Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – a review
Abstract
Nowadays, waste tire rubber (WTR) management is a growing and serious problem. Therefore, research works focused on the development of cost-effective and environmentally-friendly methods of WTR recycling are fully justified. Incorporation of WTR into polymer matrices and composite materials attracts much attention, because this approach allows sustainable development of industrially applicable waste tires recycling technologies. Generally, utilization of WTR as a filler for polymer composites noticeably reduces materials costs, while suitable modification/functionalization of WTR may significantly enhance the performance of plastics and rubbers. This work aims to summarize the literature reports related to the thermoset/WTR composites based on various matrices such as: polyurethanes, epoxy and other resins. It particularly focuses on compatibilization strategies in thermosets/WTR systems and their impact on the chemistry and physical interfacial interactions between thermoset matrix and WTR filler phase, what significantly affecting performance properties of prepared materials. Moreover, future trends and limitation related to thermoset/WTR composites development are discussed.
Citations
-
8 4
CrossRef
-
0
Web of Science
-
8 4
Scopus
Authors (6)
Cite as
Full text
- Publication version
- Accepted or Published Version
- License
- open in new tab
Keywords
Details
- Category:
- Articles
- Type:
- artykuły w czasopismach
- Published in:
-
WASTE MANAGEMENT
no. 108,
pages 106 - 118,
ISSN: 0956-053X - Language:
- English
- Publication year:
- 2020
- Bibliographic description:
- Hejna A., Korol J., Przybysz-Romatowska M., Zedler Ł., Chmielnicki B., Formela K.: Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – a review// WASTE MANAGEMENT -Vol. 108, (2020), s.106-118
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032
- Bibliography: test
-
- Abadyan, M., Bagheri, R., Kouchakzadeh, M.A., 2012a. Fracture toughness of a hybrid-rubber-modified epoxy. I. Synergistic toughening. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 125 (3), 2467-2475. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35367. open in new tab
- Abadyan, M., Kouchakzadeh, M.A., Bagheri, R., 2012b. Fracture toughness of a hybrid rubber modified epoxy. II. Effect of loading rate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 125 (3), 2476-2483. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35379. open in new tab
- Abu-Jdayil, B., Mourad, A.H., Hussain, A., 2016a. Thermal and physical characteristics of polyester-scrap tire composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 105, 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.180. open in new tab
- Abu-Jdayil, B., Mourad, A.H.I., Hussain, A., 2016b. Investigation on the mechanical behavior of polyester-scrap tire composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 127, 896-903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.138. open in new tab
- Adhikari, B., De, D., Maiti, S., 2000. Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 909-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00020-4. open in new tab
- Aliabdo, A.A., Elmoaty, A.E.M.A., Abdelbaset, M.M., 2015. Utilization of waste rubber in non-structural applications. Constr. Build. Mater. 91, 195-207. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.080. open in new tab
- Alkadi, F., Lee, J., Yeo, J.S., Hwang, S.H., Cho, J.W., 2019. 3D Printing of ground tire rubber composites. Int. J. Pr. Eng. Man.-GT. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40684-019-00023-6. open in new tab
- Anu Mary, J., Benny, G., Madhusoodanan, K.N., Rosamma, A., 2016. The current status of sulphur vulcanization and devulcanization chemistry: devulcanization. Rubber Sci. 29, 62-100.
- Aoudia, K., Azem, S., Aït Hocine, N., Gratton, M., Pettarin, V., Seghar, S., 2017. Recycling of waste tire rubber: Microwave devulcanization and incorporation in a thermoset resin. Waste Manage. 60, 471-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. wasman.2016.10.051. open in new tab
- Asaro, L., Gratton, M., Seghar, S., Aït Hocine, N., 2018. Recycling of rubber wastes by devulcanization. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 133, 250-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.resconrec.2018.02.016. open in new tab
- Bagheri, R., Marouf, B.T., Pearson, R.A., 2009. Rubber-toughened epoxies: A critical review. Polym. Rev. 49 (3), 201-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/ open in new tab
- Bagheri, R., Williams, M.A., Pearson, R.A., 1997. Use of surface modified recycled rubber particles for toughening of epoxy polymers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 37 (2), 245- 251. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11666. open in new tab
- Bockstal, L., Berchem, T., Schmetz, Q., Richel, A., 2019. Devulcanisation and reclaiming of tires and rubber by physical and chemical processes: A review. J. Clean. Prod. 236,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.049 117574. open in new tab
- Boynton, M.J., Lee, A., 1997. Fracture of an epoxy polymer containing recycled elastomeric particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 66 (2), 271-277. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19971010)66:2<271::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-T. open in new tab
- Cachaço, A.G., Afonso, M.D., Pinto, M.L., 2013. New applications for foam composites of polyurethane and recycled rubber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 129, 2873-2881. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38962. open in new tab
- Carraher, C.E., 2003. Sepour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry. Revised and Expanded. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, United States.
- Celikbilek, C., Akovali, G., Kaynak, C., 2004. Modification of epoxy by a liquid elastomer and solid rubber particles. Polym. Bull. 51 (5-6), 429-435. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00289-004-0231-y. open in new tab
- Č erný , M., Jančář, J., 2016. Composites based on polyurethane-urea and ground rubber from car tyres: relation between structure and properties. Chem. Pap. 71 (6), 1119-1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0060-0. open in new tab
- Chen, T.K., Jan, Y.H., 1992. Fracture mechanism of toughened epoxy resin with bimodal rubber-particle size distribution. J. Mat. Sci. 27 (1), 111-121. https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF00553845. open in new tab
- Danch, A., Ilisch, S., Sułkowski, W.W., Moczyń ski, M., Radoń , A., Radusch, H.J., 2005. DMTA study of the urethane network in rubber waste-urethane composites. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 79, 623-630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-005-0587- 8. open in new tab
- Danch, A., Sułkowski, W.W., Moczyń ski, M., Radoń , A., Stelzer, F., Jurga, S., 2004. Structural relaxation and morphology of the rubber-urethane composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 94, 1186-1193. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21027. open in new tab
- De, S.K., 2001. Re-use of ground rubber waste -A review. Prog. Rubber Plast. Technol. 17 (2), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/147776060101700203. open in new tab
- De Leon, A.C., Chen, Q., Palaganas, N.B., Palaganas, J.O., Manapat, J., Advincula, R.C., 2016. High performance polymer nanocomposites for additive manufacturing applications. React. Funct. Polym. 103, 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. reactfunctpolym.2016.04.010. open in new tab
- De Sousa, F.D.B., Scuracchio, C.H., Hu, G.H., Hoppe, S., 2017. Devulcanization of waste tire rubber by microwaves. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 138, 169-181. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.008. open in new tab
- Desai, S., Thakore, I.M., Brennan, A., Devi, S., 2001. Polyurethane-nitrile rubber blends. J. Macromol. Sci. A 38 (7), 711-729. https://doi.org/10.1081/MA- 100103875. open in new tab
- Dixit, S., Goel, R., Dubey, A., Shivhare, P.R., Bhalavi, T., 2017. Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials -A Review. Polym. Renew. Res. 8 (2), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/204124791700800203. open in new tab
- Fan, P., Lu, C., 2011a. Grafting of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) onto waste tire rubber powder and its potential application as the curing agent for epoxy resin. Polym. Adv. Technol. 23 (1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1822. open in new tab
- Fan, P., Lu, C., 2011b. Surface graft copolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) onto waste tire rubber powder through ozonization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 122, 2262-2270. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34329. open in new tab
- Formela, K., Haponiuk, J.T., 2014. Curing characteristics, mechanical properties and morphology of butyl rubber filled with ground tire rubber (GTR). Iran. Polym. J. 23, 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-013-0214-7. open in new tab
- Formela, K., Hejna, A., Zedler, Ł., Colom, X., Cañavate, J., 2019. Microwave treatment in waste rubber recycling -recent advances and limitations. Express Polym. Lett. 13 (6), 565-588. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2019.48. open in new tab
- Formela, K., Hejna, A., Zedler, Ł., Przybysz, M., Ryl, J., Reza Saeb, M., Piszczyk, Ł., 2017. Structural, thermal and physico-mechanical properties of polyurethane/ brewers' spent grain composite foams modified with ground tire rubber. Ind. Crop. Prod. 108, 844-852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.07.047. open in new tab
- Formela, K., Klein, M., Colom, X., Saeb, M.R., 2016. Investigating the combined impact of plasticizer and shear force on the efficiency of low temperature reclaiming of ground tire rubber (GTR). Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 125, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.12.022. open in new tab
- Fuhrmann, I., Karger-Kocsis, J., 1999. Promising approach to functionalisation of ground tyre rubber -photochemically induced grafting: Short Communication. Plast. Rubber Compos. 28 (10), 500-504. open in new tab
- Gayathri, R., Vasanthakumari, R., Padmanabhan, C., 2013. Sound absorption, thermal and mechanical behavior of polyurethane foam modified with nano silica, nano clay and crumb rubber fillers. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 4, 301-308. open in new tab
- Gą gol, M., Boczkaj, G., Haponiuk, J., Formela, K., 2015. Investigation of volatile low molecular weight compounds formed during continuous reclaiming of ground tire rubber. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 119, 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. polymdegradstab.2015.05.007. open in new tab
- Gibala, D., Hamed, G.R., 1994. Cure and mechanical behavior of rubber compounds containing ground vulcanizates. Part I: cure behavior. Rubber Chem. Technol. 67, 636-648. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3538699. open in new tab
- Gibala, D., Laohapisitpanich, K., Thomas, D., Hamed, G.R., 1996. Cure and mechanical behavior of rubber compounds containing ground vulcanizates. Part II: Mooney viscosity. Rubber Chem. Technol. 69, 115-119. https://doi.org/10.5254/ 1.3538351. open in new tab
- Gibala, D., Thomas, D., Hamed, G.R., 1999. Cure and mechanical behavior of rubber compounds containing ground vulcanizates. Part III. Tensile and tear strength. Rubber Chem. Technol. 72, 357-360. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3538807. open in new tab
- Hejna, A., Kirpluks, M., Kosmela, P., Cabulis, U., Haponiuk, J., Piszczyk, Ł., 2017. The influence of crude glycerol and castor oil-based polyol on the structure and performance of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams. Ind. Crop. Prod. 95, 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.10.023. open in new tab
- Irez, A.B., Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., 2019. Damping and toughening effect of the reinforcements on the epoxy modified recycled + devulcanized rubber based composites. In: Thakre, P.R., Singh, R.P., Slipher, G. (Eds.), Mechanics of composite, hybrid and multifunctional materials, Volume 5. Springer International Publishing, New York, pp. 147-158. open in new tab
- Irez, A.B., Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., 2018. Recycled and devulcanized rubber modified epoxy-based composites reinforced with nano-magnetic iron oxide, Fe 3 O 4 . Compos. Part. B-Eng. 148, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.compositesb.2018.04.047. open in new tab
- Kalkornsurapranee, E., Nakason, C., Kummerlöwe, C., Vennemann, N., 2012. Development and preparation of high-performance thermoplastic vulcanizates based on blends of natural rubber and thermoplastic polyurethanes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128 (4), 2358-2367. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/app.38201. open in new tab
- Kandasamy, J., Gökalp, I., 2014. Pyrolysis, Combustion, and Steam Gasification of Various Types of Scrap Tires for Energy Recovery. Energ. Fuel. 29 (1), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef502283s. open in new tab
- Karger-Kocsis, J., Mészáros, L., Bárány, T., 2012. Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers. J. Mat. Sci. 48 (1), 1-38. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10853-012-6564-2. open in new tab
- Kaynak, C., Celikbilek, C., Akovali, G., 2003. Use of silane coupling agents to improve epoxy-rubber interface. Eur. Polym. J. 39 (6), 1125-1132. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00381-6. open in new tab
- Kaynak, C., Sipahi-Saglam, E., Akovali, G., 2001. A fractographic study on toughening of epoxy resin using ground tyre rubber. Polymer 42 (9), 4393-4399. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00734-5. open in new tab
- Maderuelo-Sanz, R., Barrigón Morillas, J.M., Martín-Castizo, M., Gómez Escobar, V., Rey Gozalo, G., 2013. Acoustical performance of porous absorber made from recycled rubber and polyurethane resin. Lat. Am. J. Solids Stru. 10 (3), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-78252013000300008. open in new tab
- Mangili, I., Collina, E., Anzano, M., Pitea, D., Lasagni, M., 2014. Characterization and supercritical CO 2 devulcanization of cryo-ground tire rubber: Influence of devulcanization process on reclaimed material. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 102, 15- 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.017. open in new tab
- Müller, M., Valášek, P., Rudawska, A., Chotĕborský , R., 2018. Effect of active rubber powder on structural two-component epoxy resin and its mechanical properties. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 32, 1531-1547. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01694243.2018.1428040. open in new tab
- Ong, H.R., Khan, M.R., Yousuf, A., Jeyaratnam, N., Prasad, D.M.R., 2015. Effect of waste rubber powder as a filler for plywood application. Pol. J. Chem. Technol. 17 (1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0007. open in new tab
- Paje, S.E., Bueno, M., Terán, F., Miró, R., Pérez-Jiménez, F., Martínez, A.H., 2010. Acoustic field evaluation of asphalt mixtures with crumb rubber. Appl. Acoust. 71, 578-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.12.003. open in new tab
- Pearson, R.A., Yee, A.F., 1991. Influence of particle size and particle size distribution on toughening mechanisms in rubber-modified epoxies. J. Mat. Sci. 26 (14), 3828-3844. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01184979. open in new tab
- Pfretzschner, J., Rodríguez, R.M., 1999. Acoustic properties of rubber crumbs. Polym. Test. 18, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(98)00009-9. open in new tab
- Piszczyk, Ł., Hejna, A., Danowska, M., Strankowski, M., Formela, K., 2015a. Polyurethane/ground tire rubber composite foams based on polyglycerol: processing, mechanical and thermal properties. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 34, 708-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684415579089. open in new tab
- Piszczyk, Ł., Hejna, A., Formela, K., Danowska, M., Strankowski, M., 2015b. Effect of ground tire rubber on structural, mechanical and thermal properties of flexible polyurethane foams. Iran. Polym. J. 24, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726- 014-0301-4. open in new tab
- Piszczyk, Ł., Hejna, A., Formela, K., Danowska, M., Strankowski, M., 2015c. Rigid polyurethane foams modified with ground tire rubber -mechanical, morphological and thermal studies. Cell. Polym. 2, 45-62. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/026248931503400201. open in new tab
- Price, W., Smith, E.D., 2006. Waste tire recycling: environmental benefits and commercial challenges. Int. J. Environ. Technol. Manag. 6, 362-374. https://doi. org/10.1504/IJETM.2006.009001. open in new tab
- Ramarad, S., Khalid, M., Ratnam, C.T., Chuah, A.L., Rashmi, W., 2015. Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future. Prog. Mater. Sci. 72, 100-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.02.004. open in new tab
- Ratna, D., Banthia, A.K., 2004. Rubber toughened epoxy. Macromol. Res. 12 (1), 11- 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218989. open in new tab
- Rodriguez, E.L., 1988. The effect of cryogenically ground rubber on some mechanical properties of an unsaturated polyester resin. Polym. Eng. Sci. 28, 1455-1461. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282204. open in new tab
- Rooj, S., Basak, G.C., Maji, P.K., Bhowmick, A.K., 2011. New route for devulcanization of natural rubber and the properties of devulcanized rubber. J. Polym. Environ. 19, 382-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0293-5. open in new tab
- Ryszkowska, J., Leszczyń ska, M., Auguścik, M., Bryśkiewicz, A., Półka, M., Kukfisz, B., Wierzbicki, Ł., Aleksandrowicz, J., Szczepkowski, L., Oliwa, R., 2018. Cores of composite structures made of semi-rigid foams for use as protecting shields for firefighters. Polimery 63 (2), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/10.14314/ polimery.2018.2.6. open in new tab
- Sabzekar, M., Chenar, M.P., Mortazavi, S.M., Kariminejad, M., Asadi, S., Zohur, G., 2015. Influence of process variables on chemical devulcanization of sulfur- cured natural rubber. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 118, 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.013. open in new tab
- Sandberg, O., Bäckström, G., 1979. Thermal properties of natural rubber versus temperature and pressure. J. Appl. Phys. 50 (7), 4720-4724. https://doi.org/ 10.1063/1.326529. open in new tab
- Schnecko, H., 1998. Rubber Recycling. Macromol. Symp. 135, 327-343. https://doi. org/10.1002/masy.19981350133. open in new tab
- Seghar, S., Asaro, L., Rolland-Monnet, M., Aït Hocine, N., 2019. Thermo-mechanical devulcanization and recycling of rubber industry waste. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 144, 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.047. open in new tab
- Shan, C.W., Ghazali, M.I., Idris, M.I., 2013. Improved vibration characteristics of flexible polyurethane foam via composite formation. Int. J. Automotiv. Mech. Eng. 7, 1031-1042. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.7.2012.19.0084. open in new tab
- Shan, C.W., Idris, M.I., Ghazali, M.I., 2013b.. Study of flexible polyurethane foams reinforced with coir fibres and tyre particles. Int. J. Appl. Phys. Math. 2, 123- 130. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJAPM.2012.V2.67. open in new tab
- Sipahi-Saglam, E., Akovali, G., Kaynak, C., Akkas, N., Yetmez, M., 2001. Studies on epoxy modified with recycled rubber. Polym. Eng. Sci. 41 (3), 514-521. https:// doi.org/10.1002/pen.10748. open in new tab
- Song, P., Wan, C., Xie, Y., Formela, K., Wang, S., 2018. Vegetable derived-oil facilitating carbon black migration from waste tire rubbers and its reinforcement effect. Waste Manag. 78, 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. wasman.2018.05.054. open in new tab
- Stevenson, K., Stallwood, B., Hart, A.G., 2008. Tire rubber recycling and bioremediation: A review. Bioremediat. J. 12, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10889860701866263. open in new tab
- Strakšys, A., Valsi unas, I., Stalnionis, G., Eicher-Lorka, O., Kuodis, Z., Bražinskienė , D., Jukna, A., Asadauskas, S., 2018. Influence of polyurethane adhesives on tensile and compressive properties of ground rubber composites. Chemija 29, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.6001/chemija.v29i2.3718. open in new tab
- Subramaniyan, S.K., Mahan, S., Ghazali, M.I., Ismon, M., Ahmad Zaidi, A.M., 2013. Mechanical behavior of polyurethane composite foams from kenaf fiber and recycled tire rubber particles. Appl. Mech. Mater. 315, 861-866. https://doi.org/ 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.315.861. open in new tab
- Sułkowski, W.W., Danch, A., Moczyń ski, M., Radoń , A., Sułkowska, A., Borek, J., 2004. Thermogravimetric study of rubber waste-polyurethane composites. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 78, 905-921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-004-0457-9. open in new tab
- Sułkowski, W.W., Mistarz, S., Borecki, T., Moczyń ski, M., Danch, A., Borek, J., Macią _ zek, M., Sułkowska, A., 2006. Kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric study of used rubber granulates-polyurethane composites. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 84, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-005-7203-9. open in new tab
- Tan, J., Mei Ding, Y., Tao He, X., Liu, Y., An, Y., Min Yang, W., 2008. Abrasion resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane materials blended with ethylene- propylene-diene monomer rubber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 110 (3), 1851-1857. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28756. open in new tab
- Tatangelo, V., Mangili, I., Caracino, P., Anzano, M., Najmi, Z., Bestetti, G., Collina, E., Franzetti, A., Lasagni, M., 2016. Biological devulcanization of ground natural rubber by Gordonia desulfuricans DSM 44462T strain. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 100 (20), 8931-8942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7691-5. open in new tab
- Thomas, B.S., Kumar, S., Mehra, P., Gupta, R.C., Joseph, M., Csetenyi, L.J., 2016. Abrasion resistance of sustainable green concrete containing waste tire rubber particles. Constr. Build. Mater. 124, 906-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2016.07.110. open in new tab
- Tsubokawa, N., Fujiki, K., Sone, Y., 1988. Radical grafting from carbon black. Graft polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by peroxyester groups introduced onto carbon black surface. Polym. J. 20, 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1295/ polymj.20.213. open in new tab
- Valášek, P., Žarnovský , J., Müller, M., 2013. Thermoset composite on basis of recycled rubber. Adv. Mat. Res. 801, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.4028/ www.scientific.net/AMR.801.67. open in new tab
- Wang, Y., Yeh, F.C., Lai, S.M., Chan, H.C., Shen, H.F., 2003. Effectiveness of functionalized polyolefins as compatibilizers for polyethylene/wood flour composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 43 (4), 933-945. https://doi.org/10.1002/ pen.10077. open in new tab
- Yee, A.F., Pearson, R.A., 1986. Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies. J. Mat. Sci. 21 (7), 2462-2474. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01114293. open in new tab
- Zhang, X., Lu, Z., Tian, D., Li, H., Lu, C., 2013. Mechanochemical devulcanization of ground tire rubber and its application in acoustic absorbent polyurethane foamed composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 127, 4006-4014. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/app.37721. open in new tab
- Zhao, B., Brittain, W., 2000. Polymer brushes: surface-immobilized macromolecules. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 677-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00012-5. open in new tab
- Sources of funding:
- Verified by:
- Gdańsk University of Technology
seen 166 times
Recommended for you
Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review
- K. Formela,
- M. Kurańska,
- M. Barczewski