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dr hab. inż. Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk
Employment
- Associate professor at Department of Electrified Transportation
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total: 115
Catalog Publications
Year 2025
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Electrifying the bus network with trolleybus: Analyzing the in motion charging technology
PublicationCurrently, electric buses are becoming more and more popular, and their number in operation is increasing. The range of electric buses is also increasing and solutions that seem to be working almost without fixed infrastructure are being promised. However, this requires the use of high-capacity batteries, which increases the weight and price of the vehicle and causes high costs of battery replacement during operation. Moreover,...
Year 2024
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Advancing Urban Transit: Gepard and CAR projects - Innovations in Trolleybus Technology
PublicationThe Gepard project in Gdynia, Poland, revolutionized the city's trolleybus network with the introduction of “Trolleybus 2.0” vehicles and an innovative charging system. “Trolleybus 2.0” vehicles combine features of traditional trolleybuses and electric buses boasting traction batteries for autonomous driving and dual legal approval. Statistical analysis of energy consumption informed the development of a hybrid charging concept,...
Year 2023
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Terminal charging scheduling of battery electric buses based on vehicle routing problem
PublicationElectric buses are considered to be a viable solution for reducing emission in dense urban areas. However, the greater charging time is a huge challenge for operators. In this paper, charging scheduling method was elaborated based on vehicle routing problem using mixed-integer linear programming model. The main novelty of the paper is the combination of modelling aspect, namely flexible turn sequence and heterogeneous shared charging...
Year 2022
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Application of Traction Supply System for Charging Electric Cars
PublicationThe development of electromobility involves the development of electric cars charging infrastructure. The increase of the number of chargers poses new demands for the AC power grid, especially in regard to its capacity of delivering high peak power. As an alternative for the public AC power grid, urban electrified transportation systems (trams, trolleybuses, and metro) can be used for supplying electric cars chargers. The article...
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Compensation of Voltage Drops in Trolleybus Supply System Using Battery-Based Buffer Station
PublicationThis paper analyzes the results of a trial operation of a battery-based buffer station supporting a selected section of trolleybus power supply systems in Pilsen, Czech Republic. The buffer station aims to prevent the catenary from excessive voltage drops in a part of the route that is most remote from the traction substation. Compensation of voltage drops is carried out by continuously measuring the catenary voltage and injecting...
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Innovative Bidirectional Isolated High-Power Density On-Board Charge for Vehicle-to-Grid
PublicationThis paper deals with developing and implementing a bidirectional galvanically isolated on-board charger of a high-power density. The power density of the new charger was 4 kW/kg and 2.46 kW/dm3, and the maximum efficiency was 96.4% at 3.4 kW. Due to the requirement to achieve a high-power density, a single-stage inverter topology was used. Regarding switching losses, due to the topology of the circuit with so-called hard switching,...
Year 2021
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Economic benefits of dynamic charging of electric buses
PublicationDiesel engines buses are still the most used type of buses. Electric buses provide promising green alternatives and a lot of advantages, but their main disadvantages are limited travel range and long charging time. This article is a presentation of innovative solution for charging of electric busses - Dynamic Charging (IMC). The modern IMC system in Solingen was presented. At the end of the article, a proposal was made to introduce...
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Ensuring sustainable development of urban public transport: A case study of the trolleybus system in Gdynia and Sopot (Poland)
PublicationElectromobility is a vital tool in reducing the environmental impact of transportation. A technologically mature means of public transport is the trolleybus. Based on a case study of the Polish cities of Gdynia and Sopot, this paper explores the factors that influence the development of the trolleybus system. Recent developments of in-motion charging (IMC) technology are analysed what provides a new analytical framework for the...
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Modeling of Electrified Transportation Systems Featuring Multiple Vehicles and Complex Power Supply Layout
PublicationThe paper proposes a novel approach to modeling electrified transportation systems. The proposed solution reflects the mechanical dynamics of vehicles as well as the distribution and losses of electric supply. Moreover, energy conversion losses between the mechanical and electrical subsystems and their bilateral influences are included. Such a complete model makes it possible to replicate, e.g., the impact of voltage drops on vehicle...
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Possibilities for Developing Electromobility by Using Autonomously Powered Trolleybuses Based on the Example of Gdynia
PublicationTrolleybus transport refers to contemporary challenges related to a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases and CO2 into the atmosphere formulated by international institutions, such as the United Nations, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, or the European Union. Departure from fossil fuels in urban transport is one of the key challenges for the coming years. Trolleybuses are an important tool in this...
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Sustainable Use of the Catenary by Trolleybuses with Auxiliary Power Sources on the Example of Gdynia
PublicationThe current developments in onboard power source technology, in particular, traction batteries, open up new potential in trolleybus transport and also make it possible to introduce electric buses. Thus far, trolleybus transport has required the presence of overhead lines (OHL). Introducing trolleybuses with onboard batteries makes it possible to grow the zero-emissions transport network in places with limited power supply capabilities...
Year 2020
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A Development of a Capacitive Voltage Divider for High Voltage Measurement as Part of a Combined Current and Voltage Sensor
PublicationThis article deals with the development of capacitive voltage divider for high voltage measurements and presents a method of analysis and optimization of its parameters. This divider is a part of a combined voltage and current sensor for measurements in high voltage power networks. The sensor allows continuous monitoring of the network distribution status and performs a quick diagnosis and location of possible network failures....
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Dynamic Charging of Electric Buses as a Way to Reduce Investment Risks of Urban Transport System Electrification
PublicationNight charging and fast charging are currently the two most common systems for charging electric buses. Despite the fact that numerous trial installations were started, neither of these two systems has obtained unqualified approval of the users. The alternative is to charge vehicles in motion - dynamic charging which combines the advantages of trolleybus transport and of electric buses. One of the advantages is the reduction of...
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The reduction of auxiliaries power demand: The challenge for electromobility in public transportation
PublicationAn important role in the consumption of electric energy in urban transport are non-traction needs (auxiliaries), the main part of which is heating and air condition (HVAC). Auxiliaries are responsible for almost half of total energy consumption (normal weather conditions) and in the winter (or hot summer) it reaches up to 70% in daily scale. The reduction of energy used for non-traction needs is currently the main challenge related...
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Utility analysis and rating of energy storages in trolleybus power supply system
PublicationThe article discusses two energy storage applications in power supply system of public electrified transport. The first application aims at reducing the peak power of the traction substation. The second application increases effectiveness of using solar power plant to cover partial power demand of traction supply system. These two applications were discussed and analyzed based on trolleybus supply system in Gdynia, where most measurements...
Year 2018
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Bilateral power supply of the traction network as a first stage of Smart Grid technology implementation in electric traction
PublicationSince 2001, trolleybus system in Gdynia has been involved in many activities related to the reduction of power consumption, both in terms of implementation and research and development. In PKT, in cooperation with SESTO company, started applications of Smart Grid technologies in supply network: the bilateral supply. The paper presents results of this this novel investment.
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Driving Performance Indicators of Electric Bus Driving Technique: Naturalistic Driving Data Multicriterial Analysis
PublicationThe issue of electric energy saving in public transport is becoming the key area of interest. By improving of driving techniques and the implementation of eco-driving, it is possible to save electric energy. Systems that help to decrease energy consumption and to reduce fuel emissions are becoming popular in vehicles powered by diesel engines. However, these methods have not yet gained popularity in electric vehicles. Therefore,...
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Dynamic charging of electric buses
PublicationDespite the continuous development of electrochemical battery technology and the multitude of electric buses on offer, it is still not possible to exploit electric buses in urban transport on an all-day basis without the necessity of charging them. It is therefore necessary to build point-to-point contact charging stations or induction charging stations at the terminals. This results in substantial financial outlays connected with...
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Potential Application of Solar Energy Systems for Electrified Urban Transportation Systems
PublicationThe paper presents a novel approach toward the use of solar energy systems in public transportation. The concept of energy generation in PV systems for supplying a trolleybus transportation system is proposed for the city of Gdynia (Poland). The suggested way of energy production allows reducing the environmental harm impact of the municipal transportation system. Moreover, the proposed way of green energy use can be a more profitable...
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SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
PublicationNowadays the issue of electric energy saving in public transport is becoming a key area of interest which is connected both with a growth in environmental awareness of the society and an increase in the prices of fuel and electricity. It can be achieved by improving the usage of regenerative breaking. In 2016 the Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Trolejbusowej (PKT, Trolleybus Transport Company) in Gdynia began practical implementation...
Year 2017
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Analysis of measurement uncertainty for contact-less method used to measure the position of catenary contact wire, performed with the use of Monte Carlo method
PublicationCurrently the majority of main railway lines in Europe are electrified, and electric trains have the biggest share in the entire amount of rail transport. Reliability of electrified railways is closely related to the issue of supplying traction vehicles with energy. The problems connected with diagnostics of energy consumption node, namely the contact line and the current collector, are therefore of fundamental importance for maintaining...
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Autonomous Battery Drive in Trolleybuses: an Overview of Practical Examples
PublicationBattery electric buses are believed to be means of transportation of the future. However, despite the continuous development of electrochemical batteries technology and the multitude of electric buses on offer, it is still no proved solutions that can be widely used. Charging is the one of the weakness point of the electric buses. Trolleybuses are alternative for them. Especially, trolleybuses equipment with traction batteries...
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How to choose drive’s rated power in electrified urban transport?
PublicationSelection of drive's rated power influences not only vehicle's dynamics, but also its energy efficiency. Mentioned above approach requires a multiphysical model, which covers both mechanical and electrical phenomena. This paper discusses how selection of traction drive's rated power influences vehicle energy consumption on example of a trolleybus. A complex mathematical model was developed in Matlab/Simulink to describe the multiphisical...
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Infrastruktura elektroenergetyczna dla transportu elektromobilnego
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono rozwiązania Smart Grid w miejskiej trakcji elektrycznej. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na infrastrukturę tramwajową i trolejbusową do ładowania autobusów elektrycznych.
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Mini Smart Grid system w trakcyjnym układzie zasilania
PublicationWraz ze wzrostem liczby tramwajów i trolejbusów wyposażonych w hamowanie odzyskowe, wzrasta popularność urządzeń zwiększających efektywność odzysku energii. Są nimi głównie superkondensatorowe zasobniki energii oraz układy falownikowe umożliwiające zwrot energii do sieci prądu przemiennego. Jednak wysoka cena tych urządzeń oraz problemy prawno-organizacyjne stanowią znaczną barierę dla ich szerszego rozpowszechnienia. W artykule...
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Modern technologies in energy demand reducing of public transport — Practical applications
PublicationCity of Gdynia (Poland) exploits one of the most modern trolleybus network in Europe, which has been involved in many projects related to the reduction of energy consumption. Some of them are connected with the improving of energy breaking recovery usage. An experimental stationary storage system at Północna substation, which was tested in 2012-2014, is a bright example of a system which is connected with the improving of the...
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Practical application of in motion charging: Trolleybuses service on bus lines
PublicationNight charging and fast charging are currently the two most common systems for charging electric buses. Despite the fact that numerous trial installations were started, neither of these two systems has obtained unqualified approval of the users. The alternative is to charge vehicles in motion (the so-called In Motion Charging), which combines the advantages of trolleybus transport and of electric buses: the main supply source are...
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Smart Grid in Practise - Implementation of the Billaterall Supply in Gdynia Trolleybus Network
PublicationSince 2001, trolleybus system in Gdynia has been involved in many activities related to the reduction of power consumption, both in terms of implementation and research and development. In 2011 was introduced the first supercapacitor storage energy system. In PKT started applications of Smart Grid technologies in supply network: the bilateral supply. The paper presents results of these this novel investitions.
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Smart grid technologies in electric traction: Mini inverter station
PublicationThe growing number of trams and trolleybuses equipped with recuperation systems contribute to the increase in the amount of energy recovered during braking. It raises questions about the possibility of its usage. One of such possibilities is the use of smart grid technology. The paper presents a case study of the use of braking energy in the trolleybus system for external loads by implementing mini inverter stations. Analysis is...
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The impact of the overhead line's power supply system spatial differentiation on the energy consumption of trolleybus transport: planning and economic aspects
PublicationNowadays the issue of electric energy saving in public transport is becoming a key area of interest, which is connected both with a growth in environmental awareness of the society and an increase in the prices of fuel and electricity. It can be achieved by reducing of the transmission losses in supply system or by the improving of the usage of the regenerative breaking. The spatial differentiation of the energy supply system of...
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Transmission Losses Spatial Analysis of the Supply System of Electrified Urban Transport Network
PublicationThe paper presents mathematical model TOPSIS which was applied for MCDA benchmark of trolleybus supply system. Moreover, paper presents the novel method of transmission losses analysis in electrified urban transport system. Research work was based on measurements realized in Gdynia trolleybus network.
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Verification of a Novel Method of Detecting Faults in Medium-Voltage Systems with Covered Conductors
PublicationThis paper describes the use of new methods of detecting faults in medium-voltage overhead lines built of covered conductors. The methods mainly address such faults as falling of a conductor, contacting a conductor with a tree branch, or falling a tree branch across three phases of a medium-voltage conductor. These faults cannot be detected by current digital relay protection systems. Therefore, a new system that can detect the...
Year 2016
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ENERGY SAVINGS BY APPLICATION OF SUPERCAPACITOR STORAGE IN TROLLEYBUS SUPPLYING STATION – ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
PublicationIn 2011–2013, stationary supercapacitor storage developed by the Electrotechnical Institute in Warsaw was put into trial operation in the trolleybus substation “Północna” (North) located in Gdynia. The article presents the results recorded during supercapacitor storage operation and discusses the impact of the storage on energy consumption savings. Guidelines for selecting a location for stationary supercapacitor storage...
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INNOWACYJNE ROZWIĄZANIA SZANSĄ ROZWOJU SYSTEMÓW TRANSPORTU TROLEJBUSOWEGO NA PRZYKŁADZIE GDYNI I LUBLINA
PublicationHistoria miejskiej trakcji elektrycznej sięga lat osiemdziesiątych XIX w. i jej początki związane są z transportem tramwajowym, który na przełomie wieków XIX i XX stał się elementem krajobrazu wielu miast. Początek XX w. przyniósł popularyzację komunikacji trolejbusowej. Współcześnie nowym środkiem transportu miejskiego stał się autobus elektryczny. W opracowaniu przedstawiono dwa środki zelektryfikowanego transportu miejskiego: trolejbus...
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MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION LOSSES IN THE SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ELECTRIFIED TRANSPORT
PublicationThe issue of electric energy saving in public transport is currently becoming a key area of interest, a fact connected with both an increase in society’s environmental awareness and a rise in the prices of fuel and electricity. Electricity can be saved by reducing transmission losses in the supply system. The article presents a method of measurement and analysis of transmission losses in the supply system of electrified public transport...
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Multiaspect measurement analysis of breaking energy recovery
PublicationNowadays the issue of electric energy saving in public transport is becoming a key area of interest, which is connected both with a growth of environmental awareness in the society and an increase in the prices of fuel and electricity. That is why the reduction of energy consumption by increasing electrified urban transport, such as trams, trolleybuses, light rail and underground is becoming an increasingly important issue. Energy...
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Praktyczna aplikacja In Motion Charging w Gdyni: trolejbusy w obsłudze linii autobusowych
PublicationŁadowanie nocne (OverNight Charging) oraz szybkie ładowanie (Oportunity Charging) to obecnie dwa najbardziej popularne systemy ładowania autobusów elektrycznych. Pomimo uruchomienia wielu próbnych instalacji, żaden z tych dwóch systemów nie zyskał jednoznacznej aprobaty użytkowników. Alternatywą jest ładowanie pojazdów w ruchu, tzw. In Motion Charging, w które stanowi połączenie zalet komunikacji trolejbusowej oraz autobusu elektrycznego:...
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PRZYKŁADY PRAKTYCZNE ZASTOSOWANIA METOD NUMERYCZNYCH W ANALIZIE TRAKCYJNEGO UKŁADU ENERGETYCZNEGO
PublicationCechą charakterystyczną układu zasilania komunikacji trolejbusowej jest jego losowa natura spowodowana przez kongestię ruchu drogowego. Fakt ten predestynuje statystyczne i numeryczne metody dla celów analizy trakcyjnego układu zasilania. W artykule zaprezentowano 3 metody analizy trolejbusowego systemu energetycznego: symulację układu zasilania za pomocą metody Monte Carlo, analizę potencjału rekuperacji energii hamowania za pomocą...
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Super capacitor energy bank MEDCOM UCER-01 in Gdynia trolleybus system
PublicationSince 2001, trolleybus system in Gdynia has been involved in many activities related to the reduction of power consumption, both in terms of implementation and research and development. The installation of the supercapacity energy bank on substation Wielkopolska in 2014 year was one of them. It is the first such big stationary supercapacitor storage system installed in trolleybus supply system in the Middle - Eastern Europe. The...
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Use of numerical methods in the analysis of traction energy systems—an overview of the practical examples
PublicationA characteristic feature of trolleybus transport is the random nature of traffic caused by congestion. It predestinates statistical and numerical methods for the analysis of trolleybus energy system. There are presented 3 methods of trolleybus traction system analysis: simulation of supply system based on Monte Carlo method, analysis of energy recovery potential based on statistical data analysis and benchmark of trolleybus supply...
Year 2015
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Charakterystyka autonomiczności trolejbusów – nowe doświadczenia w elektromobilności miejskiej
PublicationEwolucja komunikacji trolejbusowej zachodzi w wielu europejskich miastach. Wraz z rozwojem alternatywnych źródeł zasilania (baterie trakcyjne, supekondensatory, spalinowe agregaty prądotwórcze) trolejbusy stają się mniej uzależnione od sieci trakcyjnej, a przy tym bardziej efektywne ekonomicznie. Jednoczesny rozwój autobusów elektrycznych i wiążące się z nimi problemy eksploatacyjne skłaniają do refleksji nad wykorzystaniem zalet...
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Development of Intelligent Control for Annealing Unit to Ensure the Minimization of Retroactive Effects on the Supply Network
PublicationResearch conducted by our team focused on the development of a complete annealing unit, using modern technologies and components, such as a programmable logic controller, an industrial computer and microcontrollers, ensuring an intelligent way to control power semiconductor elements (SSR relays), with regard to minimizing retroactive effects on the supply network. This modern configuration offers a number of new possibilities of...
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Ewolucja projektu konwersji autobusów na trolejbusy w Gdyni
PublicationKoszty zakupu taboru w komunikacji elektrycznej są istotnym czynnikiem kształtującym jej funkcjonowanie. W przypadku trolejbusów, przy ograniczonym rynku producentów i klientów, ceny nowych pojazdów są stosunkowo wysokie. Trolejbusy niskopodłogowe – wytwarzane przez producentów w Unii Europejskiej i Szwajcarii - dostosowane są indywidualnie do wymagań przewoźników. Zakup pojazdów z rynku wtórnego jest bardzo ograniczony. Podczas...
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Ewolucja projektu konwersji autobusów niskopodłogowych na trolejbusy w Gdyni
PublicationKoszty zakupu taboru w komunikacji elektrycznej są istotnym czynnikiem kształtującym jej funkcjonowanie. W przypadku trolejbusów, przy ograniczonym rynku producentów i klientów ceny nowych pojazdów są stosunkowo wysokie. Trolejbusy niskopodłogowe produkowane przez producentów w Unii Europejskiej i Szwajcarii dostosowywane są indywidualnie do wymagań przewoźników. Zakup pojazdów z rynku wtórnego jest bardzo ograniczony. Przed spółkami...
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Integracja systemu energetycznego miejskiego transportu szynowego i stacji ładowania autobusów elektrycznych – szansa czy zagrożenie?
PublicationAutobusy elektryczne, znane także pod nazwą elektrobusów, które jeszcze kilka lat temu stanowiły jedynie techniczną ciekawostkę, obecnie uważane są za najbardziej przyszłościowy środek transportu miejskiego. Wiele miast rozważa wprowadzenie elektrobusów i zastąpienie nimi linii autobusowych; w niektórych miejscowościach takie linie już funkcjonują. Szereg innych przewoźników testuje elektrobusy w regularnym ruchu. Jednym z głównych...
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Kształtowanie parku pojazdów technicznych komunikacji trolejbusowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polskich przedsiębiorstw
PublicationMiejski transport elektryczny (tramwaje i trolejbusy), podobnie jak komunikacja autobusowa, związany jest z funkcjonowaniem zaplecza technicznego, w tym specjalistycznych pojazdów. Wyróżnikiem komunikacji elektrycznej jest jej powiązanie z infrastrukturą sieci trakcyjnej, która wymaga odpowiedniego utrzymania, a więc wyspecjalizowanych pojazdów technicznych do jej budowy i konserwacji. W niniejszym artykule został scharakteryzowany...
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Nowoczesna koncepcja rozwoju transportu trolejbusowego - projekt Slide-In
PublicationEwolucja komunikacji trolejbusowej zachodzi w wielu europejskich miastach. Wraz z rozwojem alternatywnych źródeł zasilania (baterie trakcyjne, supekondensatory, spalinowe agregaty prądotwórcze) trolejbusy stają się mniej uzależnione od sieci trakcyjnej, a przy tym bardziej efektywne ekonomicznie. Jednoczesny rozwój autobusów elektrycznych i wiążące się z nimi problemy eksploatacyjne skłaniają do refleksji nad wykorzystaniem zalet...
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Produkcja i sprzedaż trolejbusów Solaris Trollino w latach 2011-2014
PublicationKomunikacja trolejbusowa nie jest popularną formą transportu miejskiego w Polsce, ale polski producent taboru dla komunikacji - Solaris Bus & Coach - jest wiodącym producentem trolejbusów niskopodłogowych w Europie. Nawiązując do artykułu opublikowanego w „Autobusach” w 2011 r., który traktował o powstaniu pierwszych trolejbusów marki Solaris, ich rozwoju i sprzedaży w latach 2001-2010, przedstawiono dalszy postęp w produkcji i...
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Przestrzenne aspekty produkcji i sprzedaży trolejbusów Solaris Trollino
PublicationKomunikacja trolejbusowa nie jest popularną formą transportu miejskiego w Polsce, ale polski producent taboru dla komunikacji - Solaris Bus & Coach - jest wiodącym producentem trolejbusów niskopodłogowych w Europie. W artykule przedstawiono ideę budowy trolejbusów, rozwój konstrukcji oraz postęp w produkcji i sprzedaży trolejbusów w latach 2001-2014. W analizowanym okresie polska firma wprowadziła na rynek nowy produkt – trolejbus...
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Rekuperace elektrické energie v MHD
PublicationAsynchronní pohony, motory BLDC, trakční invertory, IGBT tranzistory, rekuperace energie – to jsou hesla, se kterými se můžeme často potkat, když si pročteme propagační materiály výrobců moderních tramvají a trolejbusů. Často se nám tyto prvky jeví jako indikátory hypermoderních technologií, ale ve skutečnosti se stává, že pod některými názvy se skrývá řešení známé inženýrům už dlouhá desetiletí. Tak je tomu také s rekuperací elektrické...
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