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Biowaste chicken eggshell powder as a potential cure modifier for epoxy/anhydride systems: competitiveness with terpolymer-modified calcium carbonate at low loading levels
Abstract
Biowaste chicken eggshell (ES) powder was applied as a potential cure modifier in epoxy/anhydride systems. Cure behaviour and kinetics of composites filled with very low content (0.1 wt% based on epoxy resin) of ES, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and terpolymer-modified fillers, mES and mCaCO3, were discussed comparatively. Surface analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cure kinetics was investigated by differential (Friedman) and integral (Ozawa and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose) isoconversional methods using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data. Overall, protein precursors naturally existing in the structure of pristine ES facilitated crosslinking of epoxy and hardener of anhydride with functional groups resulting from terpolymer attachment to CaCO3 particles. Accelerated/hindered cure was observed depending on the filler type and surface characteristics, as investigated via the autocatalytic/non-catalytic nature of reactions and comparison of activation energy values of four types of composites. An enhanced cure was identified for composites containing untreated ES, which could be inferred on account of the lower competitive cure of carboxyl groups in the terpolymer backbone with epoxy compared to peptide groups existing in microporous pristine ES. On the other hand, mCaCO3 revealed low values of activation energy compared to pristine CaCO3, but still of the same order as ground biowaste ES.
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Authors (11)
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Mohammad Saeb
- Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Department of Resin and Additives
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Mehdi Ghaffari
- Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Department of Polymer
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Hadi Rastin
- University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering
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Hossein Khonakdar
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany Institute of Polymer Research
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Frank Simon
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, German Institute of Polymer Research
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Farhood Najafi
- Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Department of Resin and Additives
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Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran Applied Biotechnology Research Center,
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Poornima Vijayan
- Qatar University, Doha, Qatar Center for Advanced Materials
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Debora Puglia
- University of Perugia, Terni, Italy Materials Engineering Centre, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
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Farzaneh Asl
- University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering
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- Publication version
- Accepted or Published Version
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.1039/C6RA24772E
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Details
- Category:
- Articles
- Type:
- artykuł w czasopiśmie wyróżnionym w JCR
- Published in:
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RSC Advances
no. 7,
pages 2218 - 2230,
ISSN: 2046-2069 - Language:
- English
- Publication year:
- 2017
- Bibliographic description:
- Saeb M., Ghaffari M., Rastin H., Khonakdar H., Simon F., Najafi F., Goodarzi V., Vijayan P., Puglia D., Asl F., Formela K.: Biowaste chicken eggshell powder as a potential cure modifier for epoxy/anhydride systems: competitiveness with terpolymer-modified calcium carbonate at low loading levels// RSC Advances. -Vol. 7, (2017), s.2218-2230
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.1039/c6ra24772e
- Verified by:
- Gdańsk University of Technology
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