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Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: PRIVATE EXPENDITURE
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Equivalence scales for continuous distributions of expenditure
PublikacjaResearch background: In the actual sizable populations of households, the standard microeconomic concept of equivalence scales is intractable since its necessary condition of equality of household welfare levels is unlikely to be fulfilled. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to develop a concept of an equivalence scale, which can be suitable for continuous distributions of expenditures in the population. Methods: Using household...
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Legal environment of the private entrepreneurship in Poland.
PublikacjaW pracy dokonano prezentacji i analizy podstawowych składowych otoczenia prawnego określającego warunki kształtowania i rozwoju prywatnej przedsiębiorczości w Polsce w okresie transformacji rynkowej.
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The Conditions of Measuring Local Government Units Expenditure Efficiency
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Efficiency of Environmental Protection Expenditures in EU Countries
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The Efficiency of R&D Expenditures in ASEAN Countries
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The Efficiency of Public and Private Higher Education Institutions in Poland
PublikacjaChanges introduced to Poland’s education system in 2011 and 2014 amid efforts to adjust it to the needs of the labour market had an effect on the country’s institutions of higher learning. This paper provides an analysis of the efficiency of public and private Polish universities and examines the impact of selected factors in the years that followed. To estimate this efficiency, a Banker, Charnes and Cooper (BCC) model of the...
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Stochastic equivalence scales in log-normal distributions of expenditures
PublikacjaIn the paper, the properties of the stochastic equivalence scales (SES) are analysed when expenditure distributions are log-normal. The SES provides the equivalent distribution of expenditures when the population of households is heterogeneous with respect to such attributes as household size, demographic cpmposition, etc. For log-normal expenditure distributions, the non-parametric SES deflators are proportional to the ration...
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Experimental Extraction of Secure Correlations from a Noisy Private State
PublikacjaWe report experimental generation of a noisy entangled four-photon state that exhibits a separation between the secure key contents and distillable entanglement, a hallmark feature of the recently established quantum theory of private states. The privacy analysis, based on the full tomographic reconstruction of the prepared state, is utilized in a proof-of-principle key generation. The inferiority of distillation-based strategies...
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Journal of Private Enterprise
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Journal of Private Equity
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Energy expenditure for massage therapists during performing selected classical massage techniques
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Measurement of expenditure efficiency of Polish cities with county rights in the context of quality of life
PublikacjaThe article is devoted to the measurement of efficiency of overall expenditures. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of use of budget resources by local government units in the context of fostering quality of life. The subject of the study is 65 Polish cities with county rights (county status). Calculations were carried out using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results of analysis confirm the two research...
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
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Primate Conservation
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Primate Biology
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PRIMATES
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Property revenues (PRs) and expenditures of local government units (LGUs) in Poland
PublikacjaPRs are new category of local government revenues, which was introduced by changing the law on public finances at the end of 2006 and which took effect in 2007. By principle, these revenues should be converted into property expenditures. Their formalisation did not only allow assessing their absolute size but also a comparison with the longer existing property expenditures. Both categories were subject of analysis in this article....
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Quantum privacy witness
PublikacjaWhile it is usually known that the mean value of a single observable is enough to detect entanglement or its distillability, the counterpart of such an approach in the case of quantum privacy has been missing. Here we develop the concept of a privacy witness, i.e., a single observable that may detect the presence of the secure key even in the case of bound entanglement. Then we develop the notion of secret-key estimation based...
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The influence of the development of private air communication on the architecture and urban planning of the 21st century
PublikacjaIn the first part, the article describes the stages of the development of gyroplanes and the influence of wartime policy on the interest in light aircraft. Also presented are links and the possibilities of using gyroplanes in various sectors of the economy. The authors, based on source texts, present the current position of the aviation industry in the Polish economy and attempt to diagnose its development capabilities. As a result,...
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Specification of private art galleries used in the central part of old town Belgrade
PublikacjaIn Belgrade, since the late 1990s, private art galleries have appeared that indirectly create the image of the city through the propagation of art, take part in the education process of the residents and undertake criticism of local and global events. The article is an answer to the following questions: [1] why and how do the bottom-up art oriented places appear in Belgrade, [2] how do they function, and (3) what is their architectural...
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Share of enterprises' expenditure in total R&D expenditure (2009-2011)
Dane BadawczeThe countries with the highest share of enterprises in R&D expenditure are: Finåandia (67%), Germany (65.6%) and Slovenia (61.2%). On the opposite pole are Cyprus (11%), Bulgaria (16.9%) and Latvia (24.8%). The average result for the Member States in 2011 was 54.9%. It is worth noting that the countries that significantly increased the ratio of...
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Performance and Security Testing of Distributed Applications Working in Public/Private IPSec and HTTPS Environments
PublikacjaW pracy przedstawiono zagadnienie testowania wydajności (ang. Performance) i bezpieczeństwa (ang. Security) aplikacji rozproszonych działających w sieciach publiczno-prywatnych stworzonych przy wykorzystaniu technologii IPSec i HTTPS. Dwa podejścia do architektury oprogramowania tych aplikacji zostały omówione: Request/Response oraz Publish/Subscribe. Analiza zawiera przedstawienie wpływu technologii IPSec i HTTPS na całkowitą...
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European Review of Private Law
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Journal of Private International Law
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International Journal of Private Law
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IMPACT OF THE FINANCING STRUCTURE ON EFFICIENCY OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN THE FORMER EASTERN BLOC COUNTRIES
PublikacjaOut-of-pocket expenditures are a significant barrier in accessing health services. This paper aims to analyse the structure of financing system in the context of the performance indicators of healthcare systems. The study was conducted for the 28 countries of the former Eastern bloc in the years 2000 and 2013, based on data from the World Health Organization. In the DEA-CCR input-oriented model, inputs are the percentage share...
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Does source matter? Generation of investment expenditures by different types of local government revenues
PublikacjaThe purpose of the article was to investigate the impact of the three fundamental statutory categories of budget revenues, i.e. own revenues, general subsidies and specific grants on the size of investments made by local government units in Poland. The subject scope included the local government subsector in its entirety, as well as divided into 4 groups: communes (gminas), cities with powiat rights, districts (powiats) and province...
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Household Ability of Expenditures on Electricity and Energy Resources in the Countries That Joined the EU after 2004
PublikacjaThe purpose of the following article is to present the situation of the energy market from a household perspective between 2010 and 2020 in selected EU countries (the group of member states which joined EU after 2004). The selected countries when joining the EU had similar economic indicators and to some extent were similar in other macro-economic situations (personal income, unemployment rate, GDP level and annual growth). This...
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Why Do Companies Stay Private? Determinants for IPO Candidates to Consider in Poland and the Czech Republic
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Performance and Security Testing for Improving Quality of Distributed Applications Working in Public/Private Network Environments
PublikacjaThe goal of this dissertation is to create an integrated testing approach to distributed applications, combining both security and performance testing methodologies, allowing computer scientist to achieve appropriate balance between security and performance charakterstics from application requirements point of view. The constructed method: Multidimensional Approach to Quality Analysis (MA2QA) allows researcher to represent software...
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Determinants of COVID-19 Impact on the Private Sector: A Multi-Country Analysis Based on Survey Data
PublikacjaOur paper aims to investigate the impact of COVID‐19 on private sector companies in terms of sales, production, finance and employment. We check whether the country and industry in which companies operate, government financial support and loan access matter to the behaviour and performances of companies during the pandemic. We use a microdata set from a worldwide survey of more than 15,729 companies conducted between April and...
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Erosion of privacy in computer vision systems
PublikacjaW pracy przedstawiono problemy, które mogą wystąpić, gdy technologia komputerowego wzroku zostanie zaimplementowana w urządzeniach wykorzystywanych w codziennym życiu. Przeprowadzono także dyskusję socjologicznych konsekwencji stosowania biometrii, automatycznego śledzenia ruchu i interpretacji obrazu. Omówiono też problemy wynikające z połączenia komputerowego wzroku z możliwościami oferowanymi przez Internet.
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Toward Innovation-Driven Competitiveness Across African Countries: An Analysis of Efficiency of R&D Expenditures
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Use of Bi-Temporal ALS Point Clouds for Tree Removal Detection on Private Property in Racibórz, Poland
PublikacjaTrees growing on private property have become an essential part of urban green policies. In many places, restrictions are imposed on tree removal on private property. However, monitoring compliance of these regulations appears difficult due to a lack of reference data and public administration capacity. We assessed the impact of the temporary suspension of mandatory permits on tree removal, which was in force in 2017 in Poland,...
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Multi-objective Tabu-based Differential Evolution for Teleportation of Smart Virtual Machines in Private Computing Clouds
PublikacjaWe propose a multi-objective approach for using differential evolution algorithm with tabu search algorithm as an additional mutation for live migration (teleportation) of virtual machines. This issue is crucial in private computing clouds. Teleportation of virtual machines is supposed to be planned to determine Pareto-optimal solutions for several criteria such as workload of the bottleneck host, communication capacity of the...
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Security and Privacy
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Public and Private International Law Bulletin
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Quantum key distribution based on private states: Unconditional security over untrusted channels with zero quantum capacity
PublikacjaIn this paper, we prove unconditional security for a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on distilling pbits (twisted ebits) from an arbitrary untrusted state that is claimed to contain distillable key. Our main result is that we can verify security using only public communication-via parameter estimation of the given untrusted state. The technique applies even to bound-entangled states, thus extending QKD to the regime...
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Practical Trial for Low-Energy Effective Jamming on Private Networks With 5G-NR and NB-IoT Radio Interfaces
PublikacjaFourth-generation (4G) mobile networks are successively replaced by fifth-generation (5G) ones, based on the new releases of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard. 5G generation is dedicated to civilian users and the conducted analytical work shows that it has numerous technological gaps that prevent its direct implementation in military communications systems. However, the recent armed world conflicts showed that...
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Consumers’ Need of Privacy Protection – Experimental Results
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Context sensitive privacy management in a distributed environment
PublikacjaArtykuł przedstawia mechanizm zarządzania prywatnością stworzony dla systemu rozproszonego z założeniem, że węzły systemu mają ograniczone zasoby (moc procesora, pamięć). Podstawowy pomysł zakłada, że prywatne dane są filtrowane zgodnie z polityką prywatności użytkowników przed ich ujawnieniem innym użytkownikom. Te decyzje są silnie umiejscowione, co ogranicza narzut związany z zarządzaniem prywatnością na węzłach systemu. Sam...
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Augmented Reality for Privacy-Sensitive Visual Monitoring
PublikacjaThe paper presents a method for video anonymization and replacing real human silhouettes with virtual 3D figures rendered on the screen. Video stream is processed to detect and to track objects, whereas anonymization stage employs fast blurring method. Substitute 3D figures are animated accordingly to behavior of detected persons. Their location, movement speed, direction, and person height are taken into account during the animation...
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Creating private and public value in data-related management projects: a cross-border case study from Switzerland and Italy
PublikacjaThe literature in the field of smart cities shows a continuous emphasis and interest in the topic of big data due to the extensive use of Information and Communication Technologies by public and private institutions within each city. There is undoubtedly value in big data: in data lie insights on the city, its stakeholders, citizens, products, and services. Challenges, though, lie in data’s variety, volume, and velocity, but also...
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Narratives on cutting down trees on private land. A comparison of urban and rural municipalities in Poland using the Q-deliberation method
PublikacjaIncreased development in rural and urban areas leads to a decrease in tree cover and reduces the ecosystem services that trees provide. Municipal authorities must consider managing trees on private land to ensure that residents have access to trees and green spaces. In doing so, they must frequently confront conflicting stakeholder views, which are driven by diverse public and private interests and impacted by the type of landscape...
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Structure of own costs of private universities in 2010
Dane BadawczeThe biggest costs are generated by basic teaching activities. However, in the context of the competitiveness and quality of education in private universities, research expenditure is a cause for concern. Dataset shows that these universities spend less than 4.0% on research compared to other activities. For comparison, in public universities research...
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A Warrior Society: Data From 30 Countries Show That Belief in a Zero-Sum Game Is Related to Military Expenditure and Low Civil Liberties
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Visual Data Encryption for Privacy Enhancement in Surveillance Systems
PublikacjaIn this paper a methodology for employing reversible visual encryption of data is proposed. The developed algorithms are focused on privacy enhancement in distributed surveillance architectures. First, motivation of the study performed and a short review of preexisting methods of privacy enhancement are presented. The algorithmic background, system architecture along with a solution for anonymization of sensitive regions of interest...
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Cybersecurity and Privacy in Standards for Smart Grids – a Comprehensive Survey
PublikacjaResilient information and communications technologies are a prerequisite for reliable operation of smart grid. In recent years, many standards for the new form of electricity network have been proposed, which results in operators and other smart grid stakeholders having difficulties in finding the documents which can be related to their particular problems. The purpose of this paper is to bring in all smart grid standards that...
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Reducing income inequalities through government expenditures on education. Evidence for European countries Piotr PłatkowskiORCID Icon &Ewa LechmanORCID Icon
PublikacjaThis study examines the role of government spending on education in mitigating income inequalities. The study uses dynamic panel regressions to assess the evolution of education expenditures and income inequality in the sample of 30 European countries between 1995 and 2018. Our findings show that increases in government spending on education positively affect income inequality reduction. The impact was more substantial in case...
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Transactions on Data Privacy
Czasopisma