The mechanisms of technological innovation in SMEs: a Bayesian Network Analysis of EU regional policy impact on Polish firms. - Publikacja - MOST Wiedzy

Wyszukiwarka

The mechanisms of technological innovation in SMEs: a Bayesian Network Analysis of EU regional policy impact on Polish firms.

Abstrakt

We study the underlying mechanisms of technological innovation in SMEs in the context of ex-post evaluation of European Union’s regional policy. Our aim is to explain the observed change in firms’ innovativeness after receiving EU support for technological investment. To do so, we take an approach that is novel in innovation studies: a Bayesian Network Analysis to assess the effectiveness of EU policy instrument for technological innovation and to determine the mechanisms by which the policy works within firms. Our data draw from a unique survey of 200 Polish firms that received “Technological Credit” during the 2007−2013 programming period. First, we confirm the short-term positive impact of the EU innovation policy (i.e. a wider range of products/services offered, increased sales and exports). More importantly, we determine the causal chain between economically quantifiable outcomes and behavioural change in the firm, which is an important node in the network of effects generated. We find that only the financially sounder and more internationalised firms managed to take advantage of the policy. These findings suggest that programmes based on technological credits are not well suited to foster innovation in more fragile and domestically oriented SMEs, which may require different policy instruments.

Cytowania

  • 3

    CrossRef

  • 0

    Web of Science

  • 3

    Scopus

Autorzy (3)

Cytuj jako

Pełna treść

pobierz publikację
pobrano 27 razy
Wersja publikacji
Accepted albo Published Version
Licencja
Creative Commons: CC-BY otwiera się w nowej karcie

Słowa kluczowe

Informacje szczegółowe

Kategoria:
Publikacja w czasopiśmie
Typ:
artykuł w czasopiśmie wyróżnionym w JCR
Opublikowano w:
Technological and Economic Development of Economy nr 24, strony 2131 - 2160,
ISSN: 2029-4913
Język:
angielski
Rok wydania:
2018
Opis bibliograficzny:
Florio M., Parteka A., Sirtori E.: The mechanisms of technological innovation in SMEs: a Bayesian Network Analysis of EU regional policy impact on Polish firms.// Technological and Economic Development of Economy. -Vol. 24, nr. 5 (2018), s.2131-2160
DOI:
Cyfrowy identyfikator dokumentu elektronicznego (otwiera się w nowej karcie) 10.3846/tede.2018.6056
Bibliografia: test
  1. Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. (1990). Innovation and small firms. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  2. Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, B. (2009). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 32(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  3. Aerts, K., & Schmidt, T. (2008). Two for the price of one?: Additionality effects of R&D subsidies: a comparison between Flanders and Germany. Research Policy, 37(5), 806-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.011 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  4. Alecke, B., Mitze, T., Reinkowski, J., & Untiedt, G. (2012). Does firm size make a difference? Analysing the effectiveness of R&D subsidies in East Germany. German Economic Review, 13(2), 174-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2011.00546.x otwiera się w nowej karcie
  5. Arrow, K. (1962). Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for inventions. In R. Nelson (Ed.), The rate and direction of inventive activity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400879762-024 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  6. Astbury, B., & Leeuw, F. L. (2010). Unpacking black boxes: mechanisms and theory building in evalu- ation. American Journal of Evaluation, 31(3), 363-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214010371972 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  7. Astbury, B. (2013). Some reflections on Pawson᾽s science of evaluation: a realist manifesto. Evalua- tion, 19(4), 383-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389013505039 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  8. Bach, L., Matt, M., & Wolff, S. (2014). How do firms perceive policy rationales behind the variety of in- struments supporting collaborative R&D? Lessons from the European Framework Programs. Tech- novation, 34(5), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.02.008 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  9. Baruk, J. (1997). Innovativeness of Polish enterprises in the initial period of system transforma- tion. Technovation, 17(9), 477-530. otwiera się w nowej karcie
  10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(97)00034-5 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  11. Battisti, G., & Stoneman, P. (2010). How innovative are UK firms? Evidence from the fourth UK com- munity innovation survey on synergies between technological and organisational innovations. Brit- ish Journal of Management, 21(1), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00629.x otwiera się w nowej karcie
  12. Beck, T., & Demirguc-Kunt, A. (2006). Small and medium-size enterprises: access to finance as a growth constraint. Journal of Banking and Finance, 30(11), 2931-2943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.05.009 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  13. Becker, B. (2015). Public R&D policies and private R&D investment: a survey of the empirical evi- dence. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(5), 917-942. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12074 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  14. Béres, A., & Závecz, G. (2016). Comparative counterfactual impact evaluation of repayable and non- repayable financial assistances to SMEs in Hungary. Equinox Consulting.
  15. Bérubé, C., & Mohnen, P. (2009). Are firms that receive R&D subsidies more innovative? Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d"économique, 42(1), 206-225. otwiera się w nowej karcie
  16. Bronzini, R., & Iachini, E. (2014). Are Incentives for R&D Effective? Evidence from a regression dis- continuity approach. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(4), 100-134. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.4.100 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  17. Bronzini, R., & Piselli, P. (2016). The impact of R&D subsidies on firm innovation. Research Poli- cy, 45(2), 442-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.008 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  18. Brown, R., & Mason, C. (2014). Inside the high-tech black box: a critique of technology entrepreneur- ship policy. Technovation, 34(12), 773-784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.07.013 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  19. Burgelman, R. A., Maidique, M. A., & Wheelwright, S. C. (1996). Strategic management of technology and innovation (Vol. 2). Chicago, IL: Irwin.
  20. Camisón, C., & Villar-López, A. (2014). Organisational innovation as an enabler of technological in- novation capabilities and firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), 2891-2902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.06.004 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  21. Carpenter, R. E., & Petersen, B. C. (2002). Is the growth of small firms constrained by internal finance? Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(2), 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465302317411541 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  22. Carvalho, S., & White, H. (2004). Theory-based evaluation: the case of social funds. American Journal of Evaluation, 25(2), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/109821400402500202 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  23. Chen, Y. H., & Nie, P. Y. (2014). Duopoly innovation under product externalities. Economic Research- Ekonomska Istraživanja, 27(1), 232-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.952092 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  24. Clausen, T. H. (2009). Do subsidies have positive impacts on R&D and innovation activities at the firm level? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 20(4), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2009.09.004 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  25. Cox, D., & Rigby, J. (2013). Innovation policy challenges for the 21st century. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon. otwiera się w nowej karcie
  26. Czarnitzki, D., & Hottenrott, H. (2011). R&D investment and financing constraints of small and medi- um-sized firms. Small Business Economics, 36(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9189-3 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  27. Czarnitzki, D., & Licht, G. (2006). Additionality of public R&D grants in a transition economy. Econom- ics of Transition, 14(1), 101-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2006.00236.x otwiera się w nowej karcie
  28. Czarnitzki, D., & Lopes-Bento, C. (2013). Value for money? New microeconometric evidence on public R&D grants in Flanders. Research Policy, 42(1), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.04.008 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  29. Czarnitzki, D., Hanel, P., & Rosa, J. M. (2011). Evaluating the impact of R&D tax credits on innovation: a microeconometric study on Canadian firms. Research Policy, 40(2), 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.09.017 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  30. Czemiel-Grzybowska, W., & Skowronek-Mielczarek, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship research in the Po- land. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 23(3), 504-519. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1070770 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  31. Daly, R., Shen, Q., & Aitken, S. (2011). Learning Bayesian networks: approaches and issues. The Knowl- edge Engineering Review, 26(2), 99-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269888910000251 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  32. Dawid, A. P. (2000). Causal inference without counterfactuals. Journal of the American Statistical As- sociation, 95(450), 407-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2000.10474210 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  33. Dodgson, M., Gann, D. M., & Salter, A. (2008). The management of technological innovation: strategy and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. otwiera się w nowej karcie
  34. Dolfsma, W., & Seo, D. (2013). Government policy and technological innovation -a suggested typol- ogy. Technovation, 33(6), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2013.03.011 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  35. Dosi, G., Freeman, C., Nelson, R., Silverberg, G., & Soete, L. G. (Eds.). (1988). Technical change and economic theory. London: Pinter. otwiera się w nowej karcie
  36. Duda, J. (2012). Role and importance of technological credits in financing of innovative investments by small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland and Lesser Poland. AGH Managerial Economics, 12, 25-40. https://doi.org/10.7494/manage.2012.12.25 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  37. EBRD. (2015a). EBRD Transition Report 2015-2016. Retrieved from http://www.ebrd.com/news/publi- cations/transition-report/ebrd-transition-report-201516.html
  38. EBRD. (2015b). Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) V. Retrieved from http://ebrd-beeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BEEPSV-complete.pdf otwiera się w nowej karcie
  39. EC. (2010). Europe 2020: a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, communication from the commission. European Commission, Brussels.
  40. EC. (2015a). Support to SMEs -increasing research and innovation in SMEs and SME development, work package 2, first intermediate report. Ex post evaluation of Cohesion Policy programmes 2007-2013, focusing on the European Regional Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund (CF). Contract number 2014CE16BAT002. Authored by CSIL, in partnership with CSES and ZEW. Retrieved from http:// ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/expost2013/wp2_1st_intermedia- te_report_1.pdf EC. (2015b). Support to SMEs -increasing research and innovation in SMEs and SME development, work package 2, Poland. operational programme 2007-2013 innovative economy, case study. Ex post evalu- ation of Cohesion Policy programmes 2007-2013, focusing on the European Regional Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund (CF). Contract number 2014CE16BAT002. Authored by Elena Jarocinska (CASE) and Jan Teresiński (CASE) in partnership with CSIL. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/ regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/expost2013/wp2_case_study_pl.pdf
  41. EC. (2015c). Support to SMEs -increasing research and innovation in SMEs and SME development, third intermediate report, work package 2. Ex post evaluation of Cohesion Policy programmes 2007-2013, focusing on the European Regional Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund (CF). Contract number 2014CE16BAT002. Authored by CSIL, in partnership with CSES and ZEW. Vol. I. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/expost2013/wp2_3rd_inter- mediate_report_1.pdf.pdf Vol. II. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/doc- gener/evaluation/pdf/expost2013/wp2_3rd_intermediate_report_2.pdf.pdf
  42. EC. (2016). European innovation scoreboard 2016. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/ innovation/facts-figures/scoreboards_en otwiera się w nowej karcie
  43. Edler, J., Cunningham, P., & Gök, A. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of innovation policy impact. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784711856 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  44. Edler, J., & Fagerberg, J. (2017). Innovation policy: what, why, and how. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(1), 2-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grx001 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  45. Faber, J., van Dijk, J., & van Rijnsoever, F. (2016). Incentives and barriers for R&D-based SMEs to participate in European research programs: an empirical assessment for the Netherlands. Science and Public Policy, 43(3), 414-428. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scv050 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  46. Foreman-Peck, J. (2013). Effectiveness and efficiency of SME innovation policy. Small Business Econom- ics, 41(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9426-z otwiera się w nowej karcie
  47. Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., & Rubin, D. B. (2014). Bayesian data analysis (Vol. 2). Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  48. Giffoni, F., Salini, S., & Sirtori, E. (2018). Evaluating business support measures: the Bayesian network approach. Evaluation, 24(2), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389018767179 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  49. Gök, A., & Edler, J. (2012). The use of behavioural additionality evaluation in innovation policy mak- ing. Research Evaluation, 21(4), 306-318. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvs015 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  50. Golejewska, A., & Gajda, D. (2015). How Polish firms use the EU funds for innovative projects? Final evaluation of Pomerania region in Poland. In Innovation, Finance, and the Economy (pp. 1-13). otwiera się w nowej karcie
  51. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15880-8_1 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  52. Hadjimanolis, A. (1999). Barriers to innovation for SMEs in a small less developed country (Cy- prus). Technovation, 19(9), 561-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(99)00034-6 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  53. Heckerman, D., Geiger, D., & Chickering, D. M. (1995). Learning Bayesian networks: the combination of knowledge and statistical data. Machine Learning, 20, 197-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994016 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  54. Holmes, T. J., Levine, D. K., & Schmitz, J., J. A. (2012). Monopoly and the incentive to innovate when adoption involves switchover disruptions. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 4(3), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.3.1 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  55. Hottenrott, H., & Lopes-Bento, C. (2014). (International) R&D collaboration and SMEs: The effective- ness of targeted public R&D support schemes. Research Policy, 43(6), 1055-1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.004 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  56. Hueske, A. K., & Guenther, E. (2015). What hampers innovation? External stakeholders, the organisa- tion, groups and individuals: a systematic review of empirical barrier research. Management Review Quarterly, 65(2), 113-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-014-0109-5 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  57. Jasinski, A. H. (2003). Has innovation policy an influence on innovation? The case of a country in transition. Science and Public Policy, 30(6), 431-440. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154303781780245 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  58. Jasinski, A. H. (2014). Innovation policy instruments: do they work in Poland? International Journal of Transitions and Innovation Systems, 3(3), 269-290. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTIS.2014.065699 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  59. Kelley, D., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2016). Global entrepreneurship monitor -2015/16 global report. Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/report/49480
  60. Konings, J., Rizov, M., & Vandenbussche, H. (2003). Investment and financial constraints in transition economies: micro evidence from Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Romania. Economics Letters, 78(2), 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(02)00210-0 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  61. Lauritzen, S. L., &. Spiegelhalter, D. J (1988). Local computations with probabilities on graphical struc- tures and their application to expert systems (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical So- ciety. Series B (Methodological), 50(2), 157-224. otwiera się w nowej karcie
  62. Lee, K., Park, I., & Yoon, B. (2016). An approach for R&D partner selection in alliances between large companies, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs): application of Bayesian network and patent analysis. Sustainability, 8(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020117 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  63. Lewandowska, A., Stopa, M., & Humenny, G. (2015). The European Union structural funds and re- gional development. The perspective of small and medium enterprises in Eastern Poland. European Planning Studies, 23(4), 785-797. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.970132 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  64. Madrid-Guijarro, A., Garcia, D., & Van Auken, H. (2009). Barriers to innovation among Spanish manu- facturing SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(4), 465-488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2009.00279.x otwiera się w nowej karcie
  65. Martínez-Ros, E., & Labeaga, J. M. (2009). Product and process innovation: persistence and comple- mentarities. European Management Review, 6(1), 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1057/emr.2009.4 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  66. Massa, S., & Testa, S. (2008). Innovation and SMEs: misaligned perspectives and goals among entre- preneurs, academics, and policy makers. Technovation, 28(7), 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2008.01.002 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  67. Mazzucato, M., & Semieniuk, G. (2017). Public financing of innovation: new questions. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(1), 24-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grw036 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  68. Melitz, M. J. (2003). The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry pro- ductivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00467 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  69. Mole, K. F., Hart, M., Roper, S., & Saal, D. S. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of business support services in England. Evidence from a theory-based evaluation. International Small Business Jour- nal, 27(5), 557-582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242609338755 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  70. Moral-Arce, I., & Paniagua, M. (2016). An impact evaluation of the EU funds on research and develop- ment in Spanish companies in 2007-2011. Papeles de Trabajo 7/2016. Istituto de Estudios Fiscales. Retrieved from http://www.ief.es/documentos/recursos/publicaciones/papeles_trabajo/2016_07.pdf Nadkarni, S., & Shenoy, P. P. (2001). A Bayesian network approach to making inferences in causal maps. European Journal of Operational Research, 128(3), 479-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00368-9 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  71. Neapolitan, R. E. (2004). Learning Bayesian networks. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  72. Nie, P. Y. (2013). Innovation under spatial duopoly. Prague Economic Papers, 23(4), 474-486. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.463 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  73. Nieć, M. (2015). Innovation activity of enterprises in Poland in comparison to other European coun- tries. In P. Zadura-Lichota (Ed.), Innovative entrepreneurship. Revealed and hidden potential for innovation in Poland. Warsaw: Polish Agency for Enterprise Development. otwiera się w nowej karcie
  74. Nielsen, T. D., & Jensen, F. V. (2009). Bayesian networks and decision graphs. Springer Science and Business Media.
  75. OECD. (2015). The innovation imperative: contributing to productivity, growth and well-being. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239814-en otwiera się w nowej karcie
  76. Pawson, R., & Tilley, N. (1997). Realistic evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
  77. Piva, M., Santarelli, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2005). The skill bias effect of technological and organisational change: evidence and policy implications. Research Policy, 34(2), 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.11.005 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  78. Porter, M. E., Sachs, J., & McArthur, J. (2001). Executive summary: competitiveness and stages of eco- nomic development. The Global Competitiveness Report, 2002, 16-25.
  79. Radicic, D., Pugh, G., Hollanders, H., Wintjes, R., & Fairburn, J. (2016). The impact of innovation sup- port programs on small and medium enterprises innovation in traditional manufacturing indus- tries: an evaluation for seven European Union regions. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 34(8), 1425-1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15621759 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  80. Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S71-S102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  81. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2003). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  82. Scherer, F. M. (1986). Innovation and growth: Schumpeterian perspectives. The MIT Press.
  83. Spiegelhalter, D., Dawid, A., Lauritzen, S., & Cowell, R. (1993). Bayesian analysis in expert systems. Statistical Science, 8, 219-282. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177010888 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  84. Tang, J. M. (2006). Competition and innovation behavior. Research Policy, 35(1), 68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.08.004 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  85. Teece, D. J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 15(6), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(86)90027-2 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  86. Tilley, N. (2000). Realistic evaluation: an overview. In Founding Conference of the Danish Evaluation Society (Vol. 8). Retrieved from http://healthimpactassessment.pbworks.com/f/Realistic+evalu- ation+an+overview+-+UoNT+England+-+2000.pdf otwiera się w nowej karcie
  87. Venturini, F., Aristei, D., & Sterlacchini, A. (2016). Effectiveness of R&D subsidies during the crisis: firm-level evidence across EU countries. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26(6), 1-20.
  88. Węcławska, D., Tarnawa, A., Nieć, M., & Zbierowski, P. (2015). Global entrepreneurship monitor Poland. Warsaw: Polish Agency for Enterprise Development.
  89. Weiss, C. H. (1997a). How can theory-based evaluation make greater headway? Evaluation Re- view, 21(4), 501-524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9702100405 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  90. Weiss, C. H. (1997b). Theory-based evaluation: past, present, and future. New Directions for Evalua- tion, 1997(76), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1086 otwiera się w nowej karcie
  91. Zúñiga-Vicente, J. Á., Alonso-Borrego, C., Forcadell, F. J., & Galán, J. I. (2014). Assessing the effect of public subsidies on firm R&D investment: a survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 28(1), 36-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2012.00738.x otwiera się w nowej karcie
Weryfikacja:
Politechnika Gdańska

wyświetlono 122 razy

Publikacje, które mogą cię zainteresować

Meta Tagi