Year 2024

• Refining of Secondary Pb with Retention of Sn Using Al and Ca Additions

  Publication

  • D. Malecha
  • S. Małecki
  • P. Świec
  • R. Albrecht
  • P. Jarosz

  - JOM-US - Year 2024

  Lead grid from spent lead-acid batteries contains significant amounts of tin and antimony. In classical pyro-refining processes of lead, tin oxidizes and is transferred to dross, making its recovery problematic and expensive. This paper presents an innovative method of pyro-refining lead using metallic aluminum and calcium to purify the lead from contaminants while retaining a higher amount of tin than in the traditional process....

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Year 2023

• Recovery of Pure Lead-Tin Alloy from Recycling Spent Lead-Acid Batteries

  Publication

  • D. Malecha
  • S. Małecki
  • P. Jarosz
  • R. Kowalik
  • P. Żabiński

  - Materials - Year 2023

  Spent lead–acid batteries have become the primary raw material for global lead production. In the current lead refining process, the tin oxidizes to slag, making its recovery problematic and expensive. This paper aims to present an innovative method for the fire refining of lead, which enables the retention of tin contained in lead from recycled lead–acid batteries. The proposed method uses aluminium scrap to remove impurities...

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