Search results for: patina

• Raman investigation of the patina layers on Hungarian copper ingots from a fifteenth century shipwreck

  Publication

  • I. Żmuda-Trzebiatowska
  • K. Shaefer
  • A. Sokołowska
  • I. Rodzik
  • J. Karczewski
  • G. Śliwiński

  - JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - Year 2016

  We report results of the patina study of underwater archeological finding ofmedieval copper objects performed by means of the Raman and complementary spectroscopic techniques. The objects were found submerged in the sea as cargo part of the ship which sunk in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 1408. The excavated collection consists of 230 oval ingots of the size and mass up to about 60 cm and 18 kg (total of 2 tons), respectively. In the Raman...

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• A city is not a tree: a multi-city study on street network and urban life

  Publication

  • J. Huang
  • Y. Cui
  • H. Chang
  • H. Obracht-Prondzyńska
  • D. D. Kamrowska-Załuska
  • L. Li

  - LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING - Year 2022

  Christopher Alexander, a British-American scholar, differentiated an old (natural) city from a new (planned) one by structure. The former resembles a “semilattice”, or a complex system encompassing many interconnected sub-systems. The latter is shaped in a graph-theoretical “tree”, which lacks the structural complexity as its sub-systems are compartmentalized into a single hierarchy. This structural distinction explains why, or...

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