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Flavones in cocoa defence against Phytophthora megakarya

Abstract

Cross-pollination of suitable genotypes and earlier selection of elite offspring using adequate plants-associated defence markers in plantlets leaves are decisive for development of T. cacao genotypes tolerant to black pods disease (BPD). T. cacao plantlets from manual cross-pollination of ♀SNK64 × ♂UPA143 were analyzed for their susceptibility to BPD using leaf disc test. Subsequently, leaves (healthy, wounded and wound+infected) of selected E9 (tolerant), E13 (moderate susceptible) and E32 (most susceptible) young hybrid genotypes from ♀SNK64 × ♂UPA143 were used for flavones analysis using a HPLC/LC/MS system. Leaf disc test showed 62.5% of the progeny with disease score rates lower than the mean value of both parents. About 79.17% and 20.83% of the progeny were lesser susceptible than the most susceptible parent (UPA143) and the tolerant parent (SNK64) respectively. Total flavones contents were abiotic and biotic stresses dependant. Under infection, tolerant hybrid genotype (E9) displayed the highest flavones contents, which might control tolerance to BPD. Individual flavones analysis revealed differential patterns depending on flavones, treatment and hybrid genotype. Luteolin rutinoside isomer (tR=12.5), isoorientin (tR=12.0) and apigenin-pentosyl-hexoside (tR=10.9) appeared to be characteristic of tolerant hybrid genotype (E9) during infection. Reversely, high content of Apigenin-hexoside (tR=10.1) and apigenin-hexoside (tR=11.6) might be associated to the susceptible hybrid genotypes (E13) and(E32). Hence, ♀SNK64 × ♂UPA143 could be used to develop hybrid genotypes tolerant to BPD. Pools of above flavones, reported here for the first time in T. cacao defence, might be useful markers to develop T. cacao hybrid genotypes tolerant to BPD.

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Category:
Articles
Type:
publikacja w in. zagranicznym czasopiśmie naukowym (tylko język obcy)
Published in:
Research & Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences no. 6, edition 3, pages 50 - 63,
ISSN: 2320-0189
Language:
English
Publication year:
2017
Bibliographic description:
Minyaka E., Simo C., Kusznierewicz B., Madina B., Mouen P., Niemenak N., Omokolo N.. Flavones in cocoa defence against Phytophthora megakarya. Research & Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences, 2017, Vol. 6, iss. 3, s.50-63
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  1. Research & Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences e-ISSN:2320-0189 p-ISSN:2347-2308 open in new tab
  2. by adjusting its physiology to buffer the effects of diseases [18]. In one hand, these resistance strategies, may include physical and/ or chemical barriers, mechanisms that rapidly clear infection and processes that limit the spread of damage within T. cacao (such as localized cell death). In other hand, tolerance often involves some degree of compensation for disease damage. Therefore, T. cacao might tolerate infection due BPD by increasing the chlorophyll concentration in leaves, delaying the senescence of infected tissues, and increasing the nutrient uptake [24]. open in new tab
  3. This might indicate that, the above mention flavones could be considered as markers of tolerance to BPD in T. cacao. The stimulation of these flavones group can be due to the activation of jasmonic acid pathway during the development of different reactions of cocoa against P. megakarya [25]. In fact, in sorghum anthracnose resistance, Nicholson and Hammerschmidt [21] identified luteolin and apigenin as flavonoid phytoalexins. Additionally, in infection condition, luteolin rutinoside isomer (t R =12.5), isoorientin (t R =12.0) and apigenin-pentosyl-hexoside (t R =10.9) appeared to be present in tolerant hybrid genotype (E9) but, completely absent in moderate (E13) and high (E32) susceptible hybrid genotypes. Protective effect of isoorientin against pathogen in Linum usitatissimum was reported [26]. open in new tab
  4. Antipathogenic properties of luteolin rutinoside isomer (t R =12.5), isoorientin (t R =12.0) and apigenin-pentosyl-hexoside (t R =10.9) may result, in part, from antioxidative properties of flavonoids. They may quench ROS (reactive oxygen species) generated both by the pathogens and the plant as a result of the infection [26]. They may also be directly involved in the inhibition of the pathogen's enzymes, especially those digesting the plant cell wall, by chelating metals required for their activity. These small secondary metabolites may also inhibit spore development and mycelium hyphae elongation [26]. Makoi and Ndakidemi [27] showed that, flavonoids inhibit root pathogens, especially fungal ones. In general, isoflavones, flavanes and flavanones were acknowledged as efficient anti-microbial agents [27]. open in new tab
  5. Antipathogenic properties of luteolin rutinoside isomer (t R =12.5), isoorientin (t R =12.0) and apigenin-pentosyl-hexoside (t R =10.9) could be characteristic of tolerant T. cacao hybrid genotype during infection. Reversely high content in apigenin-hexoside (t R =10.1) and apigenin-hexoside (t R =11.6) appeared to be characteristic of susceptibility to BPD. Their contents increase from E9, E13 and E32 in untreated, wounded and wounded+infected leaves from young T. cacao hybrid genotypes plantlets. REFERENCES open in new tab
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Gdańsk University of Technology

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