Conversion of waste biomass into activated carbon and evaluation of environmental consequences using life cycle assessment

Muhammad Amin; Hussain Hamad Shah; Amjad Iqbal; Marek Krawczuk; Ur Zia Rahman Faroogi; Adeel Zia

doi:10.3390/app12115741

Conversion of waste biomass into activated carbon and evaluation of environmental consequences using life cycle assessment

Abstract

In this article, activated carbon was produced from Lantana camara and olive trees by H3PO4 chemical activation. The prepared activated carbons were analyzed by characterizations such as scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. H3PO4 is used as an activator agent to create an abundant pore structure. According to EDX analysis, the crystalline structure destroys and increases the carbon content of the olive tree and Lantana camara by 77.51 and 76.16%, respectively. SEM images reveal a porous structure formed as a result of H3PO4 activation. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the olive tree and Lantana camara activated carbon was 611.21 m2/g and 167.47 m2/g, respectively. The TGA analysis of both activated carbons shows their thermal degradation starts at 230 °C but fully degrades at temperatures above 450 °C. To quantify the potential environmental implications related to the production process of the activated carbon (AC) from olive trees, the life cycle assessment (LCA) environmental methodology was employed. For most of the tested indicators, chemical activation using H3PO4 showed the greatest ecological impacts: the ozone layer depletion potential (42.27%), the acidification potential (55.31%), human toxicity (57.00%), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (85.01%), terrestrial ecotoxicity (86.17%), and eutrophication (92.20%). The global warming po-tential (5.210 kg CO2 eq), which was evenly weighted between the phases, was shown to be one of the most significant impacts. The total energy demand of the olive tree’s AC producing process was 70.521 MJ per Kg.

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Authors (6)

Muhammad Amin dr
Hussain Hamad Shah dr
Amjad Iqbal
Marek Krawczuk prof. dr hab. inż.
Ur Zia Rahman Faroogi dr
Adeel Zia mgr inż.

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Category:

Articles

Type:

artykuły w czasopismach

Published in:

Applied Sciences-Basel no. 12,
ISSN: 2076-3417

Language:

English

Publication year:

2022

Bibliographic description:

Amin M., Shah H. H., Iqbal A., Krawczuk M., Faroogi U. Z. R., Zia A.: Conversion of waste biomass into activated carbon and evaluation of environmental consequences using life cycle assessment// Applied Sciences-Basel -Vol. 12,iss. 11 (2022), s.5741-

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