Abstract

The paper examines using relatively recent discoveries on how evolution has embedded within all living organisms a natural sensitivity towards their native environment, in particular luminance levels and specific wavelengths of light. The studies conducted so far indicate that lighting installations that are visible after dark impact on humans, flora and fauna and influence our evolutionary dispositions, possibly with negative consequences. So far, little is known by the general public about the non‐visual effects of light on human beings and the discovery of a new photoreceptor type in the eye (ipRGC – intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells) which is responsible for the regulation of the internal circadian clock, which, in turn, affects the immune system and triggers numerous biochemical processes. Not only human beings are influenced by artificial light. Studies in the field of biodiversity have distinguished many cases of such examples within the natural environment. Uncontrolled nighttime external illumination interrupts the functioning of particular organisms such as birds, fish, turtles, bats and insects. Observations have shown that too much artificial light, particularly coloured light, can have an enormous influence on night‐time species, misaligning their circadian rhythm. Furthermore, variations in the amount of ambient light during the late evening and night may lead to problems with reproduction, avoidance of appropriate habitats, variations in seasonal migration routes and, consequently, lead to a reduction in numbers or even the disappearance of certain species. Recently, more research studies have focused on the negative impact of external illumination on humans, flora and fauna; regrettably, however, this is seldom reflected in professional lighting design practice. This information has not been made widely accessible and there are no recognized guiding principles in the form of some standard or norm for lighting designers to follow. With this in mind, the paper presents guidelines which should allow designers to produce unique lighting design concepts and, at the same time, create solutions that will protect the external environment and will be safe and healthy.

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