Generative Diffusion Models for Compressed Sensing of Satellite LiDAR Data: Evaluating Image Quality Metrics in Forest Landscape Reconstruction

Andres Ramirez-Jaime; Gonzalo Arce; Nestor Porraz-Diaz; Oleg Ieremeiev; Andrii Rubel; Vladimir Lukin; Mateusz Kopytek; Piotr Lech; Jarosław Fastowicz; Krzysztof Piotr Okarma

doi:10.3390/rs17071215

Generative Diffusion Models for Compressed Sensing of Satellite LiDAR Data: Evaluating Image Quality Metrics in Forest Landscape Reconstruction

Abstract

Spaceborne LiDAR systems are crucial for Earth observation but face hardware constraints, thus limiting resolution and data processing. We propose integrating compressed sensing and diffusion generative models to reconstruct high-resolution satellite LiDAR data within the Hyperheight Data Cube (HHDC) framework. Using a randomized illumination pattern in the imaging model, we achieve efficient sampling and compression, reducing the onboard computational load and optimizing data transmission. Diffusion models then reconstruct detailed HHDCs from sparse samples on Earth. To ensure reliability despite lossy compression, we analyze distortion metrics for derived products like Digital Terrain and Canopy Height Models and evaluate the 3D reconstruction accuracy in waveform space. We identify image quality assessment metrics—ADD_GSIM, DSS, HaarPSI, PSIM, SSIM4, CVSSI, MCSD, and MDSI—that strongly correlate with subjective quality in reconstructed forest landscapes. This work advances high-resolution Earth observation by combining efficient data handling with insights into LiDAR imaging fidelity.