Abstract

This study examines trends in circular economy (CE) adoption across 27 European nations from 2012 to 2021. Two key objectives are explored: the evolution of cross-country disparities in CE practices and the identification of clusters with similar CE adoption patterns. Our analysis reveals a gradual convergence in CE adoption, which did not always lead to positive outcomes. Some countries improved recycling rates but saw increased waste generation. Notable shifts toward uniformity were observed in circular material use, packaging waste, and recycling rates. However, private investment in CE sectors remained stagnant. Simultaneously, we identified six country clusters with consistent CE adoption patterns. This highlights the effectiveness of national efforts and the need for tailored policies. Policymakers should incentivize slower-progressing sectors, introduce stringent waste management regulations, and encourage knowledge sharing. To address private investment stagnation, policymakers should foster green innovation ecosystems and promote collaboration among companies, governments, and knowledge institutions. Incentives like funding programs and tax incentives for collaborative CE projects should be considered. In summary, dynamic, context-specific policies are vital for advancing CE practices in European nations. Policymakers should adapt strategies to each country's needs while fostering regional stakeholder collaboration and knowledge exchange.

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