing architecture to understand the city

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Borucka

    Cultural Heritage Routes – Gdańsk. This course explores challenges, conflicts and concepts of cultural heritage preservation and protection at urban level, their connection to architectural and urban design in the time of digitalisation and their importance for a future of the cities. The aim of this course, based on the case study city of Gdańsk, is to understand the problem of cultural heritage and develop innovative...

  • Fuel, Oils and Greases, W, E, sem.03, zimowy 22/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • P. Bzura

    Division and origin of fuels. Fossil energy resources in Poland and in the world. Production and structure of fuel consumption. Main directions of crude oil processing. Classification and physical properties of gaseous and liquid fuels - natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, heating oil. Classification and characteristic indicators of solid fuels - hard coal, lignite, peat. Fuel contaminants and methods of their removal....

  • Physical Chemistry_GTM_20_21_winter

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Kloskowski
    • Ł. Nierzwicki
    • M. Śmiechowski
    • W. Chrzanowski
    • Ł. Marcinkowski

    The aim of the subject is to familarize the student with fundamental physico-chemical laws in chemical thermodynamics, phase equilibria and chemical equilibria together with ability of solving relevant text problems involving calculations, as well as teachnig him/her effective and safe carrying out simple experiments/measurements of physico-chemical quantities and proper presentation and interpretation of their results. LECTURES Chemical...

  • Inter Applied Chemistry Programme 1 Morrison Forensic

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Głowacz-Różyńska
    • M. Tobiszewski
    • C. Jungnickel
    • P. Filipkowski

    Inter Applied Chemistry Programme 1 Lecture 1 background reading Read the following : Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science ( From Jackson, Jackson, Mountain and Brealey, Forensic Science, Pearson 4th Ed (2016)) Very general professional guidance/Introduction United Nations can be found within these guides, (these are mainly for reference purposes) https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Crime_scene_awareness__Ebook.pdf https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/cjat_eng/Forensic_services_and_infrastructure.pdf Task...

  • PROJEKT ZESPOŁOWY [DK][2023/24]

    e-Learning Courses
    • D. Karkosiński

    CCCLECTURE and Classes: Power supply systems for industrial facilities. Devices and main circuits of MV power stations. Short-circuit calculation. Power protection automation. Security classification according to American ANSI standards used in the EU. Microprocessor protection relays. Drive systems for medium power and medium voltage pumps. Roving inverters. PROJECT: Design of a MV switching station for a medium-power pumping...

  • PROJEKT ZESPOŁOWY [ET][DK][2024/25]

    e-Learning Courses
    • D. Karkosiński

    CCCLECTURE and Classes: Power supply systems for industrial facilities. Devices and main circuits of MV power stations. Short-circuit calculation. Power protection automation. Security classification according to American ANSI standards used in the EU. Microprocessor protection relays. Drive systems for medium power and medium voltage pumps. Roving inverters. PROJECT: Design of a MV switching station for a medium-power pumping...

  • 20232024_Elective design II_CULTURAL HERITAGE ROUTES_Gdańsk Virtual scenarios for city storytelling

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Borucka

    Cultural Heritage Routes – Gdańsk. This course explores challenges, conflicts and concepts of cultural heritage preservation and protection in urban level, their connection to architectural and urban design in the time of digitalisation and their importance for a future of the cities. The aim of this course, based on the case study city of Gdańsk, is to understand the problem of cultural heritage and develop innovative...

  • Zerowaste Architecture 2022/23

    e-Learning Courses
    • B. Kapica

    The issues of the classes include design in the spirit of "zerowaste", i.e. maximum use of existing tissue and the use of secondary building materials. In the face of climate change, construction should face the enormity of waste generated by this sector. Minimizing the production of a new substance and maximizing the use of the existing substance in combination with high aesthetic values is a considerable architectural challenge. The...

  • Zerowaste Architecture 2023/24

    e-Learning Courses
    • B. Kapica

    The issues of the classes include design in the spirit of "zerowaste", i.e. maximum use of existing tissue and the use of secondary building materials. In the face of climate change, construction should face the enormity of waste generated by this sector. Minimizing the production of a new substance and maximizing the use of the existing substance in combination with high aesthetic values is a considerable architectural challenge. The...

  • 2022-2023 - Strenght of materials towards applications, PG_00053661

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. K. Gerigk

    The course is mainly dedicated to the DAPE Students.  From the theoretical point of view the course consists of the following problems to be discussed during the lectures and exercises: -fundamentals of strength of materials -basic structures and environment -loads on structures -strength of materials: tension, stress, analysis of stress and strain, bending moments and shearing forces, longitudinal and shearing stress in beams,...

  • Strenght of materials towards applications , PG_00053661

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. K. Gerigk

    The course is dedicated to the DAPE WIMiO Students.  From the theoretical point of view the course consists of the following problems to be discussed during the lectures: -fundamentals of strength of materials -basic structures and environment -loads on structures -strength of materials: tension, stress, analysis of stress and strain, bending moments and shearing forces, longitudinal and shearing stress in beams, bending stress...

  • [Soft Skills] Smart metering - social risk perception and risk governance (2023/2024)

    e-Learning Courses
    • S. Potrykus
    • M. Jaskólski
    • A. Augusiak

    The aim of the course is to broaden the understanding of the risks associated with technology and to present the concept of social risk perception and risk management in the context of smart metering technology. In the current phase of technological development - called the Fourth Industrial Revolution - rapid and profound changes are creating new, particularly destabilizing threats. In the increasingly complex technological systems...

  • Smart metering - social risk perception and risk governance (10h, 2 ECTS credits)

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Galik
    • A. Klej

    The goal of the course is to broaden the understanding of technology-related risks and to present the concepts of social risk perception and risk governance in the context of smart metering technology. In current phase of technological development – known as the fourth industrial revolution – rapid and profound changes are setting up new and particularly destabilizing risks. In more and more complex technological systems that constitute...