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Evaluation of the Safety and Potential Benefits of Beetroot‑Based Dietary Supplements According to Their Elemental Composition
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the health value and safety associated with the consumption of the chosen 37 beetroot-based dietary supplements (DSs). An optimized and validated analytical procedure, using a method called microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES), was developed to determine the profiles of 19 elements (Na, K, Fe, Ca, Pt, Zn, Cd, Cu, V, Co, Ni, Pb, Mo, Mg, Al, Mn, Sr, Cr, Ba) in the DSs. The products were assessed for compliance with the recommended daily doses for the chosen elements, and any deviations were identified. Results showed that powders constituted a richer source of elements than capsules and tablets. The exception was iron-enriched products, which provided the highest dose of Fe (3.75 to 25 mg/daily dose). Safety assessment was evaluated in 3 steps, including (1) the determination of levels of Al, Ba, Cd, and Pb; (2) comparison of their content with the permissible contamination limits; and (3) comparison of the weekly or monthly intake of Al and Cd with the provisional tolerable weekly (PTWI) or monthly (PTMI) intake, respectively. The content of Ba was evaluated because of the oral reference dose (RfD). Five products were significantly contaminated with Cd (4–134% of PTMI Cd), two with Al (11–12%), and three with Ba (1.085–1.331 μg/d.d.). Lead was not detected above the LOQ (0.035 mg/kg). Factor analysis was employed to differentiate between the pharmaceutical forms (capsules, tablets, and powders) and determine the origin of the powder contained in the capsules. These results highlight the importance of implementing more stringent control measures and regulatory changes in the DSs market to ensure consumer safety.
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Authors (6)
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Joanna Brzezińska‑rojek dr
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Justyna Ośko
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Magdalena Prokopowicz dr hab. n. farm.
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Małgorzata Grembecka dr hab. n. farm.
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Details
- Category:
- Articles
- Type:
- artykuły w czasopismach
- Published in:
-
BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH
no. 202,
pages 3318 - 3332,
ISSN: 0163-4984 - Language:
- English
- Publication year:
- 2024
- Bibliographic description:
- Brzezińska‑rojek J., Rutkowska M., Ośko J., Konieczka P., Prokopowicz M., Grembecka M.: Evaluation of the Safety and Potential Benefits of Beetroot‑Based Dietary Supplements According to Their Elemental Composition// BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH -,iss. 202:3318–3332 (2024), s.3318-3332
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.1007/s12011-023-03902-x
- Sources of funding:
-
- Free publication
- Verified by:
- Gdańsk University of Technology
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