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Evaluation of technical efficiency of heat and electric power generation
PublikacjaThis paper presents an evaluation of technical efficiency and time-dependent changes in productivity of Polish professional electric power and heat&electric power stations by using Data Envelopment Analysis non-parametric method. The research covered the enterprises whose total available electric power amounted to about 98% of that of all professional thermal electric power stations in this country. The analysis has concerned...
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Voltage control in a power system with renewable sources of energy
PublikacjaIntensive development of distributed generation in power systems, caused by the European Union energy policy, gives possibility for improving safety in power delivery as well as optimizing the costs of the systems functioning. In this context, distributed generation can be used for voltage control in power systems – it can be performed by the control of reactive power of each source of energy or a group of energy sources. This...
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Optimizing the parameters of a small standalone hybrid power system
PublikacjaA hybrid power plant consists of renewable energy resources, an energy storage, a discharge load and an emergency power supply. Power plant parameters are tailored to meet the requirements of continuity of supply, cost minimization, return on investment period and system capacity utilization. The papaer presents the methodology for selecting power plant parameters with a larger number of decision criteria. The task is solved...
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The Large Customer Reactive Power Control Possibilities
Publikacjan this paper the authors wish to draw attention to the rationale for, and the possibility of, the use of local reactive power sources by the Transmission Node Master Controller (TNMC). Large Customers (LC) are one of the possible reactive power sources. The paper presents the issues related to the need for coordination between the control systems installed in the LC network, and coordination between control systems of the LC as...
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Human factors in nuclear power engineering in Polish conditions
PublikacjaThe paper “Human factors in nuclear power engineering in polish conditions” focuses on analysis of dynamics of preparing polish society to build first nuclear power plant in XXI century in Poland. Authors compare experience from constructing nuclear power plant Sizewell B (Great Britain) and Sizewell C, which is in preparation phase with polish nuclear power program. Paper includes aspects e.g. of creating nuclear safety culture...
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Human Factors in Nuclear Power Engineering in Polish Conditions
PublikacjaThe paper “Human factors in nuclear power engineering in polish conditions” focuses on analysis of dynamics of preparing polish society to build fi rst nuclear power plant in XXI century in Poland. Authors compare experience from constructing nuclear power plant Sizewell B (Great Britain) and Sizewell C, which is in preparation phase with polish nuclear power program. Paper includes aspects e.g. of creating nuclear safety culture and...
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The Influence of LED Lighting Sources on the Nature of Power Factor
PublikacjaThis article presents measurements of electric power absorbed by a newly built facility for office and scientific research activities. These measurements highlighted the need for compensation of capacitive reactive power—not predicted by the designer—due to the vast use of LED lighting in the facility. The article also describes a reactive power compensation system, designed on the basis of the above-mentioned measurements, and...
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Steam turbines governors in power system restoration process
PublikacjaThe paper discusses problems related to electric power system restoration process. The turbine controller operating mode influence in small subsystem is analyzed. There are considered abilities, advantages and drawbacks of the controller's two operating modes: power control and speed (frequen-cy) control, to rebuild electric power system from a single generating unit to a few parallel running generators.
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Blackout initial disturbances in electric Power System searching
PublikacjaThe paper contains short survey of the blackouts that took place in the last few years. The sources and initial disturbances are discussed. The typical scenario of the disturbance, leading to blackout in the electrical power system are presented.Next, models of a power system eligible to considered topic are discussed. Finally the algorithm of the blackout initial disturbances in power system searching is presented.The consideration...
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APPLICATION OF REDUNDANCY IN SHIP POWER PLANTS OF OFFSHORE VESSEL
PublikacjaPower and propulsion systems of offshore units must be of a very high level of reliability. The loss of ability to perform functions of their components causes generally to very high economic losses, which may be increased by unused the weather window resulting to postponing the planned offshore operations. To ensure carrying out so expensive offshore operations in the most reliable way, various types of redundancies are built-in...
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Power Converter Solutions for Industrial PV Applications—A Review
Publikacja: As the use of photovoltaics becomes more widespread, new technologies for more efficient energy generation, transmission, and distribution based on power electronics converters are being developed. The most common applications are grid-on, energy storage, hybrid, and high voltage gain applications. These applications impose several additional requirements in the design of power converters associated with the solar battery’s maximum...
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Power enhancement of the Brayton cycle by steam utilization
PublikacjaThe paper presents thermodynamic analysis of the gas-steam unit of the 65 MWe combined heat and power station. Numerical analyses of the station was performed for the nominal operation conditions determining the Brayton and combined cycle. Furthermore, steam utilization for the gas turbine propulsion in the Cheng cycle was analysed. In the considered modernization, steam generated in the heat recovery steam generator unit is directed...
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REDUNDANCY AS A WAY INCREASING RELIABILITY OF SHIP POWER PLANTS
PublikacjaOne of key ways of assuring a high level of reliability of a ship power plant is to design redundancy of its structural elements, for example redundancy of prime drivers, drivelines etc. This paper deals with issues related to the redundancy as a way increasing dependability of the ship power and propulsion systems. Especially, fundamental characteristics of dependability, major design strategies influencing the reliability, and...
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Nuclear power plant as a source of electrical energy and heat
PublikacjaIn this paper certain issues concerning usage of nuclear power plants as sources of not only electric power but also thermal energy will be discussed. For such a solution appeals most of all the need to limit harmful emissions of gases (including CO2) and ashes, which come from the process of burning fossil fuels, as well as the raising demand for network heat and chill. Additionally combined heat and power production brings measurable...
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Optimal linear control theory in power system application
PublikacjaPrzedstawiono syntezę stabilizatora systemowego przy wykorzystaniu metodyki Hinf. Zaprojektowany regulator umożliwia uzyskanie lepszych rezultatów w porównaniu z regulatorem odniesienia w szerokim zakresie zmian punktu pracy.
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Dynamic model of nuclear power plant turbine
PublikacjaThe paper presents the dynamic multivariable model of Nuclear Power Plant steam turbine. Nature of the processes occurring in a steam turbine causes a task of modeling it very difficult, especially when this model is intended to be used for on-line optimal process control (model based) over wide range of operating conditions caused by changing power demand. Particular property of developed model is that it enables calculations...
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Problems of Connecting Wind Farms to the Power System with HV Cables
PublikacjaThis paper presents problems caused by connecting wind farms to a power system with high voltage cables. The author highlights possible problems with reactive power compensation, depending on the arrangement of the shunt reactor connection and settings of control systems for reactive power and voltage of the wind farm. The paper also discusses issues of increasing active power losses caused by a shunt reactor installation.
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Fault loop impedance measurement in low voltage network with residual current devices
PublikacjaW sieciach i instalacjach niskiego napięcia z wyłącznikami różnicowoprądowymi pomiar impedancji pętli zwarciowej jest kłopotliwy. Prąd pomiarowy powoduje ich zbędne zadziałanie, co uniemożliwia prawidłowe wykonanie pomiaru. W artykule omówiono przyczyny zbędnego zadziałania wyłączników różnicowoprądowych podczas pomiaru impedancji pętli zwarciowej oraz warunki, w jakich ten pomiar można wykonać poprawnie.
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Measurement of the earth fault loop impedance in a low voltage network with operating loads
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono problematykę dokładności pomiaru impedancji pętli zwarciowej w sieciach z obciążeniami roboczymi. Klasyczne metody pomiarowe i mierniki mogą powodować błędy pomiaru przekraczające dopuszczalną wartość. Z tego powodu może wystąpić ryzyko porażenia prądem elektrycznym, ponieważ przy doziemieniu nie będzie spełniony warunek samoczynnego wyłączenia zasilania. Błędy pomiaru w sieci z obciążeniami roboczymi można...
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Analysis of Reliability Structures for Fire Signaling Systems in the Field of Fire Safety and Hardware Requirements
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<title>Hardware emulator of the high-resolution CCD sensor for the Pi of the Sky experiment</title>
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Hardware accelerated implementation of wavelet transform for machine vision in road traffic monitoring system
PublikacjaW artykule został opisany system monitorowania ruchu drogowego wykorzystujący sprzętową implementację transformacji falkowej. System został zaimplementowany za pomocą procesora zrealizowanego w technologii FPGA i małej kamery z układem konwersji analogowo-cyfrowej. System wykorzystuje transformację falkową do detekcji zatorów na skrzyżowaniach. W artykule zostały przedstawione przykładowe rezultaty rozpoznawania zatorów drogowych...
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A New, Reconfigurable Circuit Offering Functionality of AND and OR Logic Gates for Use in Algorithms Implemented in Hardware
PublikacjaThe paper presents a programmable (using a 1-bit signal) digital gate that can operate in one of two OR or AND modes. A circuit of this type can also be implemented using conventional logic gates. However, in the case of the proposed circuit, compared to conventional solutions, the advantage is a much smaller number of transistors necessary for its implementation. Circuit is also much faster than its conventional counterpart. The...
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Security Assessment of a Turbo-Gas Power Plant
PublikacjaCritical infrastructures are exposed to new threats due to the large number of vulnerabilities and architectural weaknesses introduced by the extensive use of information and communication technologies. This paper presents the results of an exhaustive security assessment for a turbo-gas power plant.
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Modelling and analysis of medium frequency transformers for power converters
PublikacjaThe evolutions in power systems and electric vehicles, related to the economic opportunities and the environmental issues, bring the need of high power galvanically isolated DC-DC converter. The medium frequency transformer (MFT) is one of its key components, enabled by the increasing switching frequency of modern power semiconductors like silicon carbide transistors or diodes. The increased operating frequency offers small...
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Effective Short -term Forecasting of Wind Farms Power
PublikacjaForecasting a specific wind farm's generation capacity within a 24 hour perpective requires both a reliable forecast of wind, as well as supporting tools. This tool is a dedicated model of wind farm power. This model should include not only general rules of wind to mechanical energy conversion, but also the farm's specific features. This paper present analytical, statistical, and neuron models of wind farm power. The study is based...
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Delivery of Ancillary Services in Distribution Power Systems
PublikacjaOne of the technical and organizational challenges the power system faces in deregulated market conditions is to organize an ancillary services market. The growing share of distributed generation of variable (intermittent) energy sources and a change in the market position of consumers, causes the demand for distributed delivery of ancillary services. For this purpose, it is sought to use the ability of the regulatory measures:...
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Selected problems of decision making modelling in power engineering
PublikacjaThe paper presents the selected problems of decision making modelling in power engineering specially investment risk evaluation methods. The proposed model can be used in the range programming the development and investing process in power engineering. Decision making problems in power engineering and the evaluation of investment effectiveness in particular are closely related to modelling which relatively accurately reflects...
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CAES – Energy storage providing stability for national power system
PublikacjaThis paper presents a short characteristics of the power system. It also describes various types of energy storage technologies. The suggested solution of accumulation and generation of electric power is based on the cooperation of gas turbine with Compressed Air Storage Energy systems – CAES. This analysis describes also various types of cooperation of CAES and renewable sources of energy, particularly wind power systems.
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Estimation of the Maximum Permissible PV Power to be Connected to the MV Grid
PublikacjaIn recent decades, a significant increase in the share of renewable energy sources in power grids at various voltage levels has been observed. A number of articles have been published highlighting emerging problems in low-voltage grids with a large share of prosumers and in medium- and high-voltage grids to which photovoltaic (PV) plants are connected. The article analyzes the medium-voltage grid in terms of the possibility of...
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Structural Health Monitoring of Overhead Power Transmission Lines
PublikacjaStructural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a novel and continuously developing branch of science and technology that draws attention of scientists all over the world. It creates opportunities to detect, localize and identify structural damage of various types such as: line breakage, permissible sag, bolt loosening, fatigue cracking or insulator contamination. On the other hand the methods used to estimate the remaining operational...
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Uncertainty analysis of measuring system for instantaneous power research
PublikacjaThe paper presents a metrological analysis of the measurement system used for diagnosis of induction motor bearings, based on the analysis of the instantaneous power. This system was implemented as a set of devices with dedicated software installed on a PC. A number of measurements for uncertainty estimation was carried out. The results of the measurements are presented in the paper. The results of the aforementioned analysis helped...
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How to choose drive’s rated power in electrified urban transport?
PublikacjaSelection of drive's rated power influences not only vehicle's dynamics, but also its energy efficiency. Mentioned above approach requires a multiphysical model, which covers both mechanical and electrical phenomena. This paper discusses how selection of traction drive's rated power influences vehicle energy consumption on example of a trolleybus. A complex mathematical model was developed in Matlab/Simulink to describe the multiphisical...
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Interdependence between Power Grids and Communication Networks: A Resilience Perspective
PublikacjaPower network resilience is increasingly dependent on communication networks. Besides traditional generation, power networks need to accommodate increasingly high penetration levels of dispersed micro generation, mostly based on renewable sources, and increasing and challenging demand, such as electric vehicles. At the same time the deployment of enabling technologies throughout the power grid makes available new demand resources...
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An application of multi-agent system for ship’s power systems design
PublikacjaDesign process of transport ship power system consists of structure (topology) and component elements selection. Compliance with the requirements for static components does not guarantee optimal dynamic characteristics of entire power system. Design steps are difficult to formalize and as a consequence to this reason expert and multi-agent systems are used for solving selected design issues. In the paper distributed multi-agent...
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Laboratory Load Model Based on 150 kVA Power Frequency Converter and Simulink Real-Time – Concept, mplementation, Experiments
PublikacjaFirst section of the paper provides technical specification of laboratory load model basing on 150 kVA power frequency converter and Simulink Real-Time platform. Assumptions, as well as control algorithm structure is presented. Theoretical considerations based on criteria which load types may be simulated using discussed laboratory setup, are described. As described model contains transformer with thyristor-controlled tap changer,...
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Induced sheath voltages in 110 kV power cables – case study
PublikacjaThis paper considers electric shock hazard due to induced sheath voltages in 110 kV power cables. The purpose of this paper is to find an optimal configuration of the power cable system, taking into account electric shock hazard and ability of the system to transfer maximal power. A computer simulations on a computer model of the local power system, comprising high voltage power cables, were carried out. This model enables to analyse...
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Methods for evaluating rated power of diesel-powered generator set
PublikacjaBasic concepts for evaluating rated power of generator sets powered by combustion engines are presented in this article. A relation between parameters of the engine and the generator are shown. Recommendations contained in the standards and technical literature are systematized. The scheme and methodology for evaluating rated power of the generator set, based on laboratory research, are suggested. Also, the main problems which...
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Low-Power WSN System for Honey Bee Monitoring
PublikacjaThe paper presents a universal low-power system for biosensory data acquisition in scope of bees monitoring. We describe the architecture of the system, energy-saving components as well as we discuss the selection of used sensors. The work focuses on energy optimization in a scope of wireless communication. A custom protocol was implemented, which is the basis for presented energy-efficient devices. Data exchange process during...
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Power electronic transformer based on cascaded H-bridge converter
PublikacjaIn this paper the control strategy of power electronic transformer (PET) is proposed. The analyzed structure of PET uses two seven-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) rectifiers. The electrical power of PET is transferred between DC-links of CHB converters using dual-active-bridges (DABs) and low voltage high frequency transformers. The roposed solution allows for controlling the active and reactive power with a low level of harmonic...
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Research of Emergency Modes of Wind Power Plants Using Computer Simulation
PublikacjaThe aim of this study is to investigate changes in the wind power plant energy production parameters under the conditions of sudden wind changes and voltage drop. To achieve these goals, a simulation of operation of wind power plants was performed. Twelve wind turbines with variable rotational speed equipped with a Fuhrländer FL 2500/104 asynchronous double-fed induction generator (DFIG) were used, each with an installed capacity...
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Multi-region fuzzy logic controller with local PID controllers for U-tube steam generator in nuclear power plant
PublikacjaIn the paper, analysis of multi-region fuzzy logic controller with local PID controllers for steam generator of pressurized water reactor (PWR) working in wide range of thermal power changes is presented. The U-tube steam generator has a nonlinear dynamics depending on thermal power transferred from coolant of the primary loop of the PWR plant. Control of water level in the steam generator conducted by a traditional PID controller...
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Utility analysis and rating of energy storages in trolleybus power supply system
PublikacjaThe article discusses two energy storage applications in power supply system of public electrified transport. The first application aims at reducing the peak power of the traction substation. The second application increases effectiveness of using solar power plant to cover partial power demand of traction supply system. These two applications were discussed and analyzed based on trolleybus supply system in Gdynia, where most measurements...
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Performance Evaluation of a 650V E-HEMT GaN Power Switch
PublikacjaGaN power switches have better characteristics compared to the state-of-the-art Si power transistors. These devices offer high operating temperature and current densities, fast switching and low on-resistance. However, currently only a few producers offer technology of high voltage GaN transistors. Immaturity of this technology is the reason why experimental evaluation of GaN parameters must be performed to properly exploit their...
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The role of the LB structural loop and its interactions with the PDZ domain of the human HtrA3 protease
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The LA Loop as an Important Regulatory Element of the HtrA (DegP) Protease from Escherichia coli
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Comparative Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation Devices in a Real Electric Substation
PublikacjaA constant worldwide growing load stress over a power system compelled the practice of a reactive power injection to ensure an efficient power network. For this purpose, multiple technologies exist in the knowledge market out of which this paper emphasizes the usage of the flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) and presents a comparative study of the static var compensator (SVC) with the static synchronous compensator...
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FPGA based, DSP board for LLRF 8-Channel SIMCON 3.0 Part I: Hardware
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Sprzętowa i programowa realizacja algorytmu szyfrującego AES = Hardware and software implementation of AES algorithm
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono sprzętową i programową realizację algorytmu szyfrującego i deszyfrującego AES. Obydwie implementacje zostały zrealizowane z wykorzystaniem platformy Virtex-II i praktycznie zweryfikowane. Jako kryteria do porównania wybrano: zużycie zasobów, przepustowość i zużycie mocy. Wersja sprzętowa charakteryzuje się 190-krotnie większą przepustowością, 80-krotnie mniejszym zużyciem energii na przetworzenie jednego...
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THE INFLUENCE OF PHASE SHIFTERS ON THE VOLTAGE STABILITY OF CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS
PublikacjaThe paper presents the results of simulation tests of connected power systems in which phase shifters were installed on cross-border links. The analysis was carried out in terms of assessing the impact of shifters on node voltage stability. Individual systems were characterized by different balance of active power: deficit or excess. The evaluation of voltage stability was based on the dU/dQ and dU/dP criteria.