Abstract
Ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically modified using a road bitumen 100/150 and two types of organic peroxides: di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The impact of used additives on reactive sintering efficiency and physico-mechanical properties of modified GTR was investigated using oscillating disc rheometer measurements, followed by tensile tests and swelling behavior studies. It was found that the application of bitumen and both used peroxides (DCP/BIB) improves processing and reactive sintering efficiency better than untreated GTR. However, the results indicate that BIB is more prone to blooming on the surface of modified GTR, thus limiting (especially at higher content) its application as a modifier and promotor of GTR reactive sintering.
Citations
-
1 4
CrossRef
-
0
Web of Science
-
1 8
Scopus
Authors (5)
Cite as
Full text
- Publication version
- Accepted or Published Version
- License
- open in new tab
Keywords
Details
- Category:
- Articles
- Type:
- artykuły w czasopismach
- Published in:
-
Journal of Composites Science
no. 4,
pages 1 - 11,
ISSN: - Language:
- English
- Publication year:
- 2020
- Bibliographic description:
- Zedler Ł., Przybysz-Romatowska M., Haponiuk J., Wang S., Formela K.: Modification of Ground Tire Rubber—Promising Approach for Development of Green Composites// Journal of Composites Science -Vol. 4,iss. 1 (2020), s.1-11
- DOI:
- Digital Object Identifier (open in new tab) 10.3390/jcs4010002
- Bibliography: test
-
- Mitchell, N.C. Process of Reclaiming Rubber from Waste-Rubber Goods. U.S. Patent US419697, 21 January 1890.
- Garlick, F.W.; Bear, C.I.; Vail, W.A.; Wheeler, O.A. Art or Process of Reclaiming Scrap or Waste Vulcanized Rubber. U.S. Patent US866759, 24 September 1907.
- Lovette, N.G. Process for Reclaiming Rubber, Metal and Fabric from Whole Tires. U.S. Patent US4025990, 28 April 1976.
- Kim, J.K.; Lee, S.H. New technology of crumb rubber compounding for recycling of waste tires. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 78, 1573-1577. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- De, D.; Das, A.; De, D.; Dey, B.; Debnath, S.C.; Roy, B.C. Reclaiming of ground rubber tire (GRT) by a novel reclaiming agent. Eur. Polym. J. 2006, 42, 917-927. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Asaro, L.; Gratton, M.; Seghar, S.; Aït Hocine, N. Recycling of rubber wastes by devulcanization. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 133, 250-262. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Formela, K.; Hejna, A.; Zedler, Ł.; Colom, X.; Cañavate, J. Microwave treatment in waste rubber recycling-Recent advances and limitations. Express Polym. Lett. 2019, 13, 565-588. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Adhikari, B.; De, D.; Maiti, S. Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2000, 25, 909-948. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Nadal, M.; Rovira, J.; Díaz-Ferrero, J.; Schuhmacher, M.; Domingo, J.L. Human exposure to environmental pollutants after a tire landfill fire in Spain: Health risks. Environ. Int. 2016, 97, 37-44. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Jang, J.-W.; Yoo, T.-S.; Oh, J.-H.; Iwasaki, I. Discarded tire recycling practices in the United States, Japan and Korea. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 1998, 22, 1-14. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Ogilvie, G.; Macdonald, K.; Karlik-Neale, M. Product Stewardship Case Study for End-of-Life Tyres; Raport of URS: Wellington, New Zealand, 2006.
- Torretta, V.; Rada, E.C.; Ragazzi, M.; Trulli, E.; Istrate, I.A.; Cioca, L.I. Treatment and disposal of tyres: Two EU approaches. A review. Waste Manag. 2015, 45, 152-160. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Karger-Kocsis, J.; Mészáros, L.; Bárány, T. Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers. J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 1-38. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Ramarad, S.; Khalid, M.; Ratnam, C.T.; Chuah, A.L.; Rashmi, W. Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2015, 72, 100-140. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Arastoopour, H.; Schocke, D.A.; Bernstein, B.; Bilgili, E. Process for Recycling of Rubber Materials. U.S. Patent US5904885, 18 May 1999.
- Saiwari, S.; Dierkes, W.K.; Noordermeer, J.W.M. Comparative investigation of the devulcanization parameters of tire rubbers. Rubber Chem. Technol. 2014, 87, 31-42. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Sabzekar, M.; Chenar, M.P.; Mortazavi, S.M.; Kariminejad, M.; Asadi, S.; Zohuri, G. Influence of process variables on chemical devulcanization of sulfur-cured natural rubber. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2015, 118, 88-95. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- De, D.; De, D.; Singharoy, G.M. Reclaiming of ground rubber tire by a novel reclaiming agent. I. Virgin natural rubber/reclaimed GRT vulcanizates. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2007, 47, 1091-1100. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Thaicharoen, P.; Thamyongkit, P.; Poompradub, S. Thiosalicylic acid as a devulcanizing agent for mechano-chemical devulcanization. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2010, 27, 1177-1183. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Ostad, M.S.; Ansarifar, A.; Karbalaee, S.; Athary Far, S. Devulcanization and recycling of waste automotive EPDM rubber powder by using shearing action and chemical additive. Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol. 2015, 31, 87-116.
- Neto, J.R.A.; Visconte, L.L.Y.; Tavares, M.I.B.; Pacheco, E.B.A.V.; Furtado, C.R.G. Regeneration of vulcanized compounds based on butadiene-styrene copolymer. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 2007, 56, 565-578. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Formela, K.; Cysewska, M.; Januszewicz, K. Effect of addition of reclaimed rubber on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber. Przem. Chem. 2014, 93, 666-671.
- Sabzekar, M.; Zohuri, G.; Chenar, M.P.; Mortazavi, S.M.; Kariminejad, M.; Asadi, S. A new approach for reclaiming of waste automotive EPDM rubber using waste oil. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2016, 129, 56-62. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Formela, K.; Klein, M.; Colom, X.; Saeb, M.R. Investigating the combined impact of plasticizer and shear force on the efficiency of low temperature reclaiming of ground tire rubber (GTR). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2016, 125, 1-11. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Khang, T.H.; Ariff, Z.M. Vulcanization kinetics study of natural rubber compounds having different formulation variables. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2012, 109, 1545-1553. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Yazdani, H.; Karrabi, M.; Ghasmi, I.; Azizi, H.; Bakhshandeh, G.R. Devulcanization of waste tires using a twin-screw extruder: The effects of processing conditions. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 2011, 17, 64-69. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Kim, S.W.; Park, H.Y.; Lim, J.C.; Jeon, I.R.; Seo, K.H. Cure characteristics and physical properties of ground-rubber-filled natural rubber vulcanizates: Effects of the curing systems of the ground rubber and rubber matrix. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 105, 2396-2406. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Ray, S.; Cooney, R.P. Chapter 7: Thermal degradation of polymer and polymer composites. In Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials; open in new tab
- Kutz, M., Ed.; William Andrew Publishing (Elsevier): Norwich, NY, USA, 2013. open in new tab
- Zedler, Ł.; Colom, X.; Saeb, M.R.; Formela, K. Preparation and characterization of natural rubber composites highly filled with brewers' spent grain/ground tire rubber hybrid reinforcement. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 145, 182-188. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Morin, J.E.; Williams, D.E.; Farris, R.J. A novel method to recycle scrap tires: High-pressure high-temperature sintering. Rubber Chem. Technol. 2002, 75, 955-968. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4, 2 11 of 11 open in new tab
- Zhao, F.; Bi, W.; Zhao, S. Influence of crosslink density on mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B Phys. 2011, 50, 1460-1469. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- Nandi, S.; Winter, H.H. Swelling behavior of partially cross-linked polymers: A ternary system. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 4447-4455. [CrossRef] open in new tab
- © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). open in new tab
- Sources of funding:
- Verified by:
- Gdańsk University of Technology
seen 176 times