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Search results for: SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL TUBULAR EXTRUSION DIP-COATING SINTERING LSGM
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Effect of interconnect coating procedure on solid oxide fuel cell performance
PublicationChromium (Cr) species vaporizing from chromia-forming alloy interconnects is known as a source of degradation in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks called “cathode poisoning”. (Mn,Co)3O4 spinel coatings offer good protection against Cr evaporation during operation. In this study, Crofer 22 APU steel interconnects were electrophoretically deposited in different mediums to obtain high packing of green coating layer. The optimized...
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Applications of spin coating of polymer precursor and slurrysuspensions for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell fabrication
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania w tlenkowych ogniwach paliwowych metody nanoszenia wirowego prekursorów polimerowych i zawiesin. Przedstawiono przykłady zastosowania tej metody do wytworzenia elektrolitu oraz warstw ochronnych dla stali nierdzewnych.
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Characteristics of La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-delta -supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells with bi-layer and tri-layer electrolytes
PublicationIn this study, La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ (LSGM)-supported micro tubular solid oxide fuel cells (T-SOFCs) with two different configurations, one containing an LSGM–Ce0.6La0.4O2−δ (LDC) bi-layer electrolyte (Cell A) and one containing an LDC–LSGM–LDC tri-layer electrolyte (Cell B), were fabricated using extrusion and dip-coating. After optimizing the paste formulation for extrusion, the flexural strength of the dense and uniform LSGM...
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Design and characterization of apatite La9.8Si5.7Mg0.3O26±δ-based micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationIn this study, electrolyte-supported (Cell A) and anode-supported (Cell B) micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on the La9.8Si5.7Mg0.3O26±δ (LSMO) electrolyte is built through an extrusion and dip-coating processes. The formulations and process conditions for these cells are established and optimized. Both cell configurations show no visible delamination or cracking, and reaction zones and inter-diffusion of any species...
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Characteristics of La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 3-δ -supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells with LaCo 0.4 Ni 0.6-x Cu x O 3-δ cathodes
PublicationIn this study, micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (T-SOFCs) with extruded La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ (LSGM) electrolyte as the mechanical support and LaCo0.4Ni0.6O3-δ (LCNO) or LaCo0.4Ni0.4Cu0.2O3-δ (LCNCO) as cathodes were prepared and characterized. Partial substitution of Cu for the Ni-ion positions in the LCNO lattices was found to significantly enhance the densification and accelerate the grain growth. The porosity-corrected...
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Low temperature processed MnCo2O4 and MnCo1.8Fe0.2O4 as effective protective coatings for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects at 750 °C
PublicationIn this study two materials, MnCo2O4 and MnCo1.8Fe0.2O4 are studied as potential protective coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell interconnects working at 750 °C. First powder fabrication by a modified Pechini method is described followed by a description of the coating procedure. The protective action of the coating applied on Crofer 22 APU is evaluated by following the area specific resistance (ASR) of the scale/coating for 5500...
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Application of wet powder spraying for anode supported solid oxide fuel cell with a perowskite SrTi0.98Nb0.02O3-d anode
PublicationAnode-supported solid oxide fuel cell with SrTi0.98Nb0.02O3–d anode, yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte and La(Ni0.6Fe0.4) O3d cathode has been successfully fabricated and evaluated. Process of anode support fabrication has been presented. Wet powder spraying and high temperature sintering method have been studied and applied to deposit the thin electrolyte layer.In order to improve catalytic properties of the anode, it has...
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Investigation of functional layers of solid oxide fuel cell anodes for synthetic biogas reforming
PublicationSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are one of the most promising energy conversion devices due to their high efficiency, low pollution and fuel flexibility. Unfortunately, when hydrocarbons are used as a fuel, for example in the form of a biogas, solid carbon can deposit on the anode surface. This process leads to the degradation of the fuel cell performance. A possible solution to this problem is to apply an additional catalytic material,...
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Ni infiltrated perovskite anode
PublicationNiobium-doped strontium titanate was used as the anode for a solid oxide fuel cell. Electrolyte-supported cells were prepared with pure perovskite and composite perovskite–yttria–stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) anodes. Fuel cell tests demonstrated significant improvement in power density after infiltration with a small amount of Ni. The obtained values of power densities are comparable with conventional Ni/YSZ cermet anode. In addition,...
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Manganese–Cobalt Based Spinel Coatings Processed by Electrophoretic Deposition Method: The Influence of Sintering on Degradation Issues of Solid Oxide Cell Oxygen Electrodes at 750 °C
PublicationThis paper seeks to examine how the Mn–Co spinel interconnect coating microstructure can influence Cr contamination in an oxygen electrode of intermediate temperature solid oxide cells, at an operating temperature of 750 °C. A Mn–Co spinel coating is processed on Crofer 22 APU substrates by electrophoretic deposition, and subsequently sintered, following both the one-step and two-step sintering, in order to obtain significantly...
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THE ROLE OF THIN FUNCTIONAL LAYERS IN SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
PublicationWidespread commercialization of solid oxide fuel cells requires lowering its cost. It is generally accepted that to lower the cost of solid oxide fuel cells it is necessary to use metal alloys as interconnectors and, consequently, lower its operating temperature to slow down interconnectors degradation. As a result the area specific resistance of the cathodes should be lowered to sustain the performance of the cells. In order to...
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Application analysis of a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine system for marine power plants
PublicationThe results of theoretical studies of the possibilities of using hybrid solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine (SOFC-GT) systems for marine power plants are presented. A 500 kW auxiliary marine power plant scheme using stacks of SOFCs in combination with a regenerative gas turbine operating with over-expansion based on our recent patent application is proposed. The results of mathematical modelling showed the opportunity to obtain a...
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CeCu2O4 as a functional layer on solid oxide fuel cells for synthetic biogas reforming
PublicationSolid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are one of the most promising electrochemical devices, which can convert chemical energy to the electrical energy these days. Their ability to work with different kind of fuel makes them noteworthy. SOFC can work with biogas. The problem arises when solid carbon starts to be deposited in anode. That leads to degradation of fuel cell. Simple solution is to apply catalytic functional layer, which is...
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A novel technology of solid oxide fuel cell fabrication
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono metodę wytwarzania wartstw i materiałów elektroceramicznych. Metoda jest kombinacją metod nanoszenia szkieletu z proszków ceramicznych i prekursorów polimerowych. Umożliwia ona otrzymanie zarówno gęstych jak i porowatych warstw i materiałów jednorodnych oraz kompozytowych. W pracy przedstawiono przykłady struktur dla tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych.
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Investigation of catalytic layers on anode for solid oxide fuel cells operating with synthetic biogas
PublicationIn this paper solid oxide fuel cells operating with dry synthetic biogas have been examined. In order to increase their stability the layers of CuO-CeO2, Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 and Y0.08Sr0.92Ti0.8Fe0.2O3 -δ have been deposited on the Ni-YSZ anode site. These layers should catalyze the internal biogas reforming and prevent the carbon deposition on the anode site. It has been found that CuO-CeO2 and Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 catalysts led to an increase...
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Spray pyrolysis of doped-ceria barrier layers for solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationGadolinium doped ceria (Ce0.8Gd0.2O2 − x-CGO) layer fabricated by spray pyrolysis is investigated as the diffusion barrier for solid oxide fuel cell. It is deposited between the La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 − δ cathode and the yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte to mitigate harmful interdiffusion of elements. The parameters of the fabrication process are linked to the measured area specific resistances of the symmetrical cells and the efficiency...
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CGO as a barrier layer between LSCF electrodes and YSZ electrolyte fabricated by spray pyrolysis for solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationPerovskite La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 − δ (LSCF) is often used as a cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) due to high mixed ionic and electronic conductivity and good catalytic activity. Unfortunately, sintering of the LSCF cathode together with the yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, leads to formation of the La2Zr2O7 and SrZrO3 phases in the interface. These phases increase the resistance of the cell. To avoid...
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Physical and sealing properties of BaO–Al2O3–SiO2–CaO–V2O5 glasses for solid oxide fuel cell applications
PublicationIn this study, the properties of BaO–Al2O3–SiO2 (SAB) glasses incorporated with CaO and V2O5 as the network modifier and additive, respectively, are evaluated. The electrical resistivities of the glasses decrease upon the addition of CaO but increase upon increasing their V2O5 content because the V5+ species lower the ionic mobility of the glasses. The addition of V2O5 improves the wettability of the glasses on the Crofer 22 APU...
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Improved performance of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 solid oxide fuel cell cathode by application of a thin interface cathode functional layer
PublicationIn this work, novel functional layers were prepared by a low temperature spray pyrolysis method on the oxygen side of the solid oxide cells. Thin layers of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2 and LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 are prepared between the electrolyte and the porous oxygen electrode. Additionally the influence of the sprayed ceria barrier layer on the zirconia based electrolyte with the new layers is evaluated. Impedance spectroscopy results show improvement...
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In situ study of a composition of outlet gases from biogas fuelled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell performed by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
PublicationThe purpose of this study was to develop a method and software based on the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the in-situ, quantitative analysis of the composition of outlet gases from Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). The calibration procedure performed at the beginning of the experiment indicated a polynomial dependence between the concentration of a calibrating gas (CO, CO2, CH4) and the corresponding integrated absorbance in...
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Single chamber solid oxide fuel cell - investigation of cathodes
PublicationSporo uwagi w ostatnim okresie przykuwają jednokomorowe ogniwa w związku z potencjalnym uroszczeniem konstrukcji w porównaniu z konwencjonalnymi ogniwami. W pracy zbadano wpływ warunków syntezy różnych materiałów katodowych na wydajność ogniw. Ogniwa zbudowane zostały z typowych materiałow stosowanych na ogniwa: stabilizowanego tleneku cyrkonu jako elektrolit, cermetu niklowego jako anody oraz samaru kobaltanu domieszkowanego strontem,...
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High-performance anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells with co-fired Sm0.2Ce0.8O2-δ/La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ/Sm0.2Ce0.8O2-δ sandwiched electrolyte
PublicationIn this study, intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) with a nine-layer structure are constructed via a simple method based on the cost-effective tape casting-screen printing-co-firing process with the structure composed of a NiO-based four-layer anode, a Sm0.2Ce0·8O2-δ(SDC)/La0·8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0·2O3−δ (LSGM)/SDC tri-layer electrolyte, and an La0·6Sr0·4Co0·2Fe0·8O3-δ (LSCF)-based bi-layer cathode. The resultant...
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Thin Layer Deposition Methods in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology
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Effects of Ni-NCAL and Ni–Ag electrodes on the cell performances of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with Sm0.2Ce0·8O2-δ electrolyte at various temperatures
PublicationThree low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells are built using Sm0.2Ce0·8O2-δ (SDC) as the electrolyte. Cell A is symmetrical and features Ni–LiNi0.8Co0·15Al0·05O2 (Ni–NCAL) electrodes, Cell B comprises a Ni–NCAL anode and a Ni–Ag cathode, and Cell C is fabricated using a Ni–NCAL cathode and a Ni–Ag anode. The ohmic resistance and polarization resistance (Rp) of Cells B and C are significantly higher than those of Cell A. The reduction...
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NANOCRYSTALLINE CATHODES FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS MADE OF NOBLE METALS
PublicationCathodes for solid oxide fuel cells prepared by the infiltration method at 600 °C are presented. The infiltration method allows to produce stable, nanostructured electrodes. Cathodes were prepared using gold, platinum, La2NiO4+δ (L2N) and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 δ (LSCF). Symmetrical cathode/electrolyte/cathode samples were prepared and examined with SEM microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Despite successful deposition...
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Experimental review of the performances of protective coatings for interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationFerritic stainless steel interconnects are used in solid oxide fuel cells; however, coatings are required to improve their performance. Although several types of coatings have been proposed, they have been scarcely investigated under similar conditions. This study compares the characteristics of uncoated Crofer 22 APU and eight different coatings on Crofer 22 APU for up to 3000 h at 800 ◦C. The coatings were deposited at various...
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Single chamber solid oxide fuel cell - current stage of development and prospects
PublicationOgniwa paliwowe należą do jednego z najbardziej wydatnych żródeł energii. W konwencjonalnych ogniwach paliwo i powietrze są dostarczane do ogniwa oddzielnie. Jednokomorowych ogniwo dziala zasilane mieszanina paliwa i powietrza. W pracy przedstawiono obecny stan i perspektywy dlaszego rozwoju jednokomorowych tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych.
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The outline of percolation theory in reference to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell composite anodes
PublicationPrzedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne dotyczące zjawiska perkolacji w układach nieuporządkowanych. Zaprezentowano obecny stan wiedzy na temat wykorzystania teorii perkolacji w materiałach elektrodowych dla tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych.
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High temperature oxidation of porous alloys for solid oxide fuel cell applications
PublicationW pracy proszki PI600, 317L i 430L stali użyto do przygotowania porowatych metalowych podłoży dla tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych. Po spiekaniu w różnych temperaturach oceniana była ich porowatość i wysokotemperaturową odporność na korozję. Cykliczna analiza termograwimetryczna, dyfraktometria rentgenowska i obrazów SEM były używane do opisu właściwości tych porowatych stopów. Właściwości elektryczne badano dla wybranych próbek. Wpływ...
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LaNi1-xCoxO3-δ(x=0.4 to 0.7) cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells by infiltration
PublicationPerformance of LaNi 1-x Co x O 3−δ (LNC) (x=0.4 to 0.7) as a cathode in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is evaluated. Symmetrical cathode/electrolyte/cathode cells for electrochemical testing are prepared by infiltration of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) backbone with LNC solutions. It is showed that the cathode infiltrated with LaNi 0.5 Co 0.5 O 3−δ (LNC155) has the lowest polarization resistance and activation energy, 197 mΩ cm...
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Sustainable energy system combined biogas-feedSolid Oxide Fuel Cell and Microalgae technology
PublicationIn the new frontier of energy and environmental safety, new efficient and clean safe energy conversion systems are required. In this sense, the present work is framed within the context of Circular Economy and proposes a multidisciplinary study for the development of more efficient, economically viable and non-polluting energy conversion systems, based on the synergetic combination of different technologies: fuel cells, biofuels,...
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Anode supported single chamber solid oxide fuel cell in CH4-Air Mixture.
PublicationW tej pracy przedstawiono wyniki prac ogniw paliwowych na bazie elektrolitu z tlenku cyrkonu stabilizowanego itrem o grubości 1-2um wytworzonego na podłożu cermetu z tlenku niklu i tlenku cyrkonu stabilizowanego itrem. LSCF był wykorzystany jako katoda. Ogniwo paliwowe było testowane w konfiguracji jednokomorowej w mieszaninie powietrza i metanu. Uzyskano napięcie o wartości 0.8V, zaś moc wynosiła 0.12W/cm2. Zbdadano wpływ przepływu...
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Effect of cathode materials on the performance of single chamber solid oxide fuel cell and module
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad jednokomorowym ogniwem paliwowym. Badane były ogniwa przygotowane z różnymi rodzajami materiałow katodowych oraz określana była wydajność ogniwa. Zbudowano i zbadano moduł ogniwa paliwowego jednokomorowego.
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Stainless steel/yttria stabilized zirconia composite supported solid oxide fuel cell
PublicationW tym artykule opisano wytworzenie i przebadanie kompozytowych elementów nośnych tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych. Podłoża nośne zostały wytworzone ze stali nierdzewnej i tlenkiem itru stabilizowanego tlenku cyrkonu (YSZ), których proszki zmieszano w różnych proporcjach objętościowych. Zachowanie podłoży podczas spiekania (skurcz liniowy, porowatość) oraz wysokotemperaturowe właściwości (odporność na utlenianie, przewodność elektryczna)...
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Fabrication of solid oxide fuel cell supported on speciallyperformed ferrite-based perovskite cathode
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono warunki technologiczne niezbedne do wytworzenia tlenkowego ogniwa paliwowego na elencie nośnym z materiału perowskitowego LSF. Jako elektrolit stosowana była ceramika z tlenku ceru. Między innymi badany były właściwości elektryczne zarówno materiału katodowego jak i ogniwa.
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Fabrication, Microstructure and High Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Porous Alloys for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
PublicationPorous alloys find use in modern Solid Oxide Fuel Cells as the supporting structures. As they are exposed to high temperatures (> 500°C) an oxide scale forms on their surface due to high temperature corrosion phenomena. Since the ratio between the surface area and volume is much higher than for planar samples, formation of the oxide can lead to a breakaway oxidation after relatively short times. Therefore corrosion properties of...
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Perovskites in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
PublicationPrzeglądowa publikacja dotycząca wykorzystania ceramicznych materiałów perowskitowych w tlenkowych ogniwach paliwowych.
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Effect of sintering temperature on electrochemical performance of porous SrTi1-xFexO3-δ (x = 0.35, 0.5, 0.7) oxygen electrodes for solid oxide cells
PublicationThis work evaluates the effects of the sintering temperature (800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C) of SrTi1-xFexO3-δ (x = 0.35, 0.5, 0.7) porous electrodes on their electrochemical performance as potential oxygen electrode materials of solid oxide cells. The materials were prepared by a solid-state reaction method and revealed the expected cubic perovskite structure. After milling, the powders were characterised by a sub-micrometre particle...
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Development of iron doped strontium titanates as oxygen electrode for solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationProducing efficient solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) without the use of harmful elements is one of the current challenges. Increasing the safety of people and reducing production costs is possible, among others, thanks to the use of iron doped strontium titanates as porous oxygen electrodes. In this thesis, the results of research on iron doped strontium titanates as potential oxygen electrodes for SOFC are presented. The research...
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High-performance NdSrCo2O5+δ–Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ composite cathodes for electrolyte-supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationNdSrCo2O5+δ (NSCO) is a perovskite with an electrical conductivity of 1551.3 S cm−1 at 500 °C and 921.7 S cm−1 at 800 °C and has a metal-like temperature dependence. This perovskite is used as the cathode material for Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (GDC)-supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFCs). The MT-SOFCs fabricated in this study consist of a bilayer anode, comprising a NiO–GDC composite layer and a NiO layer, and a NSCO–GDC...
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Recent advances on spinel-based protective coatings for solid oxide cell metallic interconnects produced by electrophoretic deposition
PublicationThe application of ceramic protective coatings to the metallic interconnects in solid oxide cells (SOCs) is a viable and effective method to limit interconnect degradation issues. This featured letter provides a critical overview of the main outcomes of current research on the use of the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique to produce protective coatings for SOC metallic interconnects, specifically focusing on different approaches...
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9 - Solid oxide fuel and electrolysis cells
PublicationIn this chapter, the fundamental reactions, the geometrical designs, the material requirements, and the status of SOFCs and SOECs are presented. In the following seven chapters, the most important components of an SOC are described and the chapter ends with a summary and outlook. The described components are: (i) oxygen-ion conductors (electrolyte), (ii) anode materials for SOFCs (cathode in SOEC mode), (iii) cathode materials...
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Investigation of thin perovskite layers between cathode and doped ceria used as buffer layer in solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationIn this paper, thin perovskite layers between cathode material of solid oxide fuel cells and gadolinia-doped ceria buffer layer are investigated. Thin layers made of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3-δ (LNF), La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF), or SrTi0.65Fe0.35O3-δ (STF) were symmetrically deposited by spin coating method from metallo-organic polymer precursors on a Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (CGO) substrate. Porous and about 40-μm-thick LNF cathodes were deposited...
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The influence of synthesis method on the microstructure and catalytic performance of Y 0.07 Sr 0.93 Ti 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3-δ in synthetic biogas operated solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationThe Y0.07Sr0.93Ti0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (YSTF) material was fabricated using three different synthesis methods: modified polymer precursor method (MPP), Pechini method and a solid state reaction method. It was applied as an anode catalytic material for biogas reforming in solid oxide fuel cells. Clear differences in the microstructure of fabricated catalytic layers were found, mainly with respect to a grain size and distribution of grains....
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Effects of thermal history on the performance of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with Sm0.2Ce0.8O2-δ electrolyte and LiNi0.81Co0.15Al0.04O2 electrodes
PublicationIn this study, low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with an ∼560 μm thick Sm0.2Ce0.8O2−δ (SDC) electrolyte and ∼890 μm thick LiNi0.81Co0.15Al0.04O2−δ (NCAL) electrodes are constructed and characterized under three experimental conditions. The cell with an NCAL cathode pre-reduced under an H2 atmosphere at 550 °C presents the best electrochemical performance. This is ascribed to facts that the reduction reaction generating Ni–Co...
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Electrophoretic co-deposition of Fe2O3 and Mn1,5Co1,5O4: Processing and oxidation performance of Fe-doped Mn-Co coatings for solid oxide cell interconnects
PublicationThe “in-situ” Fe-doping of the manganese cobalt spinel was achieved by electrophoretic co-deposition of Mn1,5Co1,5O4 and Fe2O3 powders followed by a two-step reactive sintering treatment. The effects on the coating properties of two different Fe-doping levels (5 and 10 wt.% respectively) and two different temperatures of the reducing treatment (900 and 1000 °C) are discussed. Samples with Fe-doped coatings demonstrated a lower...
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Properties of glass-ceramic for solid oxide fuel cells
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono właściwości krystalicznych pyro- i orto- krzemowych szkieł przygotowanych dla tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych. Zbadano rozszerzalnoność, ubytek masy, zmiany widm rentgenograficznych oraz widm impedancyjnych dla szkieł narażonych przez 60 dni na atmosfere ulteniajacą i redukująca w temperaturze 800C.
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Recent anode advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
PublicationW pracy podsumowano bieżące doniesienia na temat potencjalnych materiałów anodowych dla wysokotemperaturowych tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych z uwzględnieniem wyników otrzymanych przez autora pracy.
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Micro solid oxide fuel cells and their fabrication methods
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono obecny stan badań i tendencje w rozwoju tlenkowych ogniw paliwowych.
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Solid oxide fuel cells for distributed energy generation
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono zasadę działania tlenkowego ogniwa paliwowego. Zaprezentowano wybrane problemy oraz rozwiązania technologiczne.