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Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: energetyka kompleksowa
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Energoelektroniczne kompensatory bocznikowe jako sterowane źródła mocy biernej
PublikacjaNa podstawie analizy rozwiązań technicznych stosowanych na świecie przedstawiono podstawowe cechy konstrukcyjne energoelektronicznych układów bocznikowych. Omówiono wady i zalety pod kątem możliwościwykorzystania tych układów jako sterowanych źródeł mocy biernej w systemie elektroenergetycznym.
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Nowy algorytm regulacji transformatorów zasilających sieć rozdzielczą
PublikacjaW niniejszym artykule opisano przykład nowego inteligentnegoalgorytmu regulatora transformatora. Układregulacji transformatorów 110/SN, z proponowanym algorytmemdziałania, umożliwia automatyczne dostosowaniealgorytmu działania regulatorów do aktualnych stanówsystemu elektroenergetycznego (np. lawina napięcia)i w ten sposób może wpłynąć na wzrost bezpieczeństwaelektroenergetycznego.
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Przeciwdziałanie układów SVC rozwojowi awarii napięciowej
PublikacjaArtykuł prezentuje wyniki badań modelowych mających na celu analizy zachowania się kompensatorów statycznych SVC w systemie elektroenergetycznym. Podstawowym stanem, który analizowano, było zachowanie się kompensatorów zainstalowanych w wybranych węzłach systemu w czasie awarii napięciowej. W artykule zaprezentowano wybrane wyniki przeprowadzonych badań w ramach realizacji prac związanych z projektem badawczym zamawianym nr PBZ-MEIN-1/2/2006...
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Application of MARKAL model to optimisation of electricity generation structure in Poland in the long-term time horizon. Part II. Model and forecasts assumptions
PublikacjaIn this paper, the next in a series of publications on the subject, assumptions are presented of a power system development model in terms of electricity generation technology infrastructure in Poland, in the long term perspective until 2060. The model is based on the mathematical structure of the MARKAL optimization package. Among other things developed are a forecast of the final demand for electricity and heat, the current...
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Analysis of the Impact of Charging Electric Cars on the Power System Load
PublikacjaThe paper presents ways of integrating electric cars with the power system. In connection with this, daily load curves in the average working day have been developed in the G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) and V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) variants. The G2V solution consists in unidirectional energy flow from the power system to a vehicle’s battery. The V2G solution consists in bi-directional energy exchange between the power system and electric...
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Start-up of a power unit of a thermal power plant auxiliary systems with supply from a hydropower plant
PublikacjaThis article discusses the issues related to a power unit of a thermal power plant start-up with the use of a hydropower plant. Hydropower plant can supply and will enable start-up of auxiliary equipment in a power unit of a thermal power plant. Due to high capacity of auxiliary drives, start-up of auxiliaries in a thermal power plant after blackout (and boiler shutdown) is not possible from emergency energy sources in the power...
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Performance analysis of power swing blocking feature in ABB 670 series impedance relays
PublikacjaThis paper presents test results of a distance protection’s PSD power swing detection feature in ABB 670 series relays. A RED670 relay was tested, which is part of the hydroelectric set protection in Żarnowiec Pumped Storage Plant. The power swing blocking feature’s performance was analysed on the basis of the results of object tests made with an Omicron digital tester. Also presented are simulation results that illustrate the...
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Interior Point Method Evaluation for Reactive Power Flow Optimization in the Power System
PublikacjaThe paper verifies the performance of an interior point method in reactive power flow optimization in the power system. The study was conducted on a 28 node CIGRE system, using the interior point method optimization procedures implemented in Power Factory software.
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Voltage and Reactive Power Load Flow Optimization in the Power System Using Fuzzy Logic
PublikacjaThe paper presents issues related to voltage control in the power system. An original method of reactive power flow optimization is considered, which leads to improved voltages in the power system and reduced active power losses. The optimization method is based on a procedure that employs fuzzy logic and is supported by a gradient search algorithm. The method has been implemented in PLANS software and verified.
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Impact of maintenance of floodplains of the Vistula River on high water levels on the section from Włocławek to Toruń
PublikacjaThis article describes the methodology of hydraulic calculations to estimate the water levels in open channels for steady gradually varied flow. The presented method has been used to analyse the water level on the Vistula River from Włocławek cross-section to Toruń cross-section. The HEC-RAS modelling system has been used for parameterization of the river channel and floodplains, as well as for flow simulation. The results obtained...
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Market Price Prediction of Property Rights from Gas Fired Plants or Plants with Total Installed CHP Source Capacity Below 1 MW until 2025
PublikacjaThe resolution on the Polish Energy Policy until 2030 (PEP-30) was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 10 November 2009. The document specifies the combined electricity and heat generation as a direction of pursuing the goals of energy efficiency, fuel and energy supply security, competitive fuel and energy markets development, and reduction of the energy sector’s environmental impact. PEP-30 assumes that electricity generation...
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Comparison of Transmission Capacities of Two Regulation Systems: Lateral and in-phase Control Transformers
PublikacjaThis paper presents a comparison of regulation capabilities of lateral and in-phase control transformers in a selected node of a power system. Their regulation capabilities are presented, as well as cross-system exchange options.
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The Large Customer Reactive Power Control Possibilities
Publikacjan this paper the authors wish to draw attention to the rationale for, and the possibility of, the use of local reactive power sources by the Transmission Node Master Controller (TNMC). Large Customers (LC) are one of the possible reactive power sources. The paper presents the issues related to the need for coordination between the control systems installed in the LC network, and coordination between control systems of the LC as...
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DETERMINANTS OF INLAND NAVIGATION ON THE VISTULA FROM WARSAW TO GDAŃSK
PublikacjaWaterborne transport is the cheapest, the safest and the least harmful to the natural environment. Restoring regular waterway cargo transport will require revitalisation of the existing trans-shipment and logistics infrastructure for commercial inland ports and building new. Transport policy makers must remember that waterborne transport is the most ecological type of transport. It produces only 10% of the gases emitted to the...
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REALIZACJE SPRZĘTOWO-PROGRAMOWE SYMULATORÓW PODSTAWOWYCH ZASAD PRZEBIEGU PROCESÓW REAKTORA JĄDROWEGO
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono możliwości i proces budowy symulatorów podstawowych zasad działania procesów reaktora jądrowego. Proces budowy i badania oparte są na modelach punktowych: kinetyki neutronów, procesów generacji i wymiany ciepła oraz procesów zatruwania i wypalania paliwa. Badano możliwości realizacji symulatorów, wykorzystując różne środowiska programowe i platformy sprzętowe. Referencyjny symulator został opracowany w...
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Laboratory Load Model Based on 150 kVA Power Frequency Converter and Simulink Real-Time – Concept, mplementation, Experiments
PublikacjaFirst section of the paper provides technical specification of laboratory load model basing on 150 kVA power frequency converter and Simulink Real-Time platform. Assumptions, as well as control algorithm structure is presented. Theoretical considerations based on criteria which load types may be simulated using discussed laboratory setup, are described. As described model contains transformer with thyristor-controlled tap changer,...
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Mechanical Strength of MV Ship-switchgear During Fault Arc
PublikacjaIn the paper the analysis of pressure stressed in enclosure during fault arc inside switchgear is pre-sented as well. There is introduced the method based on determining stresses which are sum of tensile stresses (membrane) and deflection stresses. For tensile stresses nalysis the energy method, for unrestrainedly supported rectangular plate, was used. In the further part of the paper, the calculations and measurements results...
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Kogeneracja jądrowa: analiza technicznych możliwości i szacowanie kosztów
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono koncepcję równoległego połączenia elektrowni jądrowej, przystosowanej do oddawania ciepła do celów grzejnych, z istniejącymi elektrociepłowniami i ciepłowniami w rejonie zasilania, w tym przypadku z ciepłowniczymi systemami Wejherowa i Gdyni. Zaproponowano warianty uciepłownienia elektrowni jądrowej, w postaci zasilania wymienników ciepłowniczych parą pobieraną z upustów części niskoprężnej turbiny...
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Zastosowanie metody AHP do porównania kryteriów wyboru lokalizacji budowy farmy wiatrowej
PublikacjaArtykuł przedstawia opis oraz porównanie kryteriów wyboru lokalizacji farmy wiatrowej. Kryteria te uwzględniają pomiary wietrzności na rozpatrywanym terenie, lokalizację turbin wiatrowych, lokalizację linii elektroenergetycznej służącej do przesyłu wyprodukowanej energii elektrycznej od farmy wiatrowej do stacji elektroenergetycznej (GPZ), infrastrukturę towarzyszącą, warunki techniczne przyłączenia do sieci elektroenergetycznej...
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Effective Short -term Forecasting of Wind Farms Power
PublikacjaForecasting a specific wind farm's generation capacity within a 24 hour perpective requires both a reliable forecast of wind, as well as supporting tools. This tool is a dedicated model of wind farm power. This model should include not only general rules of wind to mechanical energy conversion, but also the farm's specific features. This paper present analytical, statistical, and neuron models of wind farm power. The study is based...
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Advanced Control Structures of Turbo Generator System of Nuclear Power Plant
PublikacjaIn the paper a synthesis of advanced control structures of turbine and synchronous generator for nuclear power plant working under changing operating conditions (supplied power level) is presented. It is based on the nonlinear models of the steam turbine and synchronous generator cooperating with the power system. Considered control structure consists of multi-regional fuzzy control systems with local linear controllers, including...
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Installation of Compensators in the Power System Transmission Grid
PublikacjaThe article discusses issues of reactive power compensation in transmission grids, with particular focus on the selection of compensator locations and basic parameters. Attention was focused on modern power electronics systems that ensure full automatic compensator adjustment to voltage or power criteria.
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Cross-Bonding of MV Cable Lines for Energy Losses Decrease
PublikacjaCurrently, almost all medium voltage cable lines (MV) operate with the return wires earthed at both ends of the cable. Such a way of operation causes that during normal states of operation as well as during disturbances, e.g. short-circuits, in the return wires induce currents whose values mainly depend on the currents flowing in the phase wires. These currents in normal operating states are a source of additional energy losses...
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Oversizing the photovoltaic generator capacity in a micro photovoltaic plant
PublikacjaA significant part of photovoltaic micro installations in Poland is characterized by photovoltaic generator oversizing in relation to the inverter. The idea of oversizing, however, still raises doubts among some plant owners. In the paper, the energy yield of installation with an oversized and not oversized photovoltaic generator is presented on selected examples, showing the legitimacy of oversizing.
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Qualitative Indicators Used to Select the Placement and Parameters of Energy Storage Installed in the Distribution Network
PublikacjaThe technology related to energy storage has developed in recent years. Continuous improvement of the solutions available on the market resulted in wider usability of energy storage. They are also increasingly used in a distribution network. This study contains a synthesised description of physical features of the energy storage used in distribution networks. Several criteria of algorithms used to determine the placement and...
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Comparison of AHP and Numerical Taxonomy Methods Based on Biogas Plant Location Analysis
PublikacjaThe paper presents a comparison of the multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and numerical taxonomy in biogas plant location selection. Biogas plants are sources that will significantly contribute to the implementation of the provisions of the energy and climate package for Poland by 2030. Increasing the share of energy produced from renewable sources, e.g. biogas plants, will increase the country’s energy security....
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A Preliminary Study and Analysis of Tidal Stream Generators
PublikacjaFor a sustainable future, tidal energy can play a vital role. Tidal energy relies on the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun along with the centrifugal forces created by the Earth. Tidal barrage uses the potential energy from the tide and has been very successful in electricity production. With the help of a turbine, kinetic energy can also be harnessed from tidal currents to generate electricity. However, it is not economically...
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Calculation of the Effects of Implementing a DSM Electricity Demand Management Strategy Using the Example of Analysis of Changes in the Power System Load
PublikacjaThe paper presents the impact of implementing Demand Side Management (DSM) solutions through proper management and control of the process of charging and discharging electric car batteries. As a result, the daily load curves were shaped so as to fill valleys and cut down peaks. Therefore, the implementation of power demand management solutions had a significant impact on the power system operation. The impact of DSM solutions manifested...
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Ranking of Generation Source Locations by a Hybrid Multi-Criteria Method
PublikacjaThe paper presents a ranking of the locations of eight renewable energy sources (RES) made using a hybrid multi-criteria analysis method. The method is a combination of the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method and numerical taxonomy. The considered generating sources, i.e. solar plants, biogas plants, and wind farms are sources that will significantly contribute to implementing the provisions of the energy and climate package...
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Hydro Power Plant in the Process of Voltage Control in the Electric Power System and the System Restoration
PublikacjaThe article covers selected issues related to the share of hydroelectric power in the process of rebuilding the power system after black-out and voltage control during that process. Selected results of measurements made during the creation of the transmission chain for the need to start a block of a thermal power plant from a hydroelectric power plant were presented.
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An Optimal Power Point Tracking Algorithm in a Solar PV Generation System
PublikacjaThe non-linearity in I-V characteristics of a PV panel requires to be operated at knee point to extract maximum power. In order to operate the panel at optimal point, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is employed in the control structure. The main objective of MPP tracking is to keep the operation at knee point of I-V characteristics under varying condition of temperature and solar insolation. Under non uniform solar...
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The Impact of Micro-Sources on Voltage Distortions in a Power Grid
PublikacjaThe increase in the number of photovoltaic (PV) systems integrated with low voltage (LV) grids has led to a great need to analyse the impact of these systems on the quality of electricity and the reliability of its supply. This paper presents and compares the energy quality requirements imposed by various countries on photovoltaic plants. Then, based on real object tests and simulation in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, the impact has...
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Possibilities of Increasing the Overall Efficiency of Gas-steam CHP Microplant
PublikacjaThe paper presents ways to increase the efficiency of a gas-steam micro power plant by modifying the cycle combination. The modification consists in partial release of the fluid downstream of the gas turbine and using it for ORC fluid overheating and evaporation. Advantages of this solution over the simplest gas and steam cycles’ combination are demonstrated.
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Voltage Conditions in Low Voltage Grid with Connected Mictogeneration
PublikacjaThe introduction of distributed generation into a low voltage grid may cause voltage problems in it. The paper discusses the effect of microgeneration on voltage levels in a low voltage grid. A real low voltage grid of considerable length was selected for the analysis. The grid primarily supplies residential buildings in a rural area. Results of tests that consider potential measures which could be applied in this grid to improve...
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Evaluation of applicability of classic methods of a fault loop impedance measurement to circuits with residual current devices
PublikacjaMeasurement of fault loop impedance in low voltage grids and systems is in most cases performed to verify the effectiveness of protection against electric shock by automatic disconnection of supply. For the sake of measurement accuracy, it is advisable to perform it using large current. Unfortunately, in circuits with residual current devices which are very widely used nowadays, a large measurement current may trigger those devices...
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Structural and Transportation Properties of Strontium Titanate Composites with Ion Conductive Oxides
PublikacjaThis paper has been written based on the author’s doctoral dissertation “Structural and transportation properties of strontium and titanate composites with ion conductive oxides”, prepared under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Hab. Eng. Bogusław Kusz at the Department of Solid State Physics of Gdańsk University of Technology. It reports the idea of the thesis and conclusions from the study. Niobium doped strontium titanate (Sr(Ti,Nb)O3)...
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Simplified Distribution Grid Modelling for Connection Analyses
PublikacjaThis paper considers the modelling of medium and low voltage grids for the purpose of connection studies by distribution grid operators. Possible simplifications in grid modelling are discussed, which are acceptable from the viewpoint of the final result. The main driver of the modelling simplification is the MS Excel environment used as the computation platform, and the limitation of time for grid modelling.
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Nuclear Co-generation: The Analysis of Technical Capabilities and Cost Estimates
PublikacjaThis paper presents a concept of the parallel connection of a nuclear power plant fitted to provide heat for district heating application, with the CHP and heat plants existing in the supply region, in this case with the heating systems of Wejherowo and Gdynia. Presented variant proposes to add heat to a nuclear power plant’s total output by supplying heat exchangers with the steam from bleeders of low pressure (LP) turbine stage...
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Badanie sieci świadomości sytuacyjnej dla infrastruktury elektroenergetycznej
PublikacjaWspółczesne systemy elektroenergetyczne są narażone na nowe rodzaje zagrożeń. Są one spowodowane lukami w zabezpieczeniach oraz słabościami architektonicznymi związanymi z szerszym zastosowaniem technologii teleinformatycznych (ICT) w tych systemach. Połączenie sieci elektroenergetycznych z Internetem naraża je na nowego rodzaju niebezpieczeństwa, takie jak ataki APT (ang. Advanced Persistent Threats) lub rozproszona odmowa usługi...
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Hardware-Software Implementation of Basic Principles Simulator of Nuclear Reactor Processes
PublikacjaThe paper presents implementation process of basic principle simulators of a nuclear reactor processes. Simulators are based on point-models of processes: kinetics of neutrons, heat generation and exchange, poisoning and burning-up nuclear fuel. Reference simulator was developed in MATLAB/Simulink without taking into account real-time operation. Second simulator was built using the toolbox xPC with hard real-time requirements....
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Laboratoryjny model odbioru oparty na przekształtniku częstotliwości o mocy 150 kVA i platformie Simulink Real-Time – koncepcja, realizacja, badania eksperymentalne
PublikacjaW artykule opisano koncepcję oraz sposób realizacji laboratoryjnego modelu odbioru o mocy 150 kVA. Odbiornik zaprojektowano w taki sposób, aby umożliwić emulację zmienności mocy dowolnego odbioru. Integralnym elementem modelu jest transformator z energoelektronicznym przełącznikiem zaczepów. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono założenia, strukturę przyjętego algorytmu sterowania, wymieniono i opisano podstawowe wielkości...
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Resonant Conditions in a Node with an SVC Compensator
PublikacjaThe primary purpose of installing static shunt compensators in power grids is to improve the voltage conditions. Additional reactive power sources increase the system’s voltage stability and enable faster system recovery after a voltage failure. This paper presents the impact of an SVC device’s structure and settings on impedance change in the supply system, and hence on the frequencies at which resonance phenomena can develop.
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Modelowanie polskiego podsystemu wytwarzania energii elektrycznej w programie MARKAL ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Europejskiego Systemu Handlu Emisjami
PublikacjaArtykuł dotyczy problematyki emisji gazów cieplarnianych w Unii Europejskiej oraz działań mających na celu ich redukcję, w szczególności Europejskiego Systemu Handlu Emisjami (EU ETS). Model polskiego podsystemu wytwarzania energii elektrycznej, uwzględniający mechanizmy EU ETS, został opracowany za pomocą pakietu optymalizacyjnego MARKAL. Do modelu wprowadzono dane zebrane na podstawie dostępnych projektów, rozporządzeń i danych...
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Modelling of the Polish Electricity Generation Subsystem in MARKAL Program with Emphasis on the EU Emissions Trading Scheme
PublikacjaThis paper addresses issues related to greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union and measures to reduce them, in particular the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). A model of the Polish electricity generation subsystem, taking into account EU ETS mechanisms, has been developed using the MARKAL optimization package. Data collected on the basis of available projects, regulations and statistics were entered into the model....
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The Issues of Reactive Power Compensation in High-voltage Transmission Lines
PublikacjaThis paper discusses the selection of compensation shunt reactors for a double-circuit 400 kV transmission line using the example of the newly built Elk Bis – Alytus transmission line. The analysis takes into account various conditions of the power system. The published results relate to voltage levels in steady states and during switching processes and short circuits.
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Hydropower potential of the lower Vistula
PublikacjaThis paper presents an estimate analysis of the hydropower potential of the lower Vistula River from Warsaw to Gdańsk Bay. The calculations were made for a hydraulic model of the lower Vistula which takes into account potential development of barrages in a cascade system. Results obtained from the model simulations and from hydrological calculations were used to estimate the power of hydropower plants and the average annual energy...
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Porównanie możliwości przesyłowych dwóch układów regulacyjnych: transformatorów z regulacją poprzeczną oraz transformatorów z regulacją wzdłużną
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono porównanie możliwości regulacyjnych transformatorów z regulacją poprzeczną oraz wzdłużną w wybranym węźle systemu elektroenergetycznego. Zaprezentowano możliwości regulacyjne tych układów oraz możliwości kształtowania wymiany międzysystemowej.
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KONCEPCJA DIAGNOZOWANIA GNIAZD ZAWORÓW CYLINDROWYCH SILNIKÓW OKRĘTOWYCH W EKSPLOATACJI
PublikacjaW artykule przybliżono fizykę uszkodzeń eksploatacyjnych zaworów cylindrowych silników okrętowych oraz technologię ich naprawy. Zaprezentowano system diagnozujący tego typu silników, który znajduje się na wyposażeniu bazy laboratoryjnej Katedry Siłowni Morskich i Lądowych WOiO PG. Umożliwia on przeprowadzenie kompleksowej oceny stanu technicznego przestrzeni roboczych silników zabudowanych w siłowni okrętowej w bieżącej eksploatacji....
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Volumetric properties of zinc(II) chloride in N,N-dimethylacetamide and dimethylsulfoxide
PublikacjaW oparciu o pomiary gęstości szeregu równomolarnych mieszanin soli Zn(ClO4)2 -ZnCl2 wyznaczono pozorne objętości molowe kompleksów powstających podczas kompleksowania jonów cynku jonami chlorkowymi w dimetylosulfotlenku i N,N-dimetyloacetamidzie w 298.15 K. Uzyskane wyniki jednoznacznie wskazują na to, że w N,N-dimetyloacetamidzie wszystkie kompleksy chlorkowe jonów cynku(II) są czterokoordynacyjne. W dimetlosulfotlenku natomiast...
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Optical recognition elements. Macrocyclic imidazole chromoionophores entrapped in silica xerogel
PublikacjaNowe chromojonofory zawierające fragment eteru koronowego i resztę azolu zostały unieruchomione w krzemionkowej matrycy żelowej metodą zol-żel i zbadane jako optyczne elementy rozpoznające kationy Li+,Cs+, Cu2+. Elementy optyczne oparte na 21-członowych pochodnych imidazolu i 4-metyloimidazolu rozpoznawały jony Li+ w roztworze wodnym. Wyznaczono parametry g i A na podstawie badań EPR dla kompleksów 18-członowej i 21-członowej pochodnej...