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Search results for: BAR/DIAPHRAGM BRACING,TRAPEZOIDAL CLADDING,IMPERFECTION FORCE,STEEL STRUCTURES,TRUSS GIRDER
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Truss imperfections in the design of bar and diaphragm bracing systems
PublicationIn the article three variants of roof bracing were considered: bar bracing, diaphragm bracing and the combination of bar and diaphragm bracing. Different analytical and numerical ways of taking into account the imperfections of the truss girder were compared. The entire 3D model of the roof (shell and beam elements with the eccentricities taken into account) was analysed numerically. Selected stressed-skin aspects were considered....
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Stabilizing forces in trapezoidal sheeting used as a part of the bracing system
PublicationIn the analysis of bracing systems imperfections of the restrained elements should be considered. According to EC3 this effect can be calculated by means of the equivalent stabilizing force, which replaces (in simplified way) initial bow imperfection of the braced element. However, alternative suggestions of the equivalent stabilizing force calculations can be also found in the literature. In this paper segment of the pitched roof...
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Stabilizing forces in trapezoidal sheeting used as a part of the bracing system
PublicationIn the analysis of bracing systems imperfections of the restrained elements should be considered. According to EC3 this effect can be calculated by means of the equivalent stabilizing force, which replaces (in simplified way) initial bow imperfection of the braced element. However, alternative suggestions of the equivalent stabilizing force calculations can be also found in the literature. In this paper segment of the pitched roof...
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Corrugated Sheeting as a Member of a Shear Panel Under Repeated Load—Experimental Test
PublicationIn stressed-skin design, the cladding stiffening effect on structures is taken into account. However, the “traditional” design is more usual, wherein this effect is neglected. Even if the diaphragm actions are not regarded, in particular cases such as big sheds (and others), the parasitic (unwanted) stressed-skin action may occur with the result of leakage or even failure. The structures of this kind have already been built. Thus,...
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Comparison of classical Winter's bracing requirements of compressedtruss chord with stability analysis of 3D truss-model
PublicationMost code requirements concerning bracing are based on principles developed by Winter. The present research is devoted tostudy a lateral buckling of truss with linear elastic side supports. The classical Winter's model of truss chord in the case ofout of the truss plane buckling is compared with nonlinear analysis of 3D truss model. Full bracing condition, that permitsthe truss chord to support load level corresponding to an unbraced...
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Influence of sheet/purlin fasteners spacing on shear flexibility of the diaphragm
PublicationThe paper presents the influence of sheet/purlin fasteners location (in reference to trapezoidal profile cross section) on shear flexibility of the cladding acting as a diaphragm. Analytical procedures were presented and their limitations were discussed. Next, selected schemes of fasteners location, known from engineering practice, but not included in European codes and recommendations, were analysed numerically in order to observe...
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Stability and load bearing capacity of a braced truss under upward wind loading
PublicationThe paper is focused on the numerical and experimental investigation of stability of a steel truss under upward wind loading. The structure was stiffened by elastic braces situated at the top and bottom chord. Usually the lateral (translational) brace stiffness is considered. However, the rotational stiffness of braces caused by interaction between torsional stiffness of the truss top chord and bending stiffness of the roof elements...
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Sensitivity analysis of critical forces of trusses with side bracing
PublicationThe present research is devoted to the study of out-of-plane buckling of trusses with elastic side bracing. Inthis paper, a sensitivity analysis of critical buckling loads of a truss due to bracing stiffness is carried out. A method based on the sensitivity analysis for the determination of the threshold bracing stiffness conditionfor full bracing of a truss is proposed. The influence lines of the unit change of the bracing stiffness...
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Analysis of temporary steel grandstand with different bracing systems exposed to crowd load
PublicationGrandstands are structures which are regularly subjected to dynamic loads generated by crowd motions. It is a dangerous situation when spectators induce rhythmic jumping, dancing, stamping, etc. If the synchronized movement of spectators excites a natural frequency of the structure, resonant response might occur. To avoid such situations, temporary steel grandstands are commonly strengthened using additional elements that create...
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Optimum number of actuators to minimize the cross-sectional area of prestressable cable and truss structures
PublicationThis paper describes a new computational method for determining the optimum number of actuators to design the optimal and economic cross-sectional area of pin-jointed assemblies based on the conventional force method. The most active members are selected to be prestressed to redistribute stress in the whole structure, resulting in regulating the internal force of bars that face high stress. Reducing stress in critical members allows...
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Experimental and numerical study on stability loss of innovative geometry steel girder
PublicationThis paper presents the experimental and numerical analysis of an innovative plate girder geometry with variable web thicknesses. An idea proposed in this research is to increase the stability of the girder web by increasing its thickness in the compressed zone. This solution can replace commonly used longitudinal stiffeners which are designed to prevent web local loss of stability. Moreover, such an innovative approach requires...
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Analysis of the influence of geometrical imperfections on the equivalent load stabilizing roof truss with lateral bracing system
PublicationThe paper is focused on the numerical analysis of the stability and load bearing capacity of a flat steel truss. The structure was supported by elastic lateral braces. The translational and rotational brace stiffness was taken into account. The linear buckling analysis were performed for the beam and shell model of the truss. The nonlinear static analysis were conducted for the structure initial geometric imperfections. As a result...
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Modal analysis of temporary steel grandstand equipped with different bracing systems
PublicationThe aim of this paper is to present the results of numerical analysis focused on temporary steel scaffolding grandstand. The investigation has been devoted to modal analysis where modes of free vibrations and corresponding natural frequencies have been estimated and compared. The structure was equipped with different types of stiffener members. One on them is a typical tubular stiffener, while the second one is spe-cially designed...
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Dynamic analysis of temporary steel grandstand equipped with different types of bracing system
PublicationIn the paper, behaviour of a temporary steel grandstand equipped with two different types of bracing system has been analysed through the numerical study. A typical solution concerning application of a diagonal tubular members has been compared with elements proposed by authors and called polymer dampers. A polymer element consists of two L-shape steel members bonded with polymer mass. The aim of the paper is to verify the effectiveness...
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Stability and load bearing capacity of a braced truss under upward wind loading
PublicationThe paper is focused on the numerical and experimental investigation of stability of a steel truss under upward wind loading. The structure was stiffened by elastic braces situated at the top and bottom chord. Usually the lateral (translational) brace stiffness is considered. However, the rotational stiffness of braces caused by interaction between torsional stiffness of the truss top chord and bending stiffness of the roof elements...
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The impact of material degradation on the resistance and reliability of truss structures
PublicationThe paper analyses limit load-carrying capacity and buckling load of truss towers used to support high voltage power lines. The analysed typical structure was subjected to characteristic loads and their combinations. The results were applied to assess structural resistance with regard to steel corrosion in the long-term operation. The extent of structural deterioration was assessed due to Young's modulus decrement in the course...
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STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A TRUSS WITH SLOPING ELASTIC BRACES
PublicationSteel trusses have a much greater strength and stiffness in their plane than out of their plane, and therefore should be braced against lateral deflection and twisting. Such elements like purlins apart from bearing vertical load are part of bracing that stabilize roof trusses against distortional buckling. The stability of trusses with elastic bracing was investigated in an experimental research. Braces situated at some angle measured...
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3D buckling analysis of a truss with horizontal braces
PublicationThe present research is devoted to the study of out-of-plane buckling of a truss with horizontal braces. The truss is a model of real roof truss scaled by factor ¼. A linear buckling and a non-linear analysis with geometric and material nonlinearity were carried out. The truss buckling and limit load for different stiffnesses and number of braces are found. Numerical analysis are verified by experiment. Threshold bracing stiffness...
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Elastic wave propagation for condition assessment of steel bar embedded in mortar
PublicationThis study deals with experimental and numerical investigations of elastic wave propagation in steel bars partially embedded in mortar. The bars with different bonding lengths were tested. Two types of damage were considered: damage of the steel bar and damage of the mortar. Longitudinal waves were excited by a piezoelectric actuator and a vibrometer was used to non-contact measurements of velocity signals. Numerical calculations...
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3D Buckling Analysis of a Truss with Horizontal Braces
PublicationThe present research is devoted to the study of out–of–plane buckling of a truss with horizontal braces. The truss is a model of real roof truss scaled by factor 1=4. A linear buckling and a non–linear analysis with geometric and material non–linearity were carried out. The truss buckling and limit load for different stiffnesses and number of braces are found. Numerical analysis are verified by experiment. Threshold bracing stiffness condition...
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Stability of an imperfect truss loaded by wind
PublicationThe present paper is devoted to the numerical research of stability of a truss loaded by wind and stiffened by elastic supports located at the top chord. The lateral braces or lateral and torsional braces were taken into account. In this paper, the linear buckling analysis re- sults for the beam and shell model were presented. Two different shapes of initial geometric imperfections were considered in the non-linear static analysis...
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Launching of steel bridge girder. Application of nonlinear shell models
PublicationThe paper describes the final technology of launching the steel bridge superstructure. The original technology failed in the first construction stage. Local damage of steel webs caused by plastic buckling stopped the procedure. In the effect of damage a new consulting team was employed to solve the problem and redesign a technology of constructing. The key element of the new solution was developed with great help of non-linear...
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Stability of a truss under upward wind loading
PublicationThe present paper is devoted to the numerical investigations of stability of a truss under upward wind load. The truss is braced at its the upper cord. A structural variant including lateral braces, or lateral and torsional braces is considered. The research presents the problems of linear buckling and non-linear static analysis of the truss shell and beam model with geometric and material non-linearity are presented. The initial...
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Stability and load bearing capacity of a truss with elastic braces
PublicationThe present paper is devoted to the numerical and experimental investigations of stability of a truss stiffened by elastic braces. The model of a real roof truss scaled by factor ¼ was investigated. In the research the linear buckling and non-linear static analysis of the truss shell and beam model with geometric and material non-linearity is presented. The initial imperfections were assumed in the form of the first buckling mode....
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Case Study of Old Steel Riveted Railway Truss Bridge: From Material Characterization to Structural Analysis
PublicationThe structural analysis of an old steel riveted railway truss bridge located over the Maruska River on the Działdowo – Olsztyn, Poland railway line is performed in this paper to check its behaviour under today’s railway loads. The mechanical properties of construction steel extracted from the old steel bridge are investigated by tensile tests, impact tests through the Charpy pendulum impact V-notch, and an optical emission spectrometer....
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Shape and force control of cable structures with minimal actuators and actuation
PublicationShape adjustment and stress control can be considered as one of the effective parameters in prestressed cable structures since such structures are widely constructed nowadays due to their characteristics. The assembly errors and applied loads hugely affect the cables’ nodal positions and stress due to their delicacy. The former could disturb the shape, which affects the appearance and the function of the structure. In contrast,...
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Contribution to the capacity analysis of the classic composite girder of Möller
PublicationThe analysis (brief history, experiments, numerical method) of the classic composite girder of Moller has been presented.
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Joints Of Steel Sandwich Structures
PublicationSteel sandwich structures are perceived as alternatives to single-skin welded structures in the shipbuilding industry due its advantages like significant reduction of mass in relation to typical single skin structure. However, beside problems with their strength properties itself, applications in real structures requires of solving the problem of joining, both for connection sandwich to sandwich as well as sandwiches to single-shell...
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Comparison of non-linear statical analysis of truss with linear and rotational side supports and 3d roof model
PublicationIn the paper geometrically non-linear analysis of example truss with linear and rotational elastic side supports is compared with geometrically non-linear analysis of part of the roof construction with purlins and truss-bracing. For different stiffness of side-supports a non linear relation between normal force in compressed chord due to out of truss plane displacement has been calculated.
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Recent steel structures in Poland - the selected projects
PublicationThe paper presents selected examples of recently completed steel structures in Poland. These are roofs over sport stadiums, construction of public buildings and bridges. Described examples do not exhaust the acquis in the field of steel constructions in Poland. The authors, however, may hope that the presented con-structions represents current achievements in Poland in the field of steel structures.
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Stability of roof trusses stiffened by trapezoidal sheeting and purlins
PublicationIn the article linear buckling analysis of a set of steel trusses braced by purlins and trapezoidal sheeting are conducted. The buckling load factor due to the height of a corrugated sheeting profile is investigated in parametric studies. The minimal height of trapezoidal sheeting required for preventing the sheeting and chords of the trusses against the buckling is obtained. Two groups of models are considered: “axial” model as...
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Experimental investigation of joint with positive eccentricity in CFS truss
PublicationDue to technological restrictions, in the case of trusses made of CFS open cross-sections, positive eccentricities in the truss joints have become very frequent. Therefore studies concerning the load-bearing capacity of truss joints with positive eccentricity were undertaken. It was assumed that the resistance of cold-formed steel (CFS) open cross-section truss joints located on compression chords and with positive eccentricity...
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Simulation and identification of damage in bar structures.
PublicationPraca zawiera opis i testy 3 procedur badawczych dotyczących lokalizacjizniszczeń w konstrukcjach. Procedury bazują na danych modalnych jakie obiektgeneruje podczas swoich drgań tzn. częstościach własnych i postaciach drgań Badane są zmiany podatności układu, zmiany krzywizn postaci drgań i wrażli-wość częstości na założone zniszczenia. Odpowiednie procedury wiążące się ztymi trzema metodami są przestestowane na przykładzie wspornika...
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Analysis of sloping brace stiffness influence on stability and load bearing capacity of a truss
PublicationThe paper is focused on the numerical study of stability and load bearing capacity of a truss with side elastic braces. The structure is made in reality. The rotational and sliding brace stiffnesses were taken into account. Linear buckling analysis and non-linear static analysis with geometric and material nonlinearity were performed for the beam and shell model of the truss with respect to the angle of sloping braces. As a result...
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Investigation of stability and limit load of a truss overhead opened bridge
PublicationThe paper presents selected methods of determining stability and limit load of a truss top chord in opened bridges. These methods include linear buckling and non-linear static analysis based on the finite element method and algorithms based on design code procedures. The described methods were tested on an example of a steel footbridge situated in Straszyn. The results of stability analysis are compared. The results of geometrical...
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The validation process of truss model with joint eccentricities
PublicationNowadays, due to the technological reasons in modern lightweight steel trusses, fabricated from cold-formed sections, positive eccentricities appear in the truss nodes, to induce additional forces truss chords. In order to account for the real load-carrying capacity of truss node area the steel structure research was conducted in scale 1:1. As a result of experimental research, the forms of deformation and strains of the walls...
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Identification i simulation of initial geometric imperfection of steel cylindrical tanks
PublicationPrzedstawiono stochastyczną analizę stalowych zbiorników walcowych ze wstępnymi imperfekcjami geometrycznymi. Wykorzystano pomierzone odchyłki rzeczywistych zbiorników. Imperfekcje opisano za pomocą nienorodnych pól losowych. Wygenerowano realizacje odpowiadające pomierzonym imperfekcjom a także imperfekcjom ekstremalnym. Wykonano obliczeniach geometrycznie i materiałowo nieliniowe zbiornika z imperfekcjami. Wykazano, że imperfekcje...
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Comparative study on fracture evolution in steel fibre and bar reinforced concrete beams using acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques
PublicationIn recent decades, the demand for sustainable construction practices has increased, but raw materials such as reinforcing steel remain scarce. Therefore, steel fibres have emerged as a popular and sustainable choice in the construction industry, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional steel bar reinforcement for both flatwork and elevated structures. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the performance...
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Experimental study on earthquake-induced pounding between steel structures
PublicationPounding between adjacent structures has been repeatedly observed during major earthquakes. The phenomenon may cause some local damage at the points of interactions, it may also lead to substantial destruction, permanent deformations or total collapse of colliding structures. The effects of earthquake-induced structural pounding have been studied for more than three decades now. However, most of the studies concerned masonry as...
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ANALYSIS OF BRACE STIFFNESS INFLUENCE ON STABILITY OF THE TRUSS
PublicationThe paper is devoted to the numerical and experimental research of stability of a truss with side elastic supports at the top chord. The structure is a model of a real roof truss scaled by factor ¼. The linear buckling analysis and non-linear static analysis were carried out. The buckling length factor for the compressed top chord was calculated and the limit load for the imperfect truss shell model with respect to brace stiffness...
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FRP-based reinforcement coatings of steel with application prospects in ships and offshore structures: a review
PublicationLatest research on novel FRP-based anti-corrosion structural coatings (for enhancing structural capacity and strengthening the coating layer) is discussed with application prospects for ships and offshore structures. In the marine environment, structures constantly face corrosion and fatigue cracks. Combining this with high operational and wave loads, it might cause a structural collapse. Recently, polymer composites have been...
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TRUSS JOINT WITH POSITIVE ECCENTRICITY EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
PublicationDue to the technological reasons in modern lightweight steel trusses, fabricated from cold- formed sections, positive eccentricities appear in the truss nodes what induce additional forces in the truss chords. To account for the real load-carrying capacity of truss node area the steel structure research in scale 1:1 were conducted. The experiments consisted of two parts: preliminary and proper one, when conclusions from...
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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RUBBER BUMPERS INFLUENCE ON THE COLLIDING STEEL STRUCTURES
PublicationProblem of collisions of neighbouring structures is one of the important issues related to the safety of civil engineering structures. The safety and reliability of steel structures under impact loading is among a number of different aims during the design state. The aim of this paper is to present the results of numerical investigation of dynamic behavior of closely-separated steel structures under seismic excitation. Modal and transient...
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Study of structures and properties of the laser cladding exhaust valve after service
PublicationPrzylgnie zaworów wydechowych silnie obciążonego silnika okrętowego zostały pokryte warstwą wykonana ze stopu kobaltu za pomocą techniki napawania laserowego. Tak przygotowane zawory były eksploatowane przez 3000 godzin w silniku Daru Młodzieży. Po tym czasie zostały zdemontowane i poddane szczegółowej analizie. Warunki pracy spowodowały powstanie na powierzchni przylgni warstwy tlenków o różnej grubości, wykazującej skłonność...
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Stability of truss with side - supports. The case of linear and rotational elastic supports
PublicationThe research is devoted to study lateral buckling of truss with linear and rotational elastic side-supports. Geometrically nonlinear analysis of example truss with linear and rotational elastic sidesupports is carried out. The limit normal force in compressed chord of the truss due to stiffness of side supports is calculated. The elastic support reaction in relation to force in compressed chordand coefficient of buckling length...
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Influence of fasteners and connections flexibility on deflections of steel building including the stressed skin effect
PublicationThe paper presents the analysis of the influence of fasteners and connections flexibility on displacements of symmetrical single-bay pitched-roof steel building, including trapezoidal cladding acting as a diaphragm. The purpose of the article was to compare numerical models with and without taking into consideration fasteners and connections flexibility in order to observe the differences in transverse stiffness of the building...
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APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES OF THE S960 STEEL IN UNDERWATER WELDED STRUCTURES
PublicationIn this paper, the application possibilities of the ultra-high strength (UHSS). Domex 960 steel in the underwater welded structures are analyzed. In the research, the investigated material has been tested in bead-on-plate wet welding conditions with the usage of different heat input values, namely 0.63 kJ/mm, 0.72 kJ/mm and 0.93 kJ/mm. Specimens were performed by the manual metal arc (MMA) welding method with the usage of rutile...
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Problems of collisions between adjacent steel structures under earthquake excitation
PublicationNowadays, the high level of urbanization forces the designers to design closely-separated structures and to take into account many factors influencing the response of these structures, which may collide due to insufficient separation distance during moderate to strong ground motions. Recent observations as well as numerical and experimental investigations have confirmed that the interactions between structures may lead to significant...
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Shape and force control of cable structures with minimal actuators and actuation
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Analysis of Failure Mechanism in Joints with Positive Eccentricity in CFS Truss
PublicationThe paper presents studies concerning the load-bearing capacity of truss joints with a positive eccentricity resulting from the arrangement of geometric members and the failure mechanisms observed in the joints. Based on the previously conducted experimental study, a numerical model of the tested fragment of the CFS truss with eccentricity in the joint was created and validated. All structural details of the tested truss and the...