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Search results for: ASPHALT PAVEMENT STRUCTURES, FATIGUE PERFORMANCE, S-VECD, HIMA, SMA 16
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The Effect of Flexible Pavement Mechanics on the Accuracy of Axle Load Sensors in Vehicle Weigh-in-Motion Systems
PublicationWeigh-in-Motion systems are tools to prevent road pavements from the adverse phenomena of vehicle overloading. However, the effectiveness of these systems can be significantly increased by improving weighing accuracy, which is now insufficient for direct enforcement of overloaded vehicles. Field tests show that the accuracy of Weigh-in-Motion axle load sensors installed in the flexible (asphalt) pavements depends on pavement temperature...
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Seismic Response Analysis of Knee-Braced Steel Frames Using Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
PublicationShape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are known as active materials that can be widely used for structural purposes due to their flag-shape behavior under loading and reloading. Their unique characteristics provided a potential solution for civil engi-neers especially to model buildings with the capability of dissipating seismic en-ergy. In this study, the main purpose is to explore the seismic behavior of Knee-Braced Frames (KBFs) and...
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Cold recycled mixtures for binder courses - laboratory evaluation of mechanical properties
PublicationCold recycled mixtures composed with cement and bituminous emulsion are nowadays commonly used material for base layer. Typical pavement with cold recycled mixtures usually consists of two asphalt courses (wearing and binding course) constructed over cold recycled base. Therefore the next step in cold recycling is possibility of design of binding courses with recycled materials, but with potential to obtain high quality mixtures...
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The rigid and flexible road pavements in terms of life cycle costs
PublicationThe cost of road pavement construction, its durability and reliability depends on many factors, including: the scope and detail of the technical design, quality of work but also the scope of works related to its maintenance, conservation and operation. Determining the amount of rational expenses, in terms of the life cycle cost of the pavement, requires determination and consideration of the above issues, already at the planning...
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Noise measurements on low noise pavements - problems with inhomogeneity of wearing course
PublicationDuring the last several years, when performing numerous CPX noise measurements on low noise pavements,significant inhomogeneity of the wearing course was observed in numerous cases. Similar problems were almost not existing regarding to the dense pavements.In general three main reasons of inhomogeneity can be defined. The first one are imperfections in technology of production of a asphalt mix or/and errors made already during...
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Analysis of pavement structure sensitivity to passage of oversized heavy duty vehicle in terms of bearing capacity
PublicationOversized heavy duty vehicles occur in traffic very rarely but they reach extremely high weights, even up to 800 tonne. The detrimental impact of these vehicles on pavement structure is much higher than in case of commercial vehicles that comprise typical traffic, thus it is necessary to assess the sensitivity of pavement structure to passage of oversized vehicles. The paper presents results of sample calculations of load equivalency factor...
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Noise and Rolling Resistance Properties of Various Types of Winter Tyres Compared to Normal Car Tyres
PublicationTo cope with winter weather conditions, potentially including snow and ice, it is common to use winter tyres, or ”all-seasons” tyres assumed to be safe both in summer and winter. In some northern countries, winter tyres are mandatory. Traditionally, it has been assumed that winter tyres are noisier than normal tyres (here called summer tyres) and winter tyres equipped with studs are assumed to be very noisy.This paper presents...
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Cyclic behaviour modelling of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures
PublicationThe present work is concerned with the numerical modelling of the cyclic behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures. In the study, diamond structures of titanium alloy produced by the additive laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) method with different degrees of relative density were used. Realistic geometric models of the studied mesostructures were generated using computed microtomography, taking into account the imperfections of the...
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Radar technique in application of interlayer identification connections
PublicationOne of important issues in pavement construction is to ensure that layers applied directly one on top of the other make up a continuous whole and form an integral construction complex. An appropriate interlayer connection plays here significant role ensuring proper transmission of distortions generated by wheels of vehicles to lower layers and preventing water penetration between the layers. In case of damaged pavements where lack...
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Stiffness of cold-recycled mixtures under variable deformation conditions in the IT-CY test
PublicationStiffness modulus belongs to the most important properties describing the cold-recycled mixtures (CRM) in terms of their usability in road pavement structures. Previous research proved that this property is strongly dependent on the scheme and conditions of the test (temperature and time of loading) and the time that has passed since the compaction of the specimen or pavement layer. It is a result of the influence of two different...
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Effect of Overloaded Vehicles on Whole Life Cycle Cost of Flexible Pavements
PublicationThe phenomenon of vehicle overloading—illegal exceeding of maximum legal weight of vehicles, is a serious problem both in developing and developed countries around the world. Overloaded vehicles occur less frequently in comparison to properly loaded vehicles but due to their greater potential to cause damage they significantly contribute to distress of pavement structure. As studies show, the number of overloaded vehicles increases...
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Determination of equivalent axle load factors with the use of strain energy of distortion
PublicationThe paper proposes a new method for calculation of equivalent axle load factors based on the analysis of strain energy of distortion induced in road pavements by traffic loads. The main advantage of the method is the more accurate calculation of the effects of multiple axles and super single versus dual tyres. The methodconsiders the location of critical points, at which strain energy of distortion reaches extreme values. When...
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Inhomogeneity of low-noise wearing courses evaluated by tire/road noise measurements using the close-proximity method
PublicationPerforming numerous analyses of tire/road noise measurements on low-noise pavements during the last several years, the authors observed significant inhomogeneity of the wearing course in numerous cases, while similar problems were almost non-existent when dense pavements were measured. Three main causes of low-noise pavement inhomogeneity can be defined. The first one is imperfections in the technology used for asphalt mix production...
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The dependence of linear viscoelasticity limits of cold-recycled mixtures on time of curing and compaction method
PublicationCold-recycled mixtures are currently among the most widely used and investigated methods that enable recycling of old pavement structures in an environmentally friendly manner. Upon milling, the old pavement structure – whose gradation can be improved with addition of virgin aggregate – is mixed and compacted at ambient temperature. The main binding agents are bituminous emulsion and cement. Due to their dual binding behaviour,...
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Assessment of Thermal Stresses in Asphalt Mixtures at Low Temperatures Using the Tensile Creep Test and the Bending Beam Creep Test
PublicationThermal stresses are leading factors that influence low-temperature cracking behavior of asphalt pavements. During winter, when the temperature drops to significantly low values, tensile thermal stresses develop as a result of pavement contraction. Creep test methods can be suitable for the assessment of low-temperature properties of asphalt mixtures. To evaluate the influence of creep test methods on the obtained low-temperature...
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Sestaveni Smerne Krivky Modulu Tuhosti Pro Zkoumani Nizkotrplotnich Vlastnosti (Developing of Stiffness Master Curve for Analysis of Low Temperature Properties)
PublicationV prispevku je predstaven novy postup pro sestrojeni smernych tuhostnich krivek. Nizkoteplotni vlastnosti asfaltove smesi byly stanoveny za vyuziti zkousky dotvarovani pri tribodovem ohybu. Motivem tohoto vyzkumu je skutecnost, ze metody hodnoceni nizkoteplotniho chovani asfaltovych smesi, nove zavedenych v Polsku, nejsou dostatecne. V zaveru jsou prezentovany smerne krivky tuhosti beznych asfaltovych smesi vyuzivanych v Polsku.
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Shape Memory Alloy-Based Fluidically Reconfigurable Metasurfaced Beam Steering Antenna
PublicationA low-cost actuator-based fluidically programmable metasurface (FPMS) antenna is proposed to solve the slow tuning speed problem of the manually fluidic based reconfigurable antennas. The FPMS-based antenna is probe-fed and comprises a 4 × 4 square ring metasurface as a superstrate. Moreover, two shape memory alloy (SMA)-based electrically-controlled actuators are employed in the design for controlling the position of the 3D-printed...
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Fractal dimension for bending–torsion fatigue fracture characterisation
PublicationFracture surfaces after biaxial fatigue tests were compared using fractal dimension for three types of metallic materials in smooth and notched specimens made of S355J2 and 10HNAP steels and 2017-T4 aluminium alloy, considering both proportional and nonproportional cyclic loading. High-resolution optical 3D measurement studies were performed on the entire fracture surface. A direct correlation between fractal dimension and fatigue...
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Review and evaluation of cold recycling with bitumen emulsion and cement for rehabilitation of old pavements
PublicationThe article presents Polish experience with cold recycling of asphalt pavements with theusage of bituminous emulsion and cement. In the 1990s numerous roads in Polandrequired immediate reinforcement due to their significant degradation. Implementation ofthe cold recycling technology was one of the solutions to this problem. Cold recycledmixtures containebeside the recycled asphalt pavement and aggregateetwo differenttypes of binding...
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The Impact of Long-Time Chemical Bonds in Mineral-Cement-Emulsion Mixtures on Stiffness Modulus
PublicationDeep cold in-place recycling is the most popular method of reuse of existing old and deteriorated asphalt layers of road pavements. In Poland, in most cases, the Mineral-Cement-Emulsion mixture technology is used, but there are also applications combining foamed bitumen and cement. Mineral-Cement-Emulsion mixtures contain two different binding agents – cement as well as asphalt from the asphalt emulsion. Asphalt creates asphalt...
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Comparison of strain results at a laser weld notch obtained by numerical calculations and experimental measurements
PublicationIn the development of ship structures applying new materials and it’s purposeful placement play an important role. During the last years, especially in a construction of ro-ro type vessels, the usage of novel sandwich structures in cargo decks is profitable. Steel sandwich panel is an innovative solution which at a todays state of development can be used for the construction of any members not taking part in a global bending of...
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Influence of Selected Warm Mix Asphalt Additives on Cracking Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures
PublicationWarm mix asphalt (WMA) has been widely accepted as a future asphalt paving technology. Besides clear advantages, there are still some concerns regarding durability and long-term performance of pavements made with this type of asphalt mixtures. One of the most important issues is low temperature behaviour of WMA because certain additives used for temperature reduction can aect bitumen properties. This paper presents the evaluation...
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Experimental research on over-laminated steel sandwich panel connection to determine the form of fatigue failure
PublicationThe novel means of transport need to meet rising both the economic and ecologic requirements. In recent years the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced new measure of ship energy efficiency (the EEDI index), as well as new regulations regarding higher quality of fuel (so called Tier limits). It resulted in much higher interest of the technological development of ships. One of the solution having great potential is...
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Correlation between Fractal Dimension and Areal Surface Parameters for Fracture Analysis after Bending-Torsion Fatigue
PublicationThis paper investigates the fracture surface topography of two steel and aluminum alloys subject to bending-torsion fatigue loadings, as well as their susceptibility to fatigue performance and failure mechanisms. Using fracture surface topography data analysis, elements with different geometries were elaborated. A correlation between the fractal dimension, other selected parameters of surface topography such as areal Sx, and...
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The use of a two-phase Monte Carlo material model to reflect the dispersion of asphalt concrete fracture parameters
PublicationThe work covers comprehensive laboratory tests of semi-circular bending (SCB) of asphalt concrete samples. The results of two test series, including four and 32 SCB specimens, indicate a substantial scatter of force–deflection (F-d) histories. The numerical analysis is aimed to reflect the maximum breaking load and fracture energy of the samples, pointing out their random character. The original simulation-based fictitious Monte...
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FRP-based reinforcement coatings of steel with application prospects in ships and offshore structures: a review
PublicationLatest research on novel FRP-based anti-corrosion structural coatings (for enhancing structural capacity and strengthening the coating layer) is discussed with application prospects for ships and offshore structures. In the marine environment, structures constantly face corrosion and fatigue cracks. Combining this with high operational and wave loads, it might cause a structural collapse. Recently, polymer composites have been...
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Identification of Kinematic Excitation Function by the Modal Coordinates Estimation of the System's Dynamics
PublicationThe paper presents a method of the kinematic excitation courses’ identification in excitation points, based on the car road test acceleration at different measurement points. For the purpose of the laboratory fatigue life investigation of contemporary complex structures (e.g. cars bodies) and components of these structures (i.e. cars roofs), only a few first vibration modes are usually taken into account. During real life tests...
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Design of poroelastic wearing course with the use of direct shear test
PublicationPoroelastic Road Surfaces (PERS) are characterized by porous structure with at least 20% of air void content and stiffness almost 10 times lower than typical asphalt course. Such properties enable noise reduction up to 12 dB in comparison to SMA 11 mixture. However, the main disadvantage of previously used poroelastic mixtures, based on resin type binders, was their low durability, which resulted in raveling and delamination from...
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Analiza trwałości zmęczeniowej asfaltów drogowych i modyfikowanych z wykorzystaniem testu liniowego zwiększania amplitudy / Analysis of the fatigue life of neat and modified bitumens using linear amplitude sweep test
PublicationThe paper presents an evaluation of the fatigue resistance of selected Polish bituminous binders: neat bitumen 50/70, polymer modified bitumen PMB 45/80-55 and polymer highly modified bitumen PMB 45/80-80. The linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, which is a new bitumen performance grading test developed in the USA, and was used to assess the fatigue life of the bitumens. Highly modified bitumen 45/80-80 showed 10-20 times higher...
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Low-Temperature Requirements for Bitumen in Central East European Road Construction
PublicationThe paper presents the proposition of special assessment of lowtemperature requirements for bitumens in the region of Central and Eastern Europe where there is a moderate transitional area from sea to the continental type of climate. The results of the research program conducted on the road neat bitumens, Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene polymer and polymer-rubber modified bitumen, and multigrade bitumen types were presented and discussed....
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Quantifying the effective mobilized RAP content during hot in-place recycling techniques
PublicationThe utilization of in-place recycling techniques is capable of consuming 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Hot in-place recycling (HIR) is one of the promising techniques to rehabilitate the pavements suffering from minor cracking issues through heat scarification, additive injecting, mechanical mixing, and compacting. However, the main concern of using 100% RAP in HIR remains as how much RAP can be activated and mobilized...
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Sczepność międzywarstwowa w nowobudowanych nawierzchniach w Polsce
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono analizę wyników badań sczepności międzywarstwowej warstw asfaltowych przeprowadzonych na podstawie danych z monitoringu właściwości fizyko-mechanicznych warstw asfaltowych z lat 2012-2013. Monitoring prowadziły Laboratoria Drogowe oddziałów GDDKiA w ramach własnych badań kontrolnych podczas realizowanych inwestycji. Analizie poddano 7043 wyników badań sczepności międzywarstwowej badanych próbek, odwierconych...
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Enhancing Seismic Performance of Semi-rigid Connection Using Shape Memory Alloy Bolts Considering Nonlinear Soil–Structure Interaction
PublicationSteel Moment-Resisting Frames (SMRFs) have their lateral resistance for their rigid connections, while real conditions have shown that the rigidity of a connection depends on the bolts and the end-plate thickness, which may not provide the assumed rigidity in design process. In this research, the main goal is to enhance the semi-rigid connections using shape memory alloy (SMA) bolts and explore their effects on the seismic limit-state...
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Fatigue life prediction of notched components under size effect using strain energy reformulated critical distance theory
PublicationNotch and size effects show significant impact on the fatigue performance of engineering components, which deserves special attention. In this work, a strain energy reformulated critical distance theory was developed for fatigue life prediction of notched components under size effect. Experimental data of different notched specimens manufactured from GH4169, TC4, TC11 alloys and low carbon steel En3B were used for model validation...
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Fracture surface topography investigation and fatigue life assessment of notched austenitic steel specimens
PublicationThe objectives of this study were to investigate the fracture surface topography of X8CrNiS18-9 austenitic stainless-steel specimens for different loadings and notch radii and to supplement the knowledge about the fracture mechanisms for fatigue performance. Cases with three different values of the notch radius ρ and the stress amplitude σa were analysed. The fracture topographies were quantified by the areas over their entire...
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Joints Of Steel Sandwich Structures
PublicationSteel sandwich structures are perceived as alternatives to single-skin welded structures in the shipbuilding industry due its advantages like significant reduction of mass in relation to typical single skin structure. However, beside problems with their strength properties itself, applications in real structures requires of solving the problem of joining, both for connection sandwich to sandwich as well as sandwiches to single-shell...
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Artificial neural network based fatigue life assessment of friction stir welding AA2024-T351 aluminum alloy and multi-objective optimization of welding parameters
PublicationIn this paper, the fracture behavior and fatigue crack growth rate of the 2024-T351 aluminum alloy has been investigated. At first, the 2024-T351 aluminum alloys have been welded using friction stir welding procedure and the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate of the CT specimens have been studied experimentally based on ASTM standards. After that, in order to predict fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness,...
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Field investigation of low-temperature cracking and stiffness moduli on selected roads with conventional and high modulus asphalt concrete
PublicationHigh Modulus Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) was introduced in Poland as a one of the solutions to the problem of rutting, type of deterioration common in the 1990s. After first encouraging trials in 2002 HMAC was widely used for heavily loaded national roads and motorways. However some concerns were raised about low-temperature cracking of HMAC. This was the main reason of the studies presented in this article were started. The article...
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The effect of numerical 2D and 3D FEM element modelling on strain and stress distributions at laser weld notches in steel sandwich type panels
PublicationLike other means of transport, merchant ships face the problem of increasing requirements concerning the environment protection, which, among other issues, implies the reduction of fuel consumption by the ship. Here, the conventional approach which consists in making use of higher strength steels to decrease the mass of the ship hull can be complemented by the use of new steel structures of sandwich panel type. However, the lack...
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Crack Resistance of Asphalt Concrete Subjected to Environmental Factors
PublicationThe paper presents an analysis of the influence of environmental factors on the cracking susceptibility of asphalt concrete resulting in a change in the durability of asphalt pavement. In order to assess the phenomenon, laboratory tests were carried out taking into account the destructive effects of moisture, freeze-thaw cycle and long-term ageing. The influence of both factors occurring simultaneously was also verified. Due to...
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Determination of binder-aggregate adhesion by contact angle measurement
PublicationThe key factor in asphalt pavement durability, especially in the presence of water, is adhesion of the bituminous binder to mineral aggregates. There are currently no standard laboratory test procedures that can quickly and accurately measure the strength of the interaction (bond) between the binder and aggregate. In this regard, to evaluate the adhesion force measurements based on the contact angle between the binder and the aggregate...
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Ground tire rubber thermo-mechanically devulcanized in the presence of waste engine oil as asphalt modifier
PublicationCross-linked elastomers network is main limitation for industrial usage of ground tire rubber (GTR) as asphalts’ and road pavements modifier. GTR was thermo-mechanically devulcanized via extrusion in the presence of waste engine oil (WEO) at temperature ranges from 150 to 280 °C. Combined impact of WEO content and extruder barrel temperature on the change of cross-linked structure of degraded GTR (DTGR) was investigated through...
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Impact of overloaded vehicles on load equivalency factors and service period of flexible pavements
PublicationOverloaded vehicles occur less frequently in comparison to properly loaded vehicles but due to their greater potential to cause damage they significantly contribute to the distress of pavement structure. As the studies show, the phenomena of vehicles overloading intensifies when the control of traffic is poor and the average percentage of overloaded vehicles on analyzed roads varies from 6% to 23%. The main goal of the ar-ticle...
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Laboratory Determination of Burger's Model Parameters for Visco-elastic Analysis of Road Pavement Materials
PublicationBurger's Model is one of those models that describes performance of asphalt mixtures. Its parameters can be used in road construction analysis based on visco-elastic properties in wide variety of temperatures using dedicated programs (e.g. Veroad) or in Finite Element Method (FEM). Parameters of Burger's Model can be used for example in prediction of low temperature cracking in low winter temperatures or permanent deformation...
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Evaluation and application of data from road weather stations for winter maintenance management
PublicationThe paper presents the analysis of road weather data from meteorological stations located at the Polish national roads of Pomerania District during the impact of winter conditions. Presented issue is particularly important from the point of view the problem of winter maintenance and especially for prediction and assurance of quality of asphalt pavement surface ie. resistance to low temperature cracking or risk of glazed frost....
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Application of Shape Memory Alloys in Retrofitting of Masonry and Heritage Structures Based on Their Vulnerability Revealed in the Bam 2003 Earthquake
PublicationFor decades, one of the most critical considerations of civil engineers has been the construction of structures that can sufficiently resist earthquakes. However, in many parts of the globe, ancient and contemporary buildings were constructed without regard for engineering; thus, there is a rising necessity to adapt existing structures to avoid accidents and preserve historical artefacts. There are various techniques for retrofitting...
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Fatigue strength determination of ship structural joints. Part I - Analytical methods for determining fatigue strength of ship tructures
PublicationSpectacular accidents at sea which have happened for a few last years show that hull structures of contemporary sea-going ships are not perfect and must be systematically improved. Fatigue strength is one of the groups of strength problems which affect design of contemporary ship's structures and greatly contribute in their improvement process. In this paper several approaches to estimation of fatigue life of hull structural...
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A brief note on monotonic and fatigue fracture events investigation of thin-walled tubular austenitic steel specimens via fracture surface topography analysis (FRASTA)
PublicationThe main objective of this short communication is to show the fracture progression in each loading case and complement knowledge about fracture mechanisms underpinning the tensile and fatigue performance of thin-walled tubes. For this purpose, the fracture surface topography analysis (FRASTA) method was used in the thin-walled tubular austenitic stainless-steel specimens. Two cases were analyzed: monotonic tension, and uniaxial...
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The use of lightweight aggregate saturated with PCM as a temperature stabilizing material for road surfaces.
PublicationThis paper presents the possibility of adding lightweight building aggregates to increase the stability – mechanical as well as thermal - of constructions and road objects. This stability can be achieved through saturating the porous granules of aggregate with a phase-change material (PCM) that allows the accumulation of solar heat. Intense solar radiation, especially during the summer, can cause the asphalt on road surfaces, bridges...
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The Influence of Cement Type on Early Properties of Cold In-Place Recycled Mixtures
PublicationCold in-place recycling is a commonly used maintenance treatment in rehabilitation of low and medium volume roads in Poland. Typically, two types of binding agents are used—cement and bituminous emulsion (or foamed bitumen).Due to the harsh Polish climate with many freeze/thaw cycles and frequent occurrence of saturated conditions, the used amounts of cement are higher than those commonly used in warmer parts of Europe. While there...