Exploring the impact of cultural context on eye-tracking studies of architectural monuments in selected European cities: Sustainable heritage management.
Abstract
Sustainable management of architectural heritage requires conducting an inclusive diagnosis of users’ opinions, considering both residents and tourists as the recipients of urban space. Given the cultural diversity within these groups, proposing the use of eye-trackers (ET) as an alternative to traditional public consultation prompts the need to assess the method’s advantages and disadvantages. It remains uncertain whether individuals from different countries look at historical architecture and its transformations similarly. The uniqueness of this subject matter prevents drawing parallels from experiences in other domains. Moreover, prior research provides conflicting conclusions and may include methodological errors. This uncertainty impedes the adoption of ET as an administrative and legal tool. To address this gap, 320 volunteers, encompassing both Poles and foreigners, were invited. Qualification involved optometric tests and questionnaires. Subsequently, a portion of the participants underwent the experiment using ET while viewing visual stimuli on a monitor. The experiment featured twelve monuments, with six originating from Wrocław and six from another major European city (Paris, Rome, London, Berlin, Dresden, Dortmund). The study focused on the nature and pattern of fixations made on original photographs and their modified versions. Analyzing the collected ET data for 24 stimuli, two primary aspects were explored. First, whether both groups, irrespective of their familiarity with the object or the city of residence, looked at the original photographs in the same manner. Second, it was investigated whether participants cultural background significantly influenced observers’ reactions to visual changes in the buildings. Only 8 out of 160 comparisons demonstrated statistically significant deviations. Other results, including visitor numbers, fixation counts, average fixation duration, total visit duration, and time to first fixation, exhibited similarity across the board.
Citations
Author (1)
Cite as
Full text
- Publication version
- Accepted or Published Version
- License
- open in new tab
Keywords
Details
- Category:
- Magazine publication
- Type:
- Magazine publication
- Published in:
-
Journal of Cultural Heritage
no. 66,
pages 326 - 342,
ISSN: 1296-2074 - Publication year:
- 2024
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2023.12.002
- Bibliography: test
-
- M. Angelidou, Smart city policies: a spatial approach, Cities 41 (2014) S3-S11, doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2014.06.007 . open in new tab
- Chief Executives BoardUnited Nations System-Wide Strategy on Sustainable Ur- ban Development, UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, Geneva, 2019 . open in new tab
- The European Green DealCommunication from the Commission to the Euro- pean Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM/2019/640 Fi- nal, Brussels, 2019 Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ ?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640 . open in new tab
- L. Mora, P. Gerli, L. Ardito, A. Messeni Petruzzelli, Smart city governance from an innovation management perspective: theoretical framing, review of current practices, and future research agenda, Technovation 123 (2023) 102717, doi: 10. 1016/j.technovation.2023.102717 . open in new tab
- J. Romão, K. Kourtit, B. Neuts, P. Nijkamp, The smart city as a common place for tourists and residents: a structural analysis of the determinants of urban attractiveness, Cities 78 (2018) 67-75, doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.007 . open in new tab
- A. Mandić, J. Kennell, Smart governance for heritage tourism destinations: con- textual factors and destination management organization perspectives, Tour. Manag. Perspect. 39 (2021) 100862, doi: 10.1016/J.TMP.2021.100862 . open in new tab
- A. Orbasli, Tourists in Historic Towns. Urban Conservation and Heritage Man- agment, Taylor & Francis, Oxon, 2009 .
- D.M. Lasansky, B. McLaren, Architecture and Tourism : Perception, Perfor- mance, and Place, 1st ed., Berg, Oxford; New York, 2004 . open in new tab
- H. Zamani-Farahani, G. Musa, Residents' attitudes and perception towards tourism development: a case study of Masooleh, Iran, Tour. Manag. 29 (6) (2008) 1233-1236, doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.20 08.02.0 08 . open in new tab
- A. Urtasun, I. Gutiérrez, Tourism agglomeration and its impact on social wel- fare: an empirical approach to the Spanish case, Tour. Manag. 27 (5) (2006) 901-912, doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.20 05.05.0 04 . open in new tab
- F. Bernardo, J. Almeida, C. Martins, Urban identity and tourism: different looks, one single place, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Urban Des. Plan. 170 (5) (2017) 205-216, doi: 10.1680/jurdp.15.0 0 036 . open in new tab
- Y. Zhu, N.B. Salazar, Heritage and Tourism, 2015 .
- G. Masik, I. Sagan, J.W. Scott, Smart City strategies and new urban develop- ment policies in the Polish context, Cities 108 (2021) 102970, doi: 10.1016/j. cities.2020.102970 . open in new tab
- C. Manville, B. Kotternik, Mapping Smart Cities in the EU, EPRS: European Par- liamentary Research Service., Belgium, 2014 . open in new tab
- R. Jucevičius, I. Patašienė, M. Patašius, Digital dimension of smart city: criti- cal analysis, Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 156 (2014) 146-150, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro. 2014.11.137 . open in new tab
- J. Badach, M. Dymnicka, Concept of 'good urban governance' and its appli- cation in sustainable urban planning, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 245 (8) (2017) 082017, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/245/8/082017 . open in new tab
- K. Holmqvist, M. Nyström, R. Andersson, R. Dewhurst, H. Jarodzka, J. van de Weijer, Eye Tracking. A comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures, Ox- ford University Press, Oxford, 2011 .
- A.T. Duchowski, Eye Tracking Methodology. Theory and Practice, Springer-Ver- lag, London, 2007 . open in new tab
- N.J. Marantz, N. Ulibarri, The tensions of transparency in urban and environ- mental planning, J. Plan. Educ. Res. (2019) 0739456X19827638, doi: 10.1177/ 0739456X19827638 . open in new tab
- M. Rusnak, Eye trackers as a pro-social tool of managing urbanistic and archi- tectural heritageITAGE, Protect. Cult. Herit. 9 (2020) 97-115 . open in new tab
- N. Wade, B. Tatler, The Moving Tablet of the Eye: The Origins of Modern Eye Movement Research, OUP, Oxford, 2010 . open in new tab
- S.B. Hutton, Eye tracking methodology, in: C. Klein, U. Ettinger (Eds.), Eye Movement Research: An Introduction to Its Scientific Foundations and Applica- tions, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2019, pp. 277-308, doi: 10.1007/ 978-3-030-20085-5_8 . open in new tab
- R. Mattia, Mario Jooss, Eye Tracking in Tourism, Springer, Cham, 2020 .
- L.-M. Zhang, R.-X. Zhang, T.-S. Jeng, Z.-Y. Zeng, Cityscape protection using VR and eye tracking technology, J Vis Commun Image Represent 64 (2019) 102639, doi: 10.1016/j.jvcir.2019.102639 . open in new tab
- А. А. Krupina, V. Bespalov, E. Yu. Kovaleva, E.A. Bondarenko, Eye Tracking in Urban Visual Environment, 2017 .
- R.B. Noland, M.D. Weiner, D. Gao, M.P. Cook, A. Nelessen, Eye-tracking technol- ogy, visual preference surveys, and urban design: preliminary evidence of an effective methodology, J. Urban. 10 (1) (2017) 98-110, doi: 10.1080/17549175. 2016.1187197 . open in new tab
- L. Zhang, T. Jeng, R.-X. Zhang, Integration of virtual reality, 3-D eye-tracking, and protocol analysis for re-designing street space, in: S Alhadidi, K Crolla, W Huang, P Janssen, T Fukuda (Eds.), CAADRIA 2018 -23rd International Con- ference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia: Learning, Prototyping and Adapting, 2018 . open in new tab
- J.B. Hollander, A. Sussman, P.M. Lowitt, N. Angus, M. Situ, Eye-tracking em- ulation software: a promising urban design tool, Archit. Sci. Rev. 64 (2021) 383-393 . open in new tab
- G. Spanjar, F. Suurenbroek, Eye-Tracking the City: matching the Design of Streetscapes in High-Rise Environments with Users' Visual Experiences, 2020 .
- D. Junker, C. Nollen, Mobile eyetracking in landscape architecture. Analysing behaviours and interactions in natural environments by the use of innovative visualizations, Proceeding of The International Conference "Between Data and Science" Architecture, neuroscience and the digital worlds, 2017 . open in new tab
- L. Dupont, V. Van Eetvelde, The use of eye-tracking in landscape perception research, in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Ap- plications, 2014 . open in new tab
- Y. Zhang, X. Zheng, W. Hong, X. Mou, A comparison study of stationary and mobile eye tracking on EXITs design in a wayfinding system, in: 2015 Asia- Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Con- ference (APSIPA), 2015, pp. 649-653, doi: 10.1109/APSIPA.2015.7415350 . open in new tab
- H. Ghamari, N. Golshany, Wandering eyes: using gaze-tracking method to cap- ture eye fixations in unfamiliar healthcare environments, HERD 15 (2021) 115-130 . open in new tab
- L.A. de la Fuente Suárez, Visualization of architectural experiences using heat maps, Int. J. Architecton. Spat. Environ. Des. 13 (1) (2019) 17-34 .
- N. Mahmoud, E. afifi, U. Abdo, Using Eye-tracking tools in the visual assess- ment of architecture, Eng. Res. J. (2022) . open in new tab
- T. Rivista, How do visitors percieve the architectural heritage? Eye-tracking technologies to promote sustainable fruition of an artistic-value hypogeum, TEMA 7 (2) (2021) 134-144 . open in new tab
- H.A. Dogan, Implementation of eye tracking technology on cultural heritage research and practice, Igra Ustvarjalnosti -Creativity Game, 2019 . open in new tab
- H.A. Dogan, Improvement of the cultural heritage perception potential model by the usage of eye-tracking technology, J. Cult. Herit. Manag. Sustain. Dev. (2021) . open in new tab
- J. Tzi-Dong Ng, X. Hu, Y. Que, Towards multi-modal evaluation of eye-tracked virtual heritage environment, in: LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022, pp. 451-457, doi: 10.1145/3506860.3506881 . LAK22 . open in new tab
- H.-S. Park, A review on the application of eye-tracking in design areas, J. Er- gonom. Soc. Korea 35 (2016) 391-401 . open in new tab
- S. Khalighy, G. Green, C. Scheepers, C. Whittet, Quantifying the qualities of aes- thetics in product design using eye-tracking technology, Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 49 (2015) 31-43, doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2015.05.011 . open in new tab
- L. Reitstätter, et al., The display makes a difference: a mobile eye tracking study on the perception of art before and after a museum's rearrangement, J. Eye Mov. Res. 13 (2020) . open in new tab
- P. Wang, W. Yang, D. Wang, Y. He, Insights into Public Visual Behaviors through Eye-Tracking Tests: A Study Based on National Park System Pilot Area Land- scapes, 2021, doi: 10.3390/land10050497 . open in new tab
- A.S.-H. Huang, Y.-J. Lin, The effect of landscape colour, complexity and prefer- ence on viewing behaviour, Landsc. Res. 45 (2) (2020) 214-227, doi: 10.1080/ 01426397.2019.1593336 . open in new tab
- S. Mandolesi, D. Gambelli, S. Naspetti, R. Zanoli, Exploring visitors' visual be- havior using eye-tracking: the case of the 'Studiolo Del Duca', J. Imaging 8 (1) (2022), doi: 10.3390/jimaging8010 0 08 . open in new tab
- Y.J. Jung, H.T. Zimmerman, K. Pérez-Edgar, A Methodological case study with mobile eye-tracking of child interaction in a science museum, TechTrends 62 (5) (2018) 509-517, doi: 10.1007/s11528-018-0310-9 . open in new tab
- A. Mantuano, S. Bernardi, F. Rupi, Cyclist gaze behavior in urban space: an eye-tracking experiment on the bicycle network of Bologna, Case Stud. Transp. Policy 5 (2) (2017) 408-416, doi: 10.1016/J.CSTP.2016.06.001 . open in new tab
- J.B. Hollander, A. Sussman, A.P. Levering, C. Foster-Karim, Using eye-tracking to understand human responses to traditional neighborhood designs, Plann. Pract. Res. 35 (5) (2020) 485-509, doi: 10.1080/02697459.2020.1768332 . open in new tab
- K. Holmqvist, et al., Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal re- porting guideline, Behav. Res. Methods 55 (1) (2023) 364-416, doi: 10.3758/ s13428-021-01762-8 . open in new tab
- European Comission, "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ ," Tourism. open in new tab
- L.C. Pace, J.D. Bohland, Heritage and identity, in: A. Kobayashi (Ed.), Interna- tional Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), Elsevier, Ed., Ox- ford, 2020, pp. 373-379, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10190-8 . open in new tab
- M. Nowacki, Heritage interpretation and sustainable development: a system- atic literature review, Sustainability 13 (8) (2021), doi: 10.3390/su13084383 . open in new tab
- P. Howard, Heritage: Managment, Interpretation, Identity, Continum, 2003 New York . open in new tab
- H. Keller, Culture and development: a systematic relationship, Perspect. Psy- chol. Sci. 12 (5) (2017) 833-840, doi: 10.1177/1745691617704097 . open in new tab
- R. Buckley, F. Shekari, Z. Mohammadi, F. Azizi, M. Ziaee, World heritage tourism triggers urban-rural reverse migration and social change, J. Travel. Res. 59 (3) (2020) 559-572, doi: 10.1177/0047287519853048 . open in new tab
- F. González Santa-Cruz, T. López-Guzmán, Culture, tourism and world heritage sites, Tour. Manag. Perspect 24 (2017) 111-116, doi: 10.1016/J.TMP.2017.08.004 . open in new tab
- D.C. Park, C.-M. Huang, Culture wires the brain: a cognitive neuroscience perspective, Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5 (4) (2010) 391-400, doi: 10.1177/ 1745691610374591 . open in new tab
- J.X. Haensel, et al., Culture modulates face scanning during dyadic social inter- actions, Sci. Rep. 10 (1) (2020), doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58802-0 . open in new tab
- J.X. Haensel, T.J. Smith, A. Senju, Cultural differences in mutual gaze during face-to-face interactions: a dual head-mounted eye-tracking study, Vis. Cogn. 30 (1-2) (2022) 100-115, doi: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1928354 . open in new tab
- R.M. Blinnikova, A.I. Izmalkova, Eye movements in visual semantic search: scanning patterns and cognitive processing across three cultures, in: P. M, U.V.L. Velichkovsky, M. Boris, Balaban (Eds.), Advances in Cognitive Research, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroinformatics, Springer International Publishing, Ed., Cham, 2021, pp. 182-189 .
- N.A. McIntyre, H. Jarodzka, R.M. Klassen, Capturing teacher priorities: using real-world eye-tracking to investigate expert teacher priorities across two cul- tures, Learn. Instr. 60 (2019) 215-224, doi: 10.1016/J.LEARNINSTRUC.2017.12. 003 . open in new tab
- I.D. Visescu, The impact of culture on visual design perception, in: C. Ardito, R. Lanzilotti, A. Malizia, H. Petrie, A. Piccinno, G. Desolda, K. Inkpen (Eds.), Hu- man-Computer Interaction -INTERACT 2021, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021, pp. 499-503 . open in new tab
- J. Goh, J. Tan, D. Park, Culture modulates eye-movements to visual novelty, PLoS One 4 (2009) e8238, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008238 . open in new tab
- J.Čeněk, J.-L. Tsai,Č. Šašinka, Cultural variations in global and local attention and eye-movement patterns during the perception of complex visual scenes: comparison of Czech and Taiwanese university students, PLoS One 15 (11) (2020) e0242501 [Online]. Available:, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242501 . open in new tab
- A. Alotaibi, G. Underwood, A.D. Smith, Cultural differences in attention: eye movement evidence from a comparative visual search task, Conscious. Cogn. 55 (2017) 254-265, doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.002 . open in new tab
- S. Kitayama, S. Duffy, T. Kawamura, J.T. Larsen, Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: a cultural look at new look, Psychol. Sci. 14 (3) (2003) 201-206, doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.02432 . open in new tab
- S.G. Goto, Y. Ando, C. Huang, A. Yee, R.S. Lewis, Cultural differences in the vi- sual processing of meaning: detecting incongruities between background and foreground objects using the N400, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 5 (2-3) (2010) 242-253, doi: 10.1093/scan/nsp038 . open in new tab
- T. Masuda, R.E. Nisbett, Culture and change blindness, Cogn. Sci. 30 (2) (2006) 381-399, doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0 0 0 0_63 . open in new tab
- K. Rayner, X. Li, C.C. Williams, K.R. Cave, A.D. Well, Eye movements during information processing tasks: individual differences and cultural effects, Vision Res. 47 (21) (2007) 2714-2726, doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.007 . open in new tab
- C. Hood, D.B. Walther, No evidence for gender and cultural differences in eye movements -a meta-analysis, J. Vis. 21 (9) (2021) 2990, doi: 10.1167/jov.21.9. 2990 . open in new tab
- H.F. Chua, J.E. Boland, R.E. Nisbett, Cultural variation in eye movements during scene perception, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102 (35) (2005) 12629-12633, doi: 10. 1073/pnas.0506162102 . open in new tab
- M. Rusnak, Applicability of eye trackers in marketing activities related to his- torical monuments. Comparison of experts' predictions and visual reactions of non-professionals, J. Cult. Herit. 49 (2021) 152-163, doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2021. 02.004 . open in new tab
- M. Rusnak, J. Szewczyk, Eye tracker as innovative conservation tool. Ideas for expanding range of research related to architectural and urban heritage, J. Herit. Conserv. 54 (2018) 25-35 . open in new tab
- L.-J. Ji, K. Peng, R.E. Nisbett, Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78 (5) (20 0 0) 943-955 . open in new tab
- G. Gillies, H. Park, J. Woo, D.B. Walther, J.S. Cant, K. Fukuda, Tracing the emer- gence of the memorability benefit, Cognition 238 (2023) 105489, doi: 10.1016/ j.cognition.2023.105489 . open in new tab
- M. Ransom, Expert knowledge by perception, Philosophy 95 (3) (2020) 309- 335, doi: 10.1017/S0031819120000157 . open in new tab
- N. Koide, T. Kubo, S. Nishida, T. Shibata, K. Ikeda, Art Expertise Reduces In- fluence of Visual Salience on Fixation in Viewing Abstract-Paintings, 2015, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117696 . open in new tab
- V. Estrada-Gonzalez, S. East, M. Garbutt, B. Spehar, Viewing art in different contexts, Front. Psychol. 11 (2020), doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00569 . open in new tab
- D. Brieber, M. Nadal, H. Leder, R. Rosenberg, Art in time and space: context modulates the relation between art experience and viewing time, PLoS One 9 (6) (2014) e99019 [Online]. Available:, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099019 . open in new tab
- A. Vredeveldt, T.J. Perfect, Reduction of environmental distraction to facilitate cognitive performance, Front. Psychol. 5 (2014), doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00860 . open in new tab
- B.T. Carter, S.G. Luke, Best practices in eye tracking research, Int. J. Psychophys- iology 155 (2020) 49-62, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.010 . open in new tab
- F. Botta, E.M. Arévalo, P. Bartolomeo, J. Lupiáñez, Attentional distraction affects maintenance of information in visual sensory memory, Conscious. Cogn. 107 (2023) 103453, doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103453 . open in new tab
- B.W. Tatler, N.J. Wade, H. Kwan, J.M. Findlay, B.M. Velichkovsky, Yarbus, eye movements, and vision, Iperception 1 (1) (2010), doi: 10.1068/i0382 . open in new tab
- a.L. Yarbus, Eye movements and vision, in: A.L. Yarbus (Ed.), Book, 1968 . open in new tab
- L. Tychsen, P. Foeller, Effects of immersive virtual reality headset viewing on young children: visuomotor function, postural stability, and motion sickness, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 209 (2020) 151-159, doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.07.020 . open in new tab
- X. Gao, Y. Tu, L. Wang, Y. Shi, W. Zhang, The effect of luminance on vi- sual perception based on eye movement and ECG, in: 2019 3rd International Conference on Circuits, System and Simulation (ICCSS), 2019, pp. 221-224, doi: 10.1109/CIRSYSSIM.2019.8935626 . open in new tab
- Z. Choudhary, et al., Revisiting distance perception with scaled embodied cues in social virtual reality, in: Proceedings -2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Re- ality and 3D User Interfaces, VR 2021, 2021, pp. 788-797, doi: 10.1109/VR50410. 2021.00106 . open in new tab
- F.E. Jamiy, C.A.N. Ramaseri, R. Marsh, Distance accuracy of real environments in virtual reality head-mounted displays, in: 2020 IEEE International Confer- ence on Electro Information Technology (EIT), 2020, pp. 281-287, doi: 10.1109/ EIT48999.2020.9208300 . open in new tab
- M. Rusnak, Problem of 2D Representation of 3D Objects in Architectural and Heritage Studies. Re-Analysis of Phenomenon of Longitudinal Church, 2021 . open in new tab
- D. Gulhan, S. Durant, J.M. Zanker, Similarity of gaze patterns across physical and virtual versions of an installation artwork, Sci. Rep. 11 (1) (2021) 18913, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91904-x . open in new tab
- M.K. Eckstein, B. Guerra-Carrillo, A.T. Miller Singley, S.A. Bunge, Beyond eye gaze: what else can eyetracking reveal about cognition and cognitive develop- ment? Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 25 (2017) 69-91, doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.001 . open in new tab
- W.A. Bainbridge, D.D. Dilks, A. Oliva, Memorability: a stimulus-driven percep- tual neural signature distinctive from memory, Neuroimage 149 (2017) 141- 152, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.063 . open in new tab
- Verified by:
- No verification
seen 10 times