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Effectiveness of a dual surface modification of metallic interconnects for application in energy conversion devices
PublikacjaA dual surface modification of an SOFC metallic interconnect with a Gd2O3 layer and an MnCo2O4 coating was evaluated. The tested samples were oxidized for 7000 h in air at 1073 K. Oxidation products were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, and confocal Raman imaging, and ASR was measured. The effect of gadolinium segregation at grain boundaries in Cr2O3 was evaluated using S/TEM-EDS. Area specific-resistance was measured and fuel...
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Machine learning for the management of biochar yield and properties of biomass sources for sustainable energy
PublikacjaBiochar is emerging as a potential solution for biomass conversion to meet the ever increasing demand for sustainable energy. Efficient management systems are needed in order to exploit fully the potential of biochar. Modern machine learning (ML) techniques, and in particular ensemble approaches and explainable AI methods, are valuable for forecasting the properties and efficiency of biochar properly. Machine-learning-based forecasts,...
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Interaction of 4-nitrothiophenol with low energy electrons: Implications for plasmon mediated reactions
PublikacjaThe reduction of 4-nitrothiophenol (NTP) to 4-4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) on laser illuminated noble metal nanoparticles is one of the most widely studied plasmon mediated reactions. The reaction is most likely triggered by a transfer of low energy electrons from the nanoparticle to the adsorbed molecules. Besides the formation of DMAB, dissociative side reactions of NTP have also been observed. Here, we present a crossed electron-molecular...
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Consideration of Pseudo Strain Energy in Determination of Fatigue Life and Microdamage Healing of Asphalt Mastics
PublikacjaRest periods between cyclic loads can lead to recovery of damage and extension of fatigue life. This phenomenon is referred to as healing. Healing is clearly observed in bituminous materials, such as asphalt mastics, which belong to the components of asphalt mixtures. Due to the nature of road pavement traffic loading, which is characterized by series of intermittent pulses with rest periods, consideration of healing is necessary...
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Mechanochemical Energy Transduction during the Main Rotary Step in the Synthesis Cycle of F1-ATPase
PublikacjaF1-ATPase is a highly efficient molecular motor that can synthesize ATP driven by a mechanical torque. Its ability to function reversibly in either direction requires tight mechanochemical coupling between the catalytic domain and the rotating central shaft, as well as temporal control of substrate binding and product release. Despite great efforts and significant progress, the molecular details of this synchronized and fine-tuned...
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Pre-swirl energy saving device in marine application
PublikacjaThis paper covers topics of energy saving device (ESD) with application to marine propulsors. The form of ESD, considered in this paper, consists of fixed lifting foils mounted in front of the screw propeller (the pre-swirl stator/guide vanes). An algorithm for designing propulsion systems, consisting of guide vanes and screw propeller, is presented. The proposed method relies on hybrid lifting line (guide vanes)-lifting surface...
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Utility analysis and rating of energy storages in trolleybus power supply system
PublikacjaThe article discusses two energy storage applications in power supply system of public electrified transport. The first application aims at reducing the peak power of the traction substation. The second application increases effectiveness of using solar power plant to cover partial power demand of traction supply system. These two applications were discussed and analyzed based on trolleybus supply system in Gdynia, where most measurements...
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Scale transformations in model exchange potentials in low energy electron-atom scattering
PublikacjaModel exchange potentials are particularly interesting to account for the indistinguishability between the projectile and target electrons in electron-atom scattering in vacuo and plasma environments. It is well known that their performance is pretty satisfactory in the high energies but also that discrepancies from the results obtained with exact exchange are found toward the zero energy limit. In this article, we examine how...
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An Ultra-Low-Energy Analog Comparator for A/D Converters in CMOS Image Sensors
PublikacjaThis paper proposes a new solution of an ultra-low-energy analog comparator, dedicated to slope analog-to-digital converters (ADC), particularly suited for CMOS image sensors (CISs) featuring a large number of ADCs. For massively parallel imaging arrays, this number may be as high as tens-hundreds of thousands ADCs. As each ADC includes an analog comparator, the number of these comparators in CIS is always high. Detailed analysis...
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Accurate and continuous adhesive fracture energy determination using an instrumented wedge test
PublikacjaThe wedge test and the related double cantilever beam test are practical methods of assessing structural adhesive fracture energy. In the former, and to a lesser extent the latter, a recognised problem is the difficulty of following the length of the growing crack, required to calculate fracture energy with any accuracy. We present a novel method of measurement of crack length that has the advantages of being accurate and allowing...
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Phytoremediation—From Environment Cleaning to Energy Generation—Current Status and Future Perspectives
Publikacja:Phytoremediationis a technology based on the use of green plants to remove, relocate, deactivate, or destroy harmful environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, radionuclides, hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals. Under the general term of phytoremediation, several processes with distinctively different mechanisms of action are hidden. In this paper, the most popular modes of phytoremediation are described and discussed. A broad...
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Cleaner energy for sustainable future using hybrid photovoltaics-thermoelectric generators system under non-static conditions using machine learning based control technique
PublikacjaIn addition to the load demand, the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric generator (TEG) module determines the output power for thermoelectric generator systems. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is needed to track the optimal global power point as operating conditions change. The growing use of electricity and the decline in the use of fossil fuels have sparked interest in photovoltaic-TEG...
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Electron ionization and low energy electron attachment to molecules of biological interest
PublikacjaEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (TRIS) were investigated by electron impact ionization and low energy electron attachment. Both compounds are components of biological buffers and often are used as DNA stabilizers in irradiation studies. hus it is of a great importance to understand their potential interactions with radiation. Our results revealed that at least one of them, EDTA, may...
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Electron ionization and low energy electron attachment to molecules of biological interest
PublikacjaEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (TRIS) were investigated by electron impact ionization and low energy electron attachment. Both compounds are components of biological buffers and often are used as DNA stabilizers in irradiation studies. hus it is of a great importance to understand their potential interactions with radiation. Our results revealed that at least one of them, EDTA, may...
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Modular power converter with superconducting magnetic energy storage for electric power distribution system — Analysis and simulation
PublikacjaThis paper describes selected issues concerning realization of energy storage system (ESS) designed to operate in power distribution system. This paper presents a modular approach of 300 kVA power converter operating with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), which gives high dynamics together with high power and suitable capability for instantaneous energy storage. Analysis and simulation studies of selected power converter...
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Assessment of the Current Potential of Hydropower for Water Damming in Poland in the Context of Energy Transformation
PublikacjaThe present paper indicates that hydropower, including small hydropower plants (SHPs), may play a very important role in Poland’s energy transformation in the near future. The development of SHPs may also increase water resources in the steppe Poland. Additionally, the aim of the present research is to conduct the PEST analysis of SHPs in Poland, taking into account the SHP potential. For the first time, maps showing the power...
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Energy Demand of Short-Range Inland Ferry with Series Hybrid Propulsion Depending on the Navigation Strategy
PublikacjaInterest in hybrid propulsion systems that can be used on small vessels has increased significantly in recent years. They can replace inefficient and environmentally burdensome conventional systems based on diesel engines. Hybrid propulsion has many advantages such as high energy efficiency and virtually noiseless operation, and therefore it fits well with the current trends of “green shipping” and “zero emission”. The aim of the...
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Analysis of start energy of Stirling engine type alpha
PublikacjaThe Stirling engine type alpha is composed of two cylinders (expansion space E and compression space C), regenerator that forms the space between the cylinders and the buffer space (under the pistons). Before the start-up and as a result of long-term operation, the average pressure in the working space (above the pistons) and in the buffer space is the same. However, in the initial phase of operation, the average pressure in the...
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Energy Management of Microgrid System
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono system sterowania rozproszonych źródeł energii (DER) w oparciu o protokół Ethernet POWERLINK. Autorzy opracowali metody komunikowania się z systemu Zarządzania Energią z przekształtnikami energoelektronicznymi w system zwany mikrosiecią (Microgrid). W artykule przedstawiono optymalny podział mocy pomiędzy źródłami wytwórczymi a obciążeniem. System ten składa się z: kogeneratora z silnikiem na gaz ziemny...
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On the Possibility of Increasing Ship Energy Efficiency Through Improved Propulsion Control System
PublikacjaThis paper summarizes the analyses conducted to assess the impact of the ship's propulsion control system on energy efficiency in calm, manoeuvre, and sea wave conditions, where the goal of the investigation is to develop new strategies for controlling the ship's motion while considering the interactions between the hull, engine, and propeller.
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Advancing Solar Energy: Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting Photovoltaic Power Output
PublikacjaThis research is primarily concentrated on predicting the output of photovoitaic power, an essential field in the study of renewable energy. The paper comprehensively reviews various forecasting methodologies, transitioning from conventional physical and statistical methods to advanced machine learning (ML) techniques. A significant shift has been observed from traditional point forecasting to machine learning-based forecasting...
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Numerical Analysis of Impact of Energy Buoy Anchoring Configurations on its Motion and Efficiency
PublikacjaThis paper presents a numerical analysis of the impact of energy buoy mooring configurations on its movement on the wave and effectiveness. The method used to analyse the buoy movement modelling in six degrees of freedom was described in a paper presented at the Conference 2011. Simulations of the buoy movement in regular wave and power calculations were conducted for several configurations of anchoring systems and position of...
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Gordon Decomposition of the Magnetizability of a Dirac One-Electron Atom in an Arbitrary Discrete Energy State
PublikacjaWe present analytical derivation of formulas for diamagnetic and paramagnetic contributions to magnetizabilities of relativistic hydrogenlike atoms being in an arbitrary discrete energy eigenstate.
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Method of sum of power losses as a way for determining the ki coefficients of energy losses in hydraulic motor
PublikacjaThis paper shows application of the method of sum of power losses to determining energy losses which occur in hydraulic rotary motor in situation when not all laboratory data are at one’s disposal or when no use is made of data contained in catalogue charts. The method makes it possible to determine the coefficients ,ki , of energy losses occurring in the motor. The method of sum of power losses is based on the approach proposed...
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RAPESEED PELLET - A BYPRODUCT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION - AS AN EXCELLENT RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE
PublikacjaVegetable oils are renewable feedstock currently being used for production of biofuels from sustainable biomass resources. The existing technology for producing diesel fuel from plant oils, such as rapeseed, soybean, canola and palm oil are largely centered on transesterification of oils with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or biodiesel. Rapeseed pellet - crushed seed residue from oil extraction is a byproduct...
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ENERGY EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY HYBRID CONVERSION OF INLAND PASSENGER VESSEL
PublikacjaThe development and growing availability of modern technologies, along with more and more severe environment protection standards which frequently take a form of legal regulations, are the reason why attempts are made to find a quiet and economical propulsion system not only for newly built watercraft units, but also for modernised ones. Correct selection of the propulsion and supply system for a given vessel affects significantly...
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ENERGY EFFICIENT SMALL INLAND PASSENGER SHUTTLE FERRY WITH HYBRID PROPULSION - CONCEPT DESIGN, CALCULATIONS AND MODEL TESTS
PublikacjaIn recent years, there has been a significant development in “green” and energy efficient propulsion systems, which fits into the general trend of environmentally friendly “green shipping”. The pursued goal is to construct a safe passenger ship that is low in energy demand and equipped with a highly energy efficient, emission-free propulsion system. The paper presents main problems encountered by designers of a small, hybrid-powered...
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INCREASING POWER SUPPLY SAFETY IN THE ASPECT OF SUPPORTING THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES BY CONVENTIONAL AND VIRTUAL POWER STORES
PublikacjaThis paper presents characteristics and purposefulness of supporting the renewable energy sources (OZE) by means of energy stores. The main emphasis was placed on analysis of virtual energy stores available for implementation in Polish economy conditions. A role which management of Demand Side Response (DSR) may play in balancing Polish electric power system, is discussed. Implementation of such solutions together with conventional...
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Towards an integrated assessment of environmental and human health impact of energy sector in Poland
PublikacjaReferat prezentuje system zintegrowanej oceny wpływu sektora energetycznego na stan środowiska i zdrowie ludzkie w Polsce. W podejściu wykorzystano kombinację modelu transportu zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu POLAIR 3D z modelem informacyjno-symulacyjnym RAINS. Model oszacowuje emisje i koncentracje zanieczyszczeń powietrza, koszty kontroli emisji zanieczyszczeń i inne koszty związane z różnymi scenariuszami rozwoju sektora energetycznego.The...
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Comparison of Average Energy Slope Estimation Formulas for One-dimensional Steady Gradually Varied Flow
PublikacjaTo find the steady flow water surface profile, it is possible to use Bernoulli’s equation, which is a discrete form of the differential energy equation. Such an approach requires the average energy slope between cross-sections to be estimated. In the literature, many methods are proposed for estimating the average energy slope in this case, such as the arithmetic mean, resulting in the standard step method, the harmonic mean and...
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A Model of Thermal Energy Storage According to the Convention of Bond Graphs (BG) and State Equations (SE)
PublikacjaThe main advantage of the use of the Bond Graphs method and State Equations for modeling energy systems with a complex structure (marine power plants, hybrid vehicles, etc.) is the ability to model the system components of different physical nature using identical theoretical basis. The paper presents a method of modeling thermal energy storage, which is in line with basic BG theory. Critical comments have been put forward concerning...
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PHYSICAL MODEL OF ENERGY-RELATED PROCESSES IN A ROTATING MECHANICAL SYSTEM FOR THE PURPOSES OF DIAGNOSIS OF TRANSMISSION SHAFTS
PublikacjaIn the present article, selected problems connected with identification of slowly changing energy-related processes accompanying high cyclic fatigue of construction materials of simple mechanical systems, with special consideration of transmission shafts, are mentioned for diagnostic purposes. The article also presents physical models of object and processes that in a simplified way reflect mechanical energy transmission from transmission...
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Low energy differential elastic electron scattering from acetonitrile (CH3CN)
PublikacjaMeasurements of elastic differential cross sections for electron scattering from acetonitrile (CH3CN) have been performed utilizing a crossed electron-molecular beam experiment and with the relative flow method, for the incident electron energy range of 0.7 eV–30 eV and the scattering angle range of 10◦–130◦. These differential cross sections have been used to calculate the elastic integral and momentum- transfer cross sections,...
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Interaction of low energy electrons with formic acid monomer, dimer and trimer
PublikacjaConfigurations of the formic acid monomer, dimer and trimer are presented. We have calculated the total energies for these structures. We have considered also the negatively charged clusters and discussed the possible pathways of interaction of low energy electrons with monomers and clusters. Calculations have been executed using 6-311G** and 6-311++G** basis sets. The electron affinities of monomer and clusters are presented....
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ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING PROCESSES IN TRANSACTIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS
PublikacjaThe implementation of smart charging of electric vehicles allows operators of local power networks and electricity suppliers to implement new business models for the interaction of electric vehicles with the network. In addition to the optimal selection of Microgrid capacities when charging electric vehicles, it is also important to use different charging methods. To satisfy the interests of all participants of local systems from...
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Improving the energy balance in wastewater treatment plants by optimization of aeration control and application of new technologies
PublikacjaThe methods to improve the energy balance of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by optimization of aeration process control and application of innovative nitrogen removal technologies were overviewed in the study. The control of aeration based on the ABAC (Ammonia-Based Aeration Control) system allows not only for significant savings in electricity consumption, but it can also increase the efficiency of the denitrification process....
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Hybrid energy storage forelectric multiple units to operate at the partially electrified line Gdynia -Hel
PublikacjaThe article presents calculations enabling the selection of an on-board energy storage device to replace diesel-powered trains with modern storage multiple units on the example railway line Gdynia Główna -Hel. The pioneering and currently used storage electric multiple units, mainly in Europe, were presented. The condensed results of the inventory of the line in question, including the technical condition...
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Grid-Forming Operation of Energy-Router Based on Model Predictive Control with Improved Dynamic Performance
PublikacjaThe focus of this study is on the grid-forming operation of the Energy Router (ER) based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). ER is regarded as a key component of microgrids. It is a converter that interfaces the microgrid (s) with the utility grid. The ER has a multiport structure and bidirectional energy flow control. The ER concept can be implemented in Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) to provide flexible energy control. A...
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The Dilemmas of Choosing a Suitable Technology for Low Energy and Passive Houses in the Context of their Overheating Issues
PublikacjaIn compliance with European Union directives, numerous countries are introducing increasingly stricter legal limits on the estimated energy consumption of newly designed residential buildings. However, the fact, that regulations and designers' efforts are focused on decreasing energy consumption (and consequently carbon dioxide emissions) only at the post-occupancy stage, may lead to a significant increase in the carbon footprint...
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Impact of Energy Slope Averaging Methods on Numerical Solution of 1D Steady Gradually Varied Flow
PublikacjaIn this paper, energy slope averaging in the one-dimensional steady gradually varied flow model is considered. For this purpose, different methods of averaging the energy slope between cross-sections are used. The most popular are arithmetic, geometric, harmonic and hydraulic means. However, from the formal viewpoint, the application of different averaging formulas results in different numerical integration formulas. This study...
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Reducing Air Pollutant Emissions from the Residential Sector by Switching to Alternative Energy Sources in Single-Family Homes
PublikacjaThe paper discusses a scenario for adapting residential buildings to the requirements of the EU climate and energy package. It analyzes the option of reducing pollutant emissions to ambient air by switching to alternative energy sources in a typical single-family residential building. The most common sources of energy in central heating and ventilation systems and water heating systems were compared, and the analyzed energy carriers...
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Enhanced energy conversion as a result of fluid-solid interaction in micro- and nanoscale
PublikacjaIt is known that nano- and micromechanics require new approaches to right describing of surface-like phenomena which lead to an enhanced energy conversion. In this work, a general form of surface forces that consist of a contribution from both the friction and mobility components has been extended to collect the effects of bulk and surface motion of a fluid. Quite similar impact can be observed for a solid-fluid mixture, where...
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A non-adiabatic wavepacket dynamical study of the low energy chargetransfer process in the S3+ + H collision
PublikacjaThe collisional system S3+ + H?S2+ + H+ has been studied using a time-dependent wavepacket methodologyin two-dimensions. Using available potential energy surfaces and coupling matrix elementsobtained from multireference ab initio calculations, five non-adiabatically coupled electronic states of1P symmetry have been included in the dynamical simulations. The collision has been studied in thelow energy regime of 1-10 eV. The wavepacket...
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Modeling and optimization of chemical-treated torrefaction of wheat straw to improve energy density by response surface methodology
PublikacjaToday, torrefaction is important technique for extending the potential of biomass for improvement of energy density. The independent variables investigated for torrefaction study were temperature, retention time, acid concentration, and particle size. The experiment was designed by central composite design (CCD) method using design expert (version 11). The three dependent variables were higher heating value (HHV), energy enhancement...
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Control system for contactless electrical energy transfer with varying air gap
PublikacjaInductive power transfer (IPT) is a system by which electrical energy may be transmitted without electrical connection through a large air gap between coils. Systems usually considered in the literature are the ones with a constant air gap. The paper describes the analysis of IPT, which allows for supplying an electrical load in the conditions of slow, in relation to the dynamics of power supply, changes in the dimensions of the...
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Do the New Requirements for the Use of Energy Efficient Lighting Design Mean the End of Creativity?,
PublikacjaThis paper addresses issues strongly connected to recent environmental discussions which are currently taking place in Europe, Asia, America, Australia and other parts of the world about global warming, the Greenhouse Effect, light pollution and other negative impacts artificial lighting has on our planet and what can be done about it. The author also attempts to answer indirectly two of the most important questions for lighting...
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Super capacitor energy bank MEDCOM UCER-01 in Gdynia trolleybus system
PublikacjaSince 2001, trolleybus system in Gdynia has been involved in many activities related to the reduction of power consumption, both in terms of implementation and research and development. The installation of the supercapacity energy bank on substation Wielkopolska in 2014 year was one of them. It is the first such big stationary supercapacitor storage system installed in trolleybus supply system in the Middle - Eastern Europe. The...
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Logistical Aspects of Energy Conversion Efficiency in Marine Steam Power Plants in Off-Design Conditions
PublikacjaThe paper presents logistical aspects of energy conversion efficiency in off-design conditions. The main part of the article is based on results of thermodynamic calculation for large propulsion steam turbine under partial loads. Calculations are made on extended mathematical model of two proposed steam turbine thermodynamic cycles using Stodola’s cone law. The conclusion based on calculation re-sults contains importance of off-design...
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Strategies for Achieving Energy Neutrality in Biological Nutrient Removal Systems – a Case Study of the Slupsk WWTP (northern Poland)
PublikacjaThe paper presents a model-based evaluation of technological upgrades on the energy and cost balance in a large biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Slupsk (northern Poland). The proposed upgrades include chemically enhanced primary sludge removal and reduction of the nitrogen load in the deammonification process employed for reject water treatment. Simulations enabled to estimate the increased...
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Strategies for achieving energy neutrality in biological nutrient removal systems - a case study of the Slupsk WWTP (northern Poland)
PublikacjaThe paper presents a model-based evaluation of technological upgrades on the energy and cost balance in a large biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Slupsk (northern Poland). The proposed upgrades include chemically enhanced primary sludge removal and reduction of the nitrogen load in the deammonification process employed for reject water treatment. Simulations enabled to estimate the increased...