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Development of Safirinium dyes for new applications: fluorescent staining of bacteria, human kidney cells, and the horny layer of the epidermis
Abstract
Low-molecular synthetic fluorophores are convenient tools in bioimaging applications. Several derivatives of Safirinium dyes as well as their reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters bearing diverse substituents were synthesized and evaluated experimentally in terms of their lipophilicity by means of reverse-phase and immobilized artificial membrane high-performance liquid chromatography. Subsequently, the selected compounds were employed as novel cellular imaging agents for staining Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, human kidney cell line, as well as human skin tissue. The analyzed dyes allowed for visualization of cellular structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cellular nuclei. They proved to be useful in fluorescent staining of stratum corneum, especially in the aspect of xenobiotic exposure and its penetration into the skin. The best results were obtained with the use of moderately lipophilic NHS esters of Safirinium Q. The development of Safirinium dyes is a promising alternative for commercially available dyes since the reported molecules have low molecular masses and exhibit efficient staining and remarkable water solubility. Moreover, they are relatively simple and low-cost in synthesis.
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Authors (10)
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Joanna Fedorowicz
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (ViikinkaarDepartment of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmac
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Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Hanna Kapica
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland, QSAR Lab Ltd., Trzy Lipy 3 St., 80-172, Gdańsk, Poland
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Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Krystyna Mojsiewicz-pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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- Accepted or Published Version
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.1038/s41598-022-19262-w
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Details
- Category:
- Articles
- Type:
- artykuły w czasopismach
- Published in:
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Scientific Reports
no. 12,
ISSN: 2045-2322 - Language:
- English
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Bibliographic description:
- Fedorowicz J., Bazar D., Brankiewicz W., Kapica H., Ciura K., Zalewska-Piątek B., Piątek R., Cal K., Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K., Sączewski J.: Development of Safirinium dyes for new applications: fluorescent staining of bacteria, human kidney cells, and the horny layer of the epidermis// Scientific Reports -Vol. 12,iss. 1 (2022), s.15098-
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.1038/s41598-022-19262-w
- Sources of funding:
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- COST_FREE
- Verified by:
- Gdańsk University of Technology
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