Search results for: valence state

Search results for: valence state

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Valence state of Manganium in a MnCoO ceramics
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Manganium -cobalt based ceramics materials were produced by solid state reaction and sintred in a furnance in air atmosphere for 20h. Annealing temperature was 600 Celsius degree. For investigations a series of samples, with a various composition was chosen: MnCoO, Mn, Co2O and Mn2CoO. In order to determine valence states of the Mn, X-Ray photoemission...
Investigations of the valence state of Co in a MnCoO ceramics
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
McCoO ceramics materials were produced by solid state reaction and sintred in a furnance in air atmosphere for 20h. Annealing temperature was 600 Celsius degree. For investigations a series of samples, with a various composition was chosen: MnCoO, Mn, Co2O and Mn2CoO. Chemical behaviour of the Cobaltium was measured by XPS method. The analyses were...
XPS measurement of the Fe-Ti based materials
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
The mono‐ and bimetal‐modified (Pd, Cu) titanium(IV) oxide and iron oxide (III) photocatalysts were prepared by chemical reduction method and characterized using XPS method. The composition of elements incorporated in the surface layer of mono- and bimetallic photocatalysts was determined by XPS analysis, as well as the valence state of elements. Measurements...
X-Ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements of the Nb-V-Sr-O ceramics
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Niobium doped strontium vanadate based perovskite SrV1-xNbxO3-δ materials were prepared via conventional solid state reaction (SSR) method. For comparison, different samples with a various amount of niobium dopant in the structure were synthesized; x = 0; 0,2; 0,5; 0,8 and 1. Samples were sintered by two-steps: first under a pure hydrogen (purity >99.999%)...
Analysis of the properties of the YSTF ceramics materials before and after reduction
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
The valence of titanium in reduced YSTF ceramics materials was investigated. Ceramics were reduced by annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere. For comparison unreduced sample was also measured. Valance state was measured by XPS method.
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the second triplet Sigma ungerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the second triplet Sigma ungerade plus (2tSu+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the third singlet Sigma gerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the third singlet Sigma gerade plus (3sSg+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the third triplet Sigma ungerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the third triplet Sigma ungerade plus (3tSu+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the fourth triplet Sigma ungerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the fourth triplet Sigma ungerade plus (4tSu+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the fourth singlet Sigma gerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the fourth singlet Sigma gerade plus (4sSg+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the second singlet Sigma gerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the second singlet Sigma gerade plus (2sSg+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the fifth singlet Sigma gerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the fifth singlet Sigma gerade plus (5sSg+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the fifth triplet Sigma ungerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the fifth triplet Sigma ungerade plus (5tSu+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the first singlet Sigma gerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the first singlet Sigma gerade plus (1sSg+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the first triplet Sigma ungerade plus state of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the first triplet Sigma ungerade plus (1tSu+) state have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the five ETDMFs have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the first singlet Delta gerade and first triplet Delta ungerade states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the first singlet Delta gerade (1sDg) and first triplet Delta ungerade (1tDu) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the four ETDMFs have been obtained...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the second singlet Sigma ungerade plus and second triplet Sigma gerade plus states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the second singlet Sigma ungerade plus (2sSu+) and second triplet Sigma gerade plus (2tSg+) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the four ETDMFs...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the first singlet Sigma ungerade plus and first triplet Sigma gerade plus states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the first singlet Sigma ungerade plus (1sSu+) and first triplet Sigma gerade plus (1tSg+) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the four ETDMFs...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the first singlet Pi gerade and first triplet Pi gerade states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the first singlet Pi gerade (1sPg) and first triplet Pi gerade (1tPg) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the four ETDMFs have been obtained...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the third singlet Sigma ungerade plus and third triplet Sigma gerade plus states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the third singlet Sigma ungerade plus (3sSu+) and third triplet Sigma gerade plus (3tSg+) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the four ETDMFs...
Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the second singlet Pi gerade and second triplet Pi gerade states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Electronic transition dipole moment functions of the Lithium dimer
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (ETDMF) of the second singlet Pi gerade (2sPg) and second triplet Pi gerade (2tPg) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. ETDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. The results of the four ETDMFs have been obtained...
Polymers doped by Ca or P. Chemical composition investigations
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
The calcium and phosphorus doped polyurethane polymers (PU) were analyzed by XPS method. A series of samples with various content of Ca and P dopand - from 0% up to 21%) were selected for measutements. The chemical composition and valence state of elements were measurements using OmicronNatechnology UHV system wih Argus hemispherical photoelectron...
Lanthanum investigations in ceramics annealed in a dry and wet atmosphere
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Ceramics based on Barium, Lanthanum, Gadolinium and Cobaltium were produced by standard solid state reaction from oxides and carbonate powders. After sintring, samples were annealed for 2 hours or 72 hours at 300 Celsius degree in a both: wet and dry atmosphere. Results of annealing on a chemical composition and valence state of lanthanum were observed...
XPS study of the TiO2-WO2 composites
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Valence state of W and Ti was measured in a TiO2-WO3 composites with a various composition.Powder samples of pure titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide and mix of 50% titanium oxide and 50% od tungsten oxide were measured. Oxides were annealed at the temperature in the range of 300 Celsius degree up to 900 deg. Measurements were performed by XPS UHV Omicron...
XPS measurements of the Fe-Pb-Si based glass
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Glass samples with nominal compositions of xFe2O3-(50-x)PbO–50SiO2, where x = 12.5, 15, 17.5 (mol%) were prepared. Analytical grade substrates were used: Fe2O3, SiO2, and PbO. The appropriate amounts of reagents were mixed in an agate mortar. The powders obtained were melted in porcelain un-enamelled crucibles in an electric furnace at a temperature...
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Sigma gerade plus states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Sigma gerade plus states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the ground state and three excited states of the symmetry singlet Sigma gerade plus have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing...
Potential energy curves of the doublet Sigma gerade plus states of the Lithium dimer cation
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Wilczyński
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+)
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the doublet Sigma gerade plus (dSg+) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+). The results of the ground state and four excited states of the symmetry doublet Sigma gerade plus have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials...
Anomalous anisotropy of deuterium-grown boron-doped diamond and the role of boron-tetramers in the Mott-Insulator transition
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Sobaszek
- S. Kwon
- M. Winiarski
- B. Rutkowski
- J. Ryl
- D. Wang
- X. Li
- M. Bockrath
- W. Goddard III
We show anisotropy in the superconductivity for boron-doped diamond thin films prepared with Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition using deuterium-rich plasma. This anomalous phase transition is linked with the emergence of boson quantum entanglement states behaving as a bosonic insulating state. Here, we show that the superconducting...
Chemical composition of La-Sr-Ce-Ni-Ti ceramics material measured by XPS method
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
La-Sr-Ce-Ni-Ti (LSCNT) based ceramics sample was manufactured by standard solid state reaction.Prepared powder was pressed into pilled and sintered in a furnace in air atmosphere for 10h. Annealing temperature was 1200 Celsius degree. To calculate chemical composition and determine valence states of the elements, X-Ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS)...
Reduction of the strontium titanate doped by Ytrium ceramics observed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy method
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Ytrium-doped strontium titanate (YSTF) ceramics materials were manufactured by three various methods: 1) standard solid-state reaction method from Y2O3 (Sigma Aldrich, 99,9%), TiO2 (Sigma Aldrich, 99%) and SrCO3 (Sigma Aldrich,98%), 2) Pechini method, 3) wet method.
The luminescence study of Bi-doped Cs2AgInCl6 double perovskite.
Open Research Data
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Here, we report a halide precursor acid precipitation method to synthesize Cs2AgIn1−xBixCl6 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, and 1) microcrystals. Cs2AgInCl6 and Bi derivative double perovskites show broadband white light emission via self-trapped excitons (STEs) and have achieved the highest internal quantum efficiency of up to 52.4% at...
The luminescence study of Sr2TiO4:Sm3+ coumpounds.
Open Research Data
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A luminescent material based on the strontium orthotitanate (Sr2TiO4) matrix doped with 1% of a mole of samarium was obtained using the typical solid-state synthesis method under a neutral atmosphere of nitrogen. The sample was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and several luminescence techniques to study the phase composition, luminescence...
Depth chemical profile in a CeIr3 sample
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
The polycrystalline sample of CeIr3 used in the present studies was synthesized by arc-melting cerium (4N) and iridium (3N5) in an arc furnace on a water-cooled copper hearth using a tungsten electrode under a high purity argon atmosphere. A piece of zirconium was used as an oxygen getter. First, a button of Ir was prepared by arc-melting the iridium...
XPS measurements of the Fe-Bi based glass
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Fe-Si-O and Fe-Si-Pb-O glass was measured by XPS method. The influence of Pb dopand on the glass structure, including the valence of iron, was investigated. The influence of the annealing temperature on the behavior of iron in glass was also investigated. Studies have confirmed the mixed valence of iron in glasses and a high proportion of metallic Fe.
Sb measurements in a Bi-Sb-Te ceramics materials
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
The influence of the temperature of the annealing of ceramic materials with the composition Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3O9 was investigated. The materials were annealed at the temperature of 440 degrees Celsius and 450 degrees Celsius. There were no significant differences in the valence of antimony and other elements.
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Pi and Delta gerade states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Pi and Delta gerade states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the three excited states of the symmetries singlet Pi and Delta gerade have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction...
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Sigma ungerade plus states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Sigma ungerade plus states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the five excited states of the symmetry triplet Sigma ungerade plus have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction...
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Pi gerade states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Pi gerade states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the two excited states of the symmetry triplet Pi gerade have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction of valence electrons...
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Sigma ungerade plus states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Sigma ungerade plus states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the three excited states of the symmetry singlet Sigma ungerade plus have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction...
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Sigma gerade plus states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Sigma gerade plus states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the three excited states of the symmetry triplet Sigma gerade plus have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction...
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Pi and Delta ungerade states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the triplet Pi and Delta ungerade states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the three excited states of the symmetries triplet Pi and Delta ungerade have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction...
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Pi ungerade states of the Lithium dimer
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the singlet Pi ungerade states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer. The results of the two excited states of the symmetry singlet Pi ungerade have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction of valence electrons...
Potential energy curves of the doublet Sigma ungerade plus states of the Lithium dimer cation
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Wilczyński
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+)
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the doublet Sigma ungerade plus (dSu+) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+). The results of the five excited states of the symmetry doublet Sigma ungerade plus have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing...
Potential energy curves of the doublet Pi and Delta gerade states of the Lithium dimer cation
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Wilczyński
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+)
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the doublet Pi and Delta gerade (dPg and dDg) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+). The results of the four excited states of the symmetries doublet Pi and Delta gerade have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials...
Potential energy curves of the doublet Pi and Delta ungerade states of the Lithium dimer cation
Open Research Data
open access
- P. Jasik
- J. Wilczyński
- J. Sienkiewicz
- series: Adiabatic potential energy curves of the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+)
Adiabatic potential energy curves of the doublet Pi and Delta ungerade (dPu and dDu) states have been calculated for the Lithium dimer cation (Li2+). The results of the four excited states of the symmetries doublet Pi and Delta ungerade have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials...
Transition dipole moment functions of the KRb molecule
Open Research Data
open access
- series: Potential energy curves, transition and permanent dipole moments of KRb
Electronic transition dipole moment functions (TDMF) have been calculated for the singlet (s) and triplet (t) Sigma+ (S+), Pi (P), and Delta (D) electronic states of the KRb molecule. TDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. All results of the transition dipole moments...
Permanent dipole moment functions of the KRb molecule
Open Research Data
open access
- series: Potential energy curves, transition and permanent dipole moments of KRb
Electronic permanent dipole moment functions (PDMF) have been calculated for the singlet (s) and triplet (t) Sigma+, Sigma-, Pi, and Delta electronic states of the KRb molecule. PDMFs are needed in understanding processes like photodissociation, photoassociation, cooling, and trapping of molecules. All results of the permanent dipole moments have been...
Born-Oppenheimer potential energy curves of the NaK molecule
Open Research Data
open access
- K. Bączek
- P. Jasik
- T. Kilich
- J. Sienkiewicz
Adiabatic potential energy curves (APEC) of the singlet (s) and triplet (t) Sigma+, Pi, and Delta electronic states have been calculated for the NaK molecule. All results of the presented molecular states have been obtained by the nonrelativistic multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method used with pseudopotentials describing the interaction...
Luminescence of TeO2:Eu thin films
Open Research Data
open access
- M. Łapiński
Tellurium dioxide doped by europium thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering method and simultaneously heated at 200 oC. Presence of Eu ions and their valence states was confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements. The structure of the films as well as the influence of europium dopant on crystalline structure of the films was...
Structure and optical measurements of Eu doped tellurium oxide thin films
Open Research Data
open access
Thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering method and simultaneously heated at 200 oC. Presence of Eu ions and their valence states was confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements. The structure of the films as well as the influence of europium dopant on crystalline structure of the films was examined by X-ray diffraction method. ...

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Search results for: valence state