Search
Filters
total: 264
filtered: 209
Search results for: KLUCZ
-
DDQ-mediated synthesis of functionalized unsymmetrical disulfanes
PublicationWe developed a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of functionalized unsymmetrical disulfanes under mild conditions in good yields. The designed method is based on the reaction of bis(5,5- dimethyl-2-thioxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl)disulfane with thiols in the presence of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ). The developedmethod allows the preparation of unsymmetrical disulfanes bearing additional hydroxy, carboxy,...
-
Nonlinear secondary arc model use for evaluation of single pole auto-reclosing effectiveness
PublicationPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss two evaluation methods of single pole autoreclosing process effectiveness in HV transmission lines. Secondary arc current and recovery voltage results obtained by load flow calculation are compared to the results obtained by the time domain simulations. Moreover, a nonlinear secondary arc implementation is presented. Design/methodology/approach – A computer simulation studies were...
-
Calculation of Induced Sheath Voltages in Power Cables – Single Circuit System versus Double Circuit System
PublicationThis paper presents comparison of values of induced sheath voltages in power cable metallic sheaths when one or two cables per phase are used. Calculation of voltages is performed for various phase sequences of the power cables. Three types of the sheaths bonding and earthing are considered. Shock hazard and voltage stress of non-metallic outer sheath of cables are evaluated. The proposed, optimal configuration of the power cable...
-
Computer-aided Analysis of Induced Sheath Voltages in High Voltage Power Cable System
PublicationThis paper concerns the effect of configuration of high voltage power cables on induced voltages in their metallic sheaths. One, two or three cables per phase and phase sequence of the cables are considered. Computing of the voltages was performed for a normal operation and in case of earth fault. Various ways of the sheaths bonding are considered as well. Shock hazard and voltage stress of non-metallic outer sheath of cables are...
-
Wykorzystanie rejestracji przebiegów szybkozmiennych do weryfikacji modeli dynamicznych KSE
PublicationW referacie przedstawiono koncepcję narzędzia pozwalającego na weryfikowanie parametrów modeli dynamicznych elementów KSE. Narzędzie wykorzystuje program obliczeniowy PSLF, stosowany powszechnie przez operatora systemu przesyłowego. Nowatorstwo polega na wykorzystaniu dodatkowej aplikacji (programu w systemie MS Windows), która steruje pracą programu obliczeniowego. Powstaje w ten sposób tandem wygodnego interfejsu użytkownika...
-
Wykorzystanie rejestracji przebiegów szybkozmiennych do weryfikacji modeli dynamicznych KSE
PublicationW referacie przedstawiono koncepcję narzędzia pozwalającego na weryfikowanie parametrów modeli dynamicznych elementów KSE. Narzędzie wykorzystuje program obliczeniowy PSLF, stosowany powszechnie przez operatora systemu przesyłowego. Nowatorstwo polega na wykorzystaniu dodatkowej aplikacji (programu w systemie MS Windows), która steruje pracą programu obliczeniowego. Powstaje w ten sposób tandem wygodnego interfejsu użytkownika...
-
Ekwiwalentowanie farm wiatrowych
PublicationW artykule zaproponowano sposób modelowania i ekwiwalentowania dużych farm wiatrowych. Przedstawiono sposoby tworzenia modeli w celu ich wykorzystania do analiz stanów ustalonych i nieustalonych systemu elektroenergetycznego.
-
Analiza napięć indukowanych w żyłach powrotnych kabli wysokiego napięcia w wybranych konfiguracjach ich ułożenia
PublicationW żyłach powrotnych kabli wysokiego napięcia mogą indukować się znaczne napięcia względem ziemi przy przepływie prądów roboczych oraz prądów zwarciowych, co zagraża porażeniem i/lub uszkodzeniem zewnętrznej powłoki kabla. Wartości tych napięć zależą od sposobu ułożenia i długości kabli, sposobu uziemienia ich żył powrotnych, wartości prądu w żyłach roboczych, a także transpozycji żył roboczych i powrotnych. W artykule przedstawiono...
-
Resonance problems in UHV transmission lines
PublicationThe paper presents resonance phenomena observed in 400 kV transmission lines in the Polish power system. Two events are analysed, when shunt reactors used for reactive power compensation, caused overvoltages and overcurrent protection tripping as a result of resonance. An oscillographic fault recordings from protection devices are compared to time domain simulation results. The obtained simulation results match fault recordings,...
-
Neutral earthing reactor protection
PublicationThe IEEE and CIGRE recommend protection systems for high voltage shunt reactors. Unfortunately the recommendations do not include guidelines for the protection of neutral earthing reactors, which are often connected to shunt reactors to increase the effectiveness of single pole auto-reclosing. The paper discusses earthing reactor protection issues with particular emphasis on the detection of internal faults. An analysis carried...
-
Identification of the customer meter assignment to phases in LV grid: Selected issues of UPGRID project realization
PublicationThe paper presents selected issues on the European UPGRID grant implemented by a consortium of companies from seven European states, including from Poland, on the monitoring and control of low voltage grid using measurement pre-registered data by smart AMI meters. The paper focuses on the issue of lack of information on the assignment of communal meters to individual phases.
-
Low-frequency tripping characteristics of residual current devices
PublicationFast development of various types of converters makes their utilization in industry and in domestic installations very common. Due to converters, an earth fault current waveform in modern circuits can be distorted or its frequency can be different than 50/60 Hz. Frequency of earth fault (residual) current influences tripping of residual current devices which are widely used in low voltage systems. This paper presents the behaviour...
-
Zabezpieczanie dławika uziemiającego przyłączonego do punktu gwiazdowego dławika kompensacyjnego wysokiego napięcia
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono problematykę zabezpieczania dławików uziemiających przyłączanych do punktu gwiazdowego dławików kompensacyjnych stosowanych w liniach wysokiego napięcia, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem detekcji zwarć wewnętrznych. Załączono analizy modelowe dla rzeczywistego układu oddanego do pracy w 2015 roku, który docelowo ma zostać doposażony w dławiki uziemiające.
-
Analiza napięć indukowanych i strat mocy w kablach elektroenergetycznych wysokiego napięcia dla wybranych sposobów uziemienia żył powrotnych
PublicationDostarczanie mocy do centrów miast coraz częściej odbywa się z wykorzystaniem linii kablowych o napięciu 110 kV. To dogodny sposób zasilania, a praktycznie jedyny możliwy w przypadku gęstej zabudowy miejskiej. Kable wysokiego napięcia zawierają współosiową żyłę powrotną, w której podczas normalnej pracy oraz w stanach zakłóceniowych (podczas zwarć) mogą indukować się znaczne napięcia względem ziemi, co zagraża porażeniem i/lub...
-
Analysis of Induced Voltages and Power Losses in High Voltage Power Cables for Selected Methods of Cables Sheaths Bonding
PublicationPower is increasingly supplied to city centres with 110 kV cable lines. This is a convenient way to supply power, and practically the only one possible in areas of dense urban development. A high-voltage cable contains a coaxial metallic sheath, in which in normal operation and in fault conditions (during short-circuits) significant line-to-earth voltages can be induced, which threatens electric shock and/or damage to the cable’s...
-
Protection of Earthing Reactor Connected to the Star Point of a High Voltage Shunt Reactor
PublicationThe article presents the problem of protection of earthing reactors connected to the star point of shunt reactors in high voltage lines, with particular regard to the detection of internal faults. Model analyses for an actual system commissioned in 2015, which is intended to be provided with earthing reactors, are included.
-
Analiza napięć indukowanych w żyłach powrotnych kabli wysokiego napięcia dla ich wybranych konfiguracji
PublicationW żyłach powrotnych kabli wysokiego napięcia mogą indukować się znaczne napięcia względem ziemi przy przepływie prądów roboczych oraz prądów zwarciowych, co zagraża porażeniem i/lub uszkodzeniem zewnętrznej powłoki kabla. Wartości tych napięć zależą od sposobu ułożenia i długości kabli, sposobu uziemienia ich żył powrotnych, wartości prądu w żyłach roboczych, a także transpozycji żył roboczych i powrotnych. W artykule przedstawiono...
-
Wybrane problemy detekcji zakłóceń w dławiku uziemiającym przyłączonym do punktu gwiazdowego dławika kompensacyjnego
PublicationW referacie przedstawiono problematykę zabezpieczania dławików uziemiających przyłączanych do punktu gwiazdowego dławików kompensacyjnych stosowanych w liniach wysokiego napięcia, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem detekcji zwarć wewnętrznych. Przedstawiono analizy modelowe dla rzeczywistego układu oddanego do pracy w 2015, który docelowo ma zostać doposażony w dławiki uziemiające.
-
Selection of energy storage units by genetic algorithm for mitigating voltage deviations
PublicationIn recent years, energy storage units have become very popular. They are applied both for economic and technical purposes. Unfortunately, the cost of such devices is still high and selecting their proper location and rated power have to be performed precisely. In this paper, a Genetic-Algorithm-based optimization method for selecting the best configuration of energy storage units in the power network is proposed. The presented...
-
Uproszczone modelowanie linii kablowych wysokiego napięcia a napięcia indukowane w żyłach powrotnych – studium przypadku
PublicationLinie kablowe, obok linii napowietrznych, są jednym z podstawowych elementów składowych systemów elektroenergetycznych. Stosowane są głównie na terenach zurbanizowanych, gdzie prowadzenie linii napowietrznych jest mocno utrudnione lub wręcz niemożliwe. Linie kablowe wysokiego napięcia budowane są głównie z wykorzystaniem kabli, które oprócz żyły roboczej mają również współosiową żyłę powrotną. Istnieje kilka układów pracy takich...
-
Influence of Added Water Mass on Ship Structure Vibration Parameters in Virtual and Real Conditions
PublicationModelling of ship structures in a virtual environment is now standard practice. Unfortunately, many engineers forget to consideri the influence of added water on the frequency values and the amplitude of natural vibrations. The article presents the effect of water damping on the frequency values of the individual natural vibration modes. The tests were carried out in two stages. First, the mentioned values were determined using...
-
The characterization of collagen‑based scaffolds modified with phenolic acids for tissue engineering application
PublicationThe aim of the experiment was to study the morphology of collagen-based scaffolds modified by caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid, their swelling, and degradation rate, as well as the biological properties of scaffolds, such as antioxidant activity, hemo- and cytocompatibility, histological observation, and antibacterial properties. Scaffolds based on collagen with phenolic acid showed higher swelling rate and enzymatic...
-
p-Coumaric acid, Kaempferol, Astragalin and Tiliroside Influence the Expression of Glycoforms in AGS Gastric Cancer Cells
Publication -
Synthesis, Pharmacological Evaluation, and Computational Studies of Cyclic Opioid Peptidomimetics Containing β3-Lysine
Publication -
Tri(mesityloxy)silanethiol - The First Structurally CharacterizedOrganoxysilanethiol (Contributions to the Chemistry of Silicon-SulfurCompounds. 77 [1])
PublicationTri(mezytyloksy)silanotiol (TMST) wyizolowano jako jedyny produkt reakcji pomiędzy disiarczkiem krzemu a 2,4,6-trimetylofenolem. TMSTkrystalizuje w układzie trójskośnym. Dobra jakość kryształów pozwoliła na udokładnienie grupy SH bez narzuconych więzów. Długość wiązania S-H określono na 1,29(4) ang., a kąt Si-S-H na 95,4(17) deg. Cząsteczki TMST nie tworzą wiązań wodorowych w kryształach.
-
Modification of the operating point of residual current transformers for high frequency earth fault currents detection
PublicationFor protection against electric shock in low voltage systems residual current devices are commonly used. However, their proper operation can be interfered when earth fault current with high frequency components occurs. Serious hazard of electrocution exists then. One of the most important element of residual current devices is a residual current transformer with iron core. Tripping characteristic of residual current devices strictly...
-
Problemy pomiarów mocy i energii w linii elektroenergetycznej Polska-Litwa
PublicationW referacie przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z pomiarem mocy i energii w linii dwutorowej. Rozważania oparto na linii łączącej stacje elektroenergetyczne Ełk Bis i Alytus.
-
Higher harmonics produced by traction substations – computer modelling and experimental verification
PublicationVoltage and current harmonics have a detrimental effect on the components of a power system. Current harmonics may result in the overload and damage to power transformers, although the rms value of load current does not exceed their current-carrying capacity. Voltage harmonics may result in, for example, damage to capacitor banks used to compensate reactive power. Devices which contribute to both current and voltage distortion...
-
A new method of fault loop resistance measurement in low voltage systems with residual current devices
PublicationThis paper presents a new method of fault loop resistance measurement in low voltage systems with residual current devices. The method enables measuring fault loop resistance without nuisance tripping of residual current devices, by application an unconventional waveform of measurement current. It is important for proper verification of the effectiveness of protection against electric shock.
-
Tri(mesityloxy)silanethiol – The First Structurally Characterized Organoxysilanethiol (Contributions to the Chemistry of Silicon–Sulfur Compounds. 77 [1])
Publication -
Power and energy measurement problems in transmission line between Poland-Lithuania
PublicationThe paper discusses problem of power and energy metering in double circuit overhead transmission line. Considerations are based on example of transmission line connecting Polish substation Bis Elk and Lithuanian substation Alytus.
-
Wykorzystanie liczników AMI w procesie optymalizacji pracy sieci niskiego napięcia
PublicationPrezentowany jest opis projektu dotyczącego m.in. optymalizacji pracy sieci niskiego napięcia przy wykorzystaniu danych z liczników AMI. Prace były prowadzone w ramach europejskiego grantu UPGRID, realizowanego przez konsorcjum firm z siedmiu państw europejskich, w tym również z Polski.
-
Wykorzystanie infrastruktury systemu ami w monitorowaniu i sterowaniu sieciami niskiego napięcia
PublicationW referacie przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia z prac prowadzonych w ramach europejskiego grantu UPGRID realizowanego przez konsorcjum firm z siedmiu państw europejskich, w tym również z Polski, który dotyczy między innymi optymalizacji pracy sieci niskiego napięcia przy wykorzystaniu danych z liczników AMI.
-
Use of AMI Meters in the Process of Low Voltage Grid Optimization
PublicationThis is a report of a project involving, inter alia, low voltage grid performance optimization with data from AMI meters . The study was supported with a European UPGRID grant, and executed by a consortium of companies from seven European countries, including Poland .
-
Improving sensitivity of residual current transformers to high frequency earth fault currents
PublicationFor protection against electric shock in low voltage systems residual current devices are commonly used. However, their proper operation can be interfered when high frequency earth fault current occurs. Serious hazard of electrocution exists then. In order to detect such a current, it is necessary to modify parameters of residual current devices, especially the operating point of their current transformer. The authors proposed...
-
Incomplete Cross-Bonding in the MV Line. Experience from the Operation of MV Single Cable Lines
PublicationCable lines are one of the basic components of power systems. Medium and high voltage cables mainly comprise a metallic sheath, which is concentric to the main core conductor. There are several operating schemes of such cable lines, which differ in the place of earthing of sheaths and the possible use of the sheaths and/or conductors crossing. The sheaths cross-bonding is typically done in two places of one cable line section,...
-
Harmonics produced by traction substations – computer modelling and experimental verification
PublicationVoltage and current harmonics have a detrimental effect on the components of a power system. Current harmonics may result in the overload and damage to power transformers. Voltage harmonics may result in, for example, damage to capacitor banks used to compensate reactive power. Devices which contribute to both current and voltage distortion include traction rectifiers. This paper presents results of the computer investigation of...
-
Delivery of Ancillary Services in Distribution Power Systems
PublicationOne of the technical and organizational challenges the power system faces in deregulated market conditions is to organize an ancillary services market. The growing share of distributed generation of variable (intermittent) energy sources and a change in the market position of consumers, causes the demand for distributed delivery of ancillary services. For this purpose, it is sought to use the ability of the regulatory measures:...
-
Cross-border transmission line configuration influence on the electrical power and energy billing process
PublicationIn 2015 a connection between the Polish and Lithuanian power systems become fully operational. The connection consists of a 400 kV double circuit transmission line and a back-to-back HVDC substation located on the Lithuanian side. A magnetic couplings between the circuits of the transmission line cause that during power transmission a different values of active power losses are observed in both circuits. This situation may cause...
-
Detection of high frequency current components by residual current devices
PublicationThe negative impact of current harmonics on the main components of residual current devices is presented. A solution for the improvement of the operation of residual current devices is proposed.
-
Case studies of resonance phenomena in high voltage overhead power lines with shunt reactors
PublicationMisguided design of the towers of power transmission lines can lead to serious problems such as voltage asymmetry, overvoltages, electric arc extinction difficulties or resonance – in case of double circuit line with shunt reactors. The paper points out those threats on example of 400 kV double circuit overhead transmission line with shunt reactors.
-
Computer-aided analysis of resonance risk in power system with Static Var Compensators
PublicationStatic Var Compensators operation in a power system may significantly improve voltage profiles in nodes and the reactive power balance, as well as ensure greater system stability in emergency conditions. However these devices may be a cause of a resonance in the system. The aim of this paper is to call attention to the need to include resonance phenomena in a compensator’s location evaluation process. The analysis performed in...
-
Influence of Shunt Compensation with SVC Devices on Resonance Risk in Power Systems
PublicationMany analyses are required to locate a new reactive power source in a power system. The choice of a location is a very complex matter which requires various aspects to be considered. Selecting a location also entails the necessity to assess it from the point of view of the selected compensator’s structure as well as the system’s performance in various states with the new device on. The paper presents the issues of assessing compensator...
-
Cross-Bonding of MV Cable Lines for Energy Losses Decrease
PublicationCurrently, almost all medium voltage cable lines (MV) operate with the return wires earthed at both ends of the cable. Such a way of operation causes that during normal states of operation as well as during disturbances, e.g. short-circuits, in the return wires induce currents whose values mainly depend on the currents flowing in the phase wires. These currents in normal operating states are a source of additional energy losses...
-
Mechanisms shaping the synergism of zeaxanthin and PsbS in photoprotective energy dissipation in the photosynthetic apparatus of plants
Publication -
Magnetic and capacitive couplings influence on power and energy measurement in double circuit high voltage overhead transmission line
PublicationThe paper discusses influence of magnetic and capacitive couplings on power and energy measurement in case of double circuit high voltage overhead transmission line. There are presented and discussed various factors influencing the power flow among the line‟s circuits. Mathematical model based calculations results are compared to the real transmission line measurements.
-
Magnetic and capacitive couplings influence on power losses in double circuit high voltage overhead transmission line
PublicationPurpose – The paper aims to discuss problems of power and energy losses in a double-circuit overhead transmission line. It was observed from energymeters’ readings, that in such a line, active power losses can be measured as “negative”. The “negative” active power losses appear when the active power injected to the circuit is lower than the active power received at the circuit end. The purpose of this paper is to explain this phenomenon. Theoretical...
-
Energy losses reduction in the medium voltage cable line – case study
PublicationThe paper presents an analysis of energy losses in a power cable system, which is composed of two 30 kV cable lines. This cable system is located at the seaside holiday area, so the load profile during a year is specific. Energy losses related to reactive power transmission, as well as to currents induced in the sheaths of the cables, are subject to analysis. Measurements were made in the system in order to prepare a computer model...
-
Projekt UPGRID
PublicationMiędzynarodowy projekt UPGRID realizowany jest w ramach programu Horyzont 2020 (H2020). Program ten to największy jak dotąd program Unii Europejskiej (UE) w zakresie badań naukowych i innowacji. W projekcie UPGRID uczestniczy 17 partnerów z 9 krajów EU. Głównym celem projektu UPGRID jest rozwój funkcjonalności, które służą integracji sieci nn oraz SN ze stroną konsumencką. W ramach projektu wybrane technologie Inteligentnych Sieci...
-
Status report on high temperature fuel cells in Poland – Recent advances and achievements
PublicationThe paper presents recent advances in Poland in the field of high temperature fuel cells. The achievements in the materials development, manufacturing of advanced cells, new fabrication techniques, modified electrodes and electrolytes and applications are presented. The work of the Polish teams active in the field of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) is presented and discussed. The review is oriented...