Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: METHODS OF ORDER REDUCTION

• WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE 2021

  Kursy Online

  • I. E. Kłosowska-Chomiczewska

  The aim of the course is to learn the characteristics of different types of wastewater depending on their origin (industrial sector) as well as introduce the commonly used technologies for removing pollutants from wastewater and get to know an alternative methods. Another goal is to understand the problems of management of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial plants.

• 2022 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal of Sewage Sludge

  Kursy Online

  • I. E. Kłosowska-Chomiczewska

  The aim of the course is to learn the characteristics of different types of wastewater depending on their origin (e.g. industrial sector) as well as to introduce the commonly used technologies for removing pollutants from wastewater and get familiar with alternative methods. Another goal is to understand the problems of management of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial plants.

• Financial Analysis exercises - New (copy)

  Kursy Online

  • K. Kubiszewska

  To obtain theoretical and practical experience of financial and economic analysis.   Methods of economic analysis:  Elements of production and human resources analysis, tangible assets analysis, inventory analysis, which would enable to understand the business case, to measure them and find suitable decision. To obtain theoretical and practical experience of financial analysis. 

• Financial Analysis exercises - New

  Kursy Online

  • P. Figura

  To obtain theoretical and practical experience of financial and economic analysis.   Methods of economic analysis:  Elements of production and human resources analysis, tangible assets analysis, inventory analysis, which would enable to understand the business case, to measure them and find suitable decision. To obtain theoretical and practical experience of financial analysis. 

• 2023_2024winter-Engineering Surveying and GIS Applications

  Kursy Online

  • A. Sobieraj-Żłobińska

  Engineering Surveying and GIS Applications (Environmental Engineering sem II MSU) In this course students become  acquainted  with  basic  survey  measurements  and  modern  methods  used  in  engineering surveying. Students also get elementary knowledge on remote sensing and broaden understanding of  geographic information systems. teacher: dr inż. Anna Sobieraj-Żłobińska (annsobie@pg.edu.pl) 

• WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

  Kursy Online

  • H. Al-Hazmi

  The course on Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal provides a comprehensive understanding of the principles, practices, and technologies involved in managing water resources effectively. It covers both the supply side, focusing on the provision of clean and safe drinking water, and the disposal side, addressing the treatment and management of wastewater to minimize environmental impact. Key Topics Covered: 1. Introduction to...

• Multimedia i Interfejsy 2022

  Kursy Online

  • J. Daciuk
  • W. Szwoch
  • M. Szwoch

  {mlang pl} Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów z: rodzajami danych multimedialnych oraz metodami ich pozyskiwania formatami i standardami danych multimedialnych metodami kompresji danych multimedialnych podstawami przetwarzania danych multimedialnych oraz ich rozpoznawania programowaniem aplikacji multimedialnych, w tym gier wideo rodzajami interfejsów użytkownika w systemach komputerowych metodami opisu oraz zasadami...

• Multimedia i Interfejsy 2023

  Kursy Online

  • J. Daciuk
  • W. Szwoch
  • M. Szwoch

  {mlang pl} Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów z: rodzajami danych multimedialnych oraz metodami ich pozyskiwania formatami i standardami danych multimedialnych metodami kompresji danych multimedialnych podstawami przetwarzania danych multimedialnych oraz ich rozpoznawania programowaniem aplikacji multimedialnych, w tym gier wideo rodzajami interfejsów użytkownika w systemach komputerowych metodami opisu oraz zasadami...

• EMBOA - affective loop in Socially Assistive Robotics as an intervention tool for children with autism

  Kursy Online

  • M. Wróbel
  • A. Landowska

  The aim of the training course "Intensive programmes for higher education learner" within the EMBOA project is to familiarise participants with the use of social robots as an intervention tool for children with autism, emotion recognition and the combination of both methods. Students will be informed about the guidelines and results of the project.

• Computer controlled systems - 2022/2023

  Kursy Online

  • P. Raczyński

  materiały wspierające wykład na studiach II stopnia na kierunku ACR pod tytułem komputerowe systemy automatyki 1. Computer system – controlled plant interfacing technique; simple interfacing and with both side acknowledgement; ideas, algorithms, acknowledge passing. 2. Methods of acknowledgement passing: software checking and passing, using interrupt techniques, using readiness checking (ready – wait lines). The best solution...

• CCS-lecture-2023-2024

  Kursy Online

  • P. Raczyński

  materiały wspierające wykład na studiach II stopnia na kierunku ACR pod tytułem komputerowe systemy automatyki 1. Computer system – controlled plant interfacing technique; simple interfacing and with both side acknowledgement; ideas, algorithms, acknowledge passing. 2. Methods of acknowledgement passing: software checking and passing, using interrupt techniques, using readiness checking (ready – wait lines). The best solution optimization...

• Fuel, Oils and Greases, W, E, sem.01, zimowy 22/23

  Kursy Online

  Division and origin of fuels. Fossil energy resources in Poland and in the world. Production and structure of fuel consumption. Main directions of crude oil processing. Classification and physical properties of gaseous and liquid fuels - natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, heating oil. Classification and characteristic indicators of solid fuels - hard coal, lignite, peat. Fuel contaminants and methods of their removal....

• Baltic Phytoremediation - Training Module

  Kursy Online

  • A. Rogala
  • P. Rybarczyk

  This is an on-line training course developed in BAPR - Baltic Phytoremediation project, co-financed by Interreg South Baltic Programme 2014 - 2020. Here, You can learn about the basics and potential of phytoremediation  to clean soil and see the real-life applications of this technology. In order to be enrolled to this course, you’ll need to create a local account with the user ID provided. When your account is generated, you...

• Fuel, Oils and Greases, W, E, sem.03, zimowy 22/23

  Kursy Online

  • P. Bzura

  Division and origin of fuels. Fossil energy resources in Poland and in the world. Production and structure of fuel consumption. Main directions of crude oil processing. Classification and physical properties of gaseous and liquid fuels - natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, heating oil. Classification and characteristic indicators of solid fuels - hard coal, lignite, peat. Fuel contaminants and methods of their removal....

• Theory of Achitectural Design II 2021/2022

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the set of lectures is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space. An important feature...

• Theory of Achitectural Design II 2020/2021

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the set of lectures is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space. An important feature...

• Interactive Decision Making, Environmental Engineering, 2022/2023 (summer semester)

  Kursy Online

  • A. Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska
  • A. Siemaszko

  The course is designed for students of MSc Studies in Environmental Engineering Person responsible for the subject, carrying out lectures and tutorials: mgr inż. Agata.Siemaszko; agata.siemaszko@pg.edu.pl The person conducting the lectures and tutorials: dr inż. Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska; anna.jakubczyk@pg.edu.pl The course provides students with knowledge on development and application of statisticalstrategic approach to decision...

• Measurements in civil engineering, transport, environmental engineering, mining and power engineering 22/23

  Kursy Online

  • P. Zima

  The course is primarily open to all PhD students at Gdansk University of Technology. This course is compulsory for PhD students assigned to Civil Engineering and Transport as well as Environmental Engineering, Mining and Power Engineering tracks at Doctoral School of GUT. This course allows the PhD students to obtain the knowledge related to the experimental equipment and types of experiments carried out at GUT in the field of...

• Measurements in civil engineering, transport, environmental engineering, mining and power engineering 23/24

  Kursy Online

  • P. Zima

  The course is primarily open to all PhD students at Gdansk University of Technology. This course is compulsory for PhD students assigned to Civil Engineering and Transport as well as Environmental Engineering, Mining and Power Engineering tracks at Doctoral School of GUT. This course allows the PhD students to obtain the knowledge related to the experimental equipment and types of experiments carried out at GUT in the field of...

• Urban Design I. Urban Composition fall 2022_23

  Kursy Online

  • G. Rembarz
  • B. Bou Kalfouni

  The course is aimed at students of the 3rd semester of engineering studies in the field of Architecture. It is an introductory course to Urban Design. Students learn the basic concepts and principles related to town planning, urban design and urban composition. Students learn the methods of analyzing urban space and the basic principles of design during theoretical and practical classes, designing an urban composition for a specific...

• Urban Design I. Urban Composition fall 2024/25

  Kursy Online

  • M. Ahmadi
  • G. Rembarz

  The course is aimed at students of the 3rd semester of engineering studies in the field of Architecture. It is an introductory course to Urban Design. Students learn the basic concepts and principles related to town planning, urban design and urban composition. Students learn the methods of analyzing urban space and the basic principles of design during theoretical and practical classes, designing an urban composition for a specific...

• Interactive Decision Making, Inżynieria Środowiska, Environmental Engineering, 2023/2024 (summer semester)

  Kursy Online

  • A. Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska
  • A. Siemaszko

  The course is designed for students of MSc Studies in Environmental Engineering (studies in Polish and English) Person responsible for the subject, carrying out lectures and tutorials: mgr inż. Agata.Siemaszko; agata.siemaszko@pg.edu.pl The person conducting the lectures and tutorials: dr inż. Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska; anna.jakubczyk@pg.edu.pl The course is conducted using the Project-Based Learning (PBL) method. It provides...

• Urban Design I. Urban Composition fall 2023_24

  Kursy Online

  • G. Rembarz
  • B. Bou Kalfouni

  The course is aimed at students of the 3rd semester of engineering studies in the field of Architecture. It is an introductory course to Urban Design. Students learn the basic concepts and principles related to town planning, urban design and urban composition. Students learn the methods of analyzing urban space and the basic principles of design during theoretical and practical classes, designing an urban composition for a specific...

• Zaawansowane Metody Pomiarowe i Diagnostyczne 2022/2023

  Kursy Online

  • Z. Czaja
  • G. Lentka
  • J. Smulko
  • A. Kwiatkowski
  • M. Kowalewski

  {mlang en} 1. Introduction/Guide for the use of the International System of Units2. Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities.3. The role of measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment. 4. Probabilistic model for measurement processes, estimation theory5. Analog-digital conversion methods6. Selected structures of classical analog-digital converters7. New techniques of analog-digital conversion: sigma-delta...

• Zaawansowane Metody Pomiarowe i Diagnostyczne 2023/2024

  Kursy Online

  • Z. Czaja
  • G. Lentka
  • J. Smulko
  • A. Kwiatkowski
  • M. Kowalewski

  {mlang en} 1. Introduction/Guide for the use of the International System of Units2. Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities.3. The role of measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment. 4. Probabilistic model for measurement processes, estimation theory5. Analog-digital conversion methods6. Selected structures of classical analog-digital converters7. New techniques of analog-digital conversion: sigma-delta...

• Zaawansowane Metody Pomiarowe i Diagnostyczne 2024/2025

  Kursy Online

  • Z. Czaja
  • G. Lentka
  • A. Kwiatkowski
  • B. Stawarz-Graczyk
  • M. Kowalewski

  {mlang en} 1. Introduction/Guide for the use of the International System of Units2. Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities.3. The role of measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment. 4. Probabilistic model for measurement processes, estimation theory5. Analog-digital conversion methods6. Selected structures of classical analog-digital converters7. New techniques of analog-digital conversion: sigma-delta...

• 2022-2023 - Wytrzymałość materiałów I, PG_00039799

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  Celem przedmiotu jest zapoznanie studentów z podstawowymi zagadnieniami związanymi z wytrzymałością materiałów. Wykłady dotyczą kolejno: podstawy wytrzymałości materiałów, wytrzymałość pręta prostego na ściskanie/rozciąganie, analiza wytrzymałości dla układów prętowych statycznie niewyznaczalnych, wytrzymałość prętów na skręcanie, wytrzymałość belek zginanie, odkształcenia belki zginanej, ścinanie pręta (pręt ścinany), stany naprężeń,...

• Diagnostyka Systemów 2022

  Kursy Online

  • M. Domżalski

  The aim of the course is to familiarize students with modern methods of systems diagnostics. As part of the project, each student solves one problem, prepares a report and finally a project presentation.     Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów ze współczesnymi metodami diagnostyki systemów. W ramach projektu każdy student rozwiązuje samodzielnie jeden problem, przygotowuje sprawozdanie oraz prezentację projektu.  

• QUEUE II Winter School

  Kursy Online

  • M. Czachor
  • J. Szostak
  • J. Borucka
  • M. Bobrowski

  QUEUE = QUantum and molEcUlEsIt's a school organized for all those young scientists and students who wish to learn on the basics and advances in quantum ideas and methodologies and its practical applications for living problems in chemistry, electrochemistry and material sciences. The students will learn on how to perform the quantum-chemical computations, because we have planned a big block of laboratories, aside from lectures,...

• QUEUE I Summer School

  Kursy Online

  • M. Czachor
  • A. Bartłomiejczyk
  • J. Szostak
  • J. Borucka
  • M. Hoppe
  • M. Bobrowski

  QUEUE = QUantum and molEcUlEsIt's a school organized for all those young scientists and students who wish to learn on the basics and advances in quantum ideas and methodologies and its practical applications for living problems in chemistry, electrochemistry and material sciences. The students will learn on how to perform the quantum-chemical computations, because we have planned a big block of laboratories, aside from lectures,...

• Diagnostyka Systemów 2021

  Kursy Online

  • M. Domżalski

  The aim of the course is to familiarize students with modern methods of systems diagnostics. As part of the project, each student solves one problem, prepares a report and finally a project presentation.     Celem kursu jest zapoznanie studentów ze współczesnymi metodami diagnostyki systemów. W ramach projektu każdy student rozwiązuje samodzielnie jeden problem, przygotowuje sprawozdanie oraz prezentację projektu.  

• QUEUE III Summer School

  Kursy Online

  • M. Czachor
  • I. Kuzborska
  • J. Szostak
  • J. Borucka
  • M. Bobrowski
  • B. Mielewska

  QUEUE = QUantum and molEcUlEsIt's a school organized for all those young scientists and students who wish to learn on the basics and advances in quantum ideas and methodologies and its practical applications for living problems in chemistry, electrochemistry and material sciences. The students will learn on how to perform the quantum-chemical computations, because we have planned a big block of laboratories, aside from lectures,...

• Daylight in Architecture 2022/23

  Kursy Online

  • N. Sokół
  • J. Martyniuk-Pęczek

  Tutor: Professor Claudia Naves David Amorim (University of Brasilia) Project: 60 h (lectures + online platform + individual consultations) With a support of e-platform NLITED educational content; http://lms.nlited.eu/,  Students will become familiar with the different methods of daylight assessment within the built environment. Innovative daylight design is understood as a better user-centred and energy-efficient design strategy. The...

• Architectural Project Sem. II 2021/2022

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz
  • K. Życzkowska
  • M. Wojtkiewicz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG mgr inż. arch. Marta Golińska   Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the course is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space....

• Architectural Project II 2022/2023

  Kursy Online

  • J. Krenz
  • K. Życzkowska
  • M. Wojtkiewicz

  Prowadzący: dr hab. inż. arch. Jacek Krenz, prof. PG mgr inż. arch. Marta Golińska   Architecture influenced by Art The aim of the course is to teach the method of creating an architectural form in a style that reflects a given topic drawn in the form of an ideogram. Creating architecture in this way makes it possible to endow the architectural form with meanings so that it becomes an important element of the existential space....

• Fluid Mechanics, L/L/E, DaPE, sem. 04, summer 21/22 (PG_00050282)

  Kursy Online

  • K. Tesch
  • M. Banaszek

  LECTURES Introduction and basic definitions. Properties of fluids. Models of fluids. Fluids in equilibrium. Determination of hydrostatic forces. Archimedes" law. Methods of fluid flow description. General motion of fluid. Deformation of fluid element. Vortex motion of fluid. Principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Balance of entropy. Navier-Stokes equation. Bernoulli equation. Similarity of flow phenomena. Potential...

• 2022-2023 - Strenght of materials towards applications, PG_00053661

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  The course is mainly dedicated to the DAPE Students.  From the theoretical point of view the course consists of the following problems to be discussed during the lectures and exercises: -fundamentals of strength of materials -basic structures and environment -loads on structures -strength of materials: tension, stress, analysis of stress and strain, bending moments and shearing forces, longitudinal and shearing stress in beams,...

• Strenght of materials towards applications , PG_00053661

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  The course is dedicated to the DAPE WIMiO Students.  From the theoretical point of view the course consists of the following problems to be discussed during the lectures: -fundamentals of strength of materials -basic structures and environment -loads on structures -strength of materials: tension, stress, analysis of stress and strain, bending moments and shearing forces, longitudinal and shearing stress in beams, bending stress...

• Geographical Information Systems GIS (project) [2022/23]

  Kursy Online

  • A. Augusiak

  Subject: Geographical Information Systems GIS, Inter-faculty (field of study: Energy Technologies), undergraduate studies, full-time studies (semester 6) Teacher: dr inż. Andrzej Augusiak, doc. PG Abstract: The course aims to teach the practical implementation of a simple project in the field of GIS geographical information systems. As part of the project, the course participant will learn how to use the basic methods and tools...

• Szkolenie z regulaminu studiów oraz praw i obowiązków studenta/Training on study regulations, student’s rights and obligations 2024/2025

  Kursy Online

  • P. Chobot
  • D. Stolc

  Witajcie na kursie Szkolenie z regulaminu studiów oraz praw i obowiązków studenta W celu zapisania się na kurs należy użyć hasła dla odpowiedniego wydziału: wydział Architektury: ARCH wydział Chemiczny: CHEM wydział Elektroniki Telekomunikacji i Informatyki: ETI wydział Elektrotechniki i Automatyki: EiA wydział Fizyki Technicznej i Matematyki Stosowanej: FTiMS wydział Inżynierii Lądowej i Środowiska: ILiŚ wydział Inżynierii...

• CAD. Integrated Architectural Design, MSc Arch (2023/24)

  Kursy Online

  • D. Cyparski

  Detailed understanding of optimizing the design process using parametric BIM (Building Information Modeling) in the Autodesk Revit Architecture program. Practical design exercises included familiarize students with methods of integrating parametric design and exchanging data with other CAD/BIM programs, modifying parametric objects and generating automatic 2D/3D architectural documentation. The lesson plan introduces students to...

• Measurements and Measurement Systems [2022/23]

  Kursy Online

  • A. Golijanek-Jędrzejczyk
  • A. Dzwonkowski

  Opis kursu: (np. numer semestru, dla którego przeznaczony jest kurs, cel lub tematyka przedmiotu) IV semestr kierunku Energy Technologies.  Celem kursu jest zapoznanie teoretyczne i praktyczne studentów z podstawowymi i zaawansowanymi metodami pomiarowymi różnych wielkości pomiarowych oraz budową i zasadą działania systemów pomiarowych.  The aim of the course is to introduce theoretical and practical students with basic...

• STRENGTH of MATERIALS TOWARDS APPLICATIONS (2024)

  Kursy Online

  • M. K. Gerigk

  The SMTA DATE Course consists of the following problems to be discussed during the lectures: - Introduction to strength of materials towards applications - Fundamentals of modelling in strength of materials towards applications - Materials and basic structures - Fundamentals of modelling in strength of materials towards applications - Definition of environment and loads - General, energy-based and advanced methods for analysis...

• PG-00060238 Standardy integralności mechanicznej dla inżynierii cyfrowej opartej na danych

  Kursy Online

  • J. Szwedowicz

  Kurs w zrozumiały sposób wyjaśnia praktyki inżynierskie dotyczące oceny mechanizmów awarii elementów mechanicznych, metody Stress-Life i Strain-Life, techniki liczenia cykli. Wyjaśnione modele oparte na wiedzy analitycznej są odniesione do potrzeb monitorowania silnika, które generuje dane pracy urządzeń u klientów. Dane te są wykorzystywane w rozwiązaniach inżynierii cyfrowej, takich jak digital twin (dla części) lub digital thread...

• 20232024_Elective design II_CULTURAL HERITAGE ROUTES_Gdańsk Virtual scenarios for city storytelling

  Kursy Online

  • J. Borucka

  Cultural Heritage Routes – Gdańsk. This course explores challenges, conflicts and concepts of cultural heritage preservation and protection in urban level, their connection to architectural and urban design in the time of digitalisation and their importance for a future of the cities. The aim of this course, based on the case study city of Gdańsk, is to understand the problem of cultural heritage and develop innovative...

• PG-00060238 Standardy integralności mechanicznej dla inżynierii cyfrowej opartej na danych

  Kursy Online

  • J. Szwedowicz

  Kurs w zrozumiały sposób wyjaśnia praktyki inżynierskie dotyczące oceny mechanizmów awarii elementów mechanicznych, metody Stress-Life i Strain-Life, techniki liczenia cykli. Wyjaśnione modele oparte na wiedzy analitycznej są odniesione do potrzeb monitorowania silnika, które generuje dane pracy urządzeń u klientów. Dane te są wykorzystywane w rozwiązaniach inżynierii cyfrowej, takich jak digital twin (dla części) lub digital thread...

• TIME SERIES MODELING (PG_00063724)

  Kursy Online

  • P. Paradowski

  Effectively uses in-depth knowledge of economic time series analysis methods, applying the results of analyzes to formulate forecasts. Subject contents: 1. Classical time series analysis (trend, cyclical fluctuations) 2. Exponential smoothing models 3. Holt and Winters model 4. Stochastic processes and time series 5. Characteristics of stochastic processes 6. Process spectrum autocorrelation functions 7. Study of the stationarity...

• Elective Project I _ Shelter_learning by doing

  Kursy Online

  • G. Rembarz
  • B. Bou Kalfouni

  Elective Project I _ Shelter - learning by doing “Your creativity and skills play an important role in making an impact in responding to humanitarian challenges and global crises” The world seems to be reeling from one crisis to another. Recently we experienced climate crises, global pandemic (Covid-19), economic uncertainty, wars, floods, wildfire, and earthquakes. Proceeding from the challenges facing humanity at the global...

• Oprogramowanie Systemów Elektronicznych 2023/2024

  Kursy Online

  • M. Kowalewski

  {mlang pl} Cel kursu: Programowanie urządzeń pomiarowych, obsługa interfejsów komputerowych, poznanie mechanizmów zwiększania wydajności oprogramowania (Win32 API, DLL, ODBC), projektowanie aplikacji wielozadaniowych. Dla studentów jakiego kierunku/stopnia studiów dany kurs jest przeznaczony: Przedmiot prowadzonych na studiach II stopnia.Obowiązkowy dla specjalności "Komputerowe Systemy Elektroniczne" i "Computer Electronic...

• Oprogramowanie Systemów Elektronicznych 2021/2022

  Kursy Online

  • M. Kowalewski

  {mlang pl} Cel kursu: Programowanie urządzeń pomiarowych, obsługa interfejsów komputerowych, poznanie mechanizmów zwiększania wydajności oprogramowania (Win32 API, DLL, ODBC), projektowanie aplikacji wielozadaniowych. Dla studentów jakiego kierunku/stopnia studiów dany kurs jest przeznaczony: Przedmiot prowadzonych na studiach II stopnia.Obowiązkowy dla specjalności "Komputerowe Systemy Elektroniczne" i "Computer Electronic...