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Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: condensation, steam condenser
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Calculations of labyrinth seals with and without diagnostic extraction in fluid-flow machines
PublikacjaLabyrinth seals are essential components of steam turbine unit constructions. Two types of labyrinth seals can be named, the first of which is the seal without diagnostic steam extraction, and the second – with extraction. The distribution of flow parameters along the packing is affected remarkably by the average seal clearance. The presence of diagnostic extraction leads to the equation system which is determinable and can be...
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Investigation of the Combustion Processes in the Gas Turbine Module of an FPSO Operating on Associated Gas Conversion Products
PublikacjaIn this paper, we consider the issue of thermo-chemical heat recovery of waste heat from gas turbine engines for the steam conversion of associated gas for offshore vessels. Current trends in the development of offshore infrastructure are identified, and the composition of power plants for mobile offshore drilling units and FPSO vessels is analyzed. We present the results of a comparison of power-to-volume ratio, power-to-weight...
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Experimental investigations and simulations of the microturbine unit with permanent magnet generator
PublikacjaIn dispersed power generation, low power devices are used for local combined generating of heat end electric power. There are developing concepts of micropower plants with electric generators driven by steam or gas microturbines. The paper presents the results of an experimental investigations of the microturbine set consists of the turbine with partial admission, permanent magnet generator and three phase AC-to-DC rectifier. The...
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Alkanethiolates of Group 1,2, and 13-15 Metals
PublikacjaThis manuscript is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of alkanethiolates of group 1, 2, and 13-15 metals. Alkanethiolates can be converted into S-alkyl thiocarboxylic acid esters, 1-thioglycosides, S-alkyl thiosulfinates, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazine-3-ones, sulfides, disulfides, sulfonium salts, dithioacetals and dithioketals, etc. These transformations are accomplished by...
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ISSUES OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION IN A FLOATING POWER PLANT
PublikacjaThis article presents basic dependences for conducting a technical and economic analysis related with investment projects. It describes a combined system of a compression ignition engine and a steam turbine, whose aim, when placed on a floating platform, is to generate electric energy in the so-called distributed generation system. Such a system involves a reciprocating internal combustion engine and a connected steam turbine system...
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High temperature corrosion of evaporator tubes with thermal sprayed coatings
PublikacjaDegradation examinations of outer surface of low-emission steam boiler evaporator tubes are presented in the paper. Metallographic evaluation of scale morphology, its micro sites chemical composition analysis and distribution of elements on cross sections have been performed. Water-wall tubes were exposed in steam boiler for up to two years period. Common tubes made of 16Mo3 steel suffered sulphide and molten salts corrosions....
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Cargo ships heat demand - operational experiment
PublikacjaThe paper presents the results of an experiment conducted on two cargo ships – a 5300 TEU container with a steam heating system and a 7500 dwt general cargo ship with a thermal oil system. On both ships research has been carried out using specially designed measuring equipment. After gathering data about flow velocity and temperatures (steam/ cooling water/ thermal oil/ seawater/ outside air), calculations have been done, resulting...
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Analysing selection of low-temperature medium for cogeneration micro power plant
PublikacjaThe article analyses the ORC system working with dry and wet low-boiling media which are most frequently used in installations of this type. Two types of cycles were examined, which were the cycle with heat regeneration for dry media: fc72, hfe7100, R227ea, R245fa, R423a and R600a, and the cycle without heat regeneration for wet media: R11, R12, R134a, R718 and 507a. The calculations were performed for the assumed required thermal...
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Analysing selection of low-temperature medium for cogeneration micro power plant
PublikacjaThe article analyses the ORC system working with dry and wet low-boiling media which are most frequently used in installations of this type. Two types of cycles were examined, which were the cycle with heat regeneration for dry media: fc72, hfe7100, R227ea, R245fa, R423a and R600a, and the cycle without heat regeneration for wet media: R11, R12, R134a, R718 and 507a. The calculations were performed for the assumed required thermal...
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Alternative method for the synthesis of imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one—a substrate for the preparation of phosphodiesterase (5) inhibitors
PublikacjaImidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-ones, as isosteres of purine, are of interest for pharmaceutical research as potential substrates for the synthesis of cGMP-PDE5 inhibitors. We present a novel, alternative method for the synthesis of imidazotriazinones, that differs from the previously reported ones with respect to the method of construction of the triazinone ring in the molecule. The key step in our approach is condensation...
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Statistics of AFM current-voltage curves
Dane BadawczeMapping surface electrical conductivity offers enormous cognitive possibilities regarding the structure and properties of modern materials. The technique invented for this purpose (Conductive AFM) by Murrel's team and colleagues allows independent monitoring of the local conductivity of materials in correlation with the topographic profile. The mentioned...
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Gasification of Densified Biomass (DB) and Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Using HTA/SG Technology
PublikacjaThe necessity of economical and rational use of natural energy sources caused a rapid development of research on the possibilities of using non‐conventional energy resources. Taking the above into account, a new technological process of thermochemical conversion of biomass and communal waste, commonly known as High Temperature Air/Steam Gasification (HTA/SG) and Multi‐Staged Enthalpy Extraction Technology (HTAG‐MEET), was developed....
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Application of spatial neural simulators of turbine blade rows to fluid flow diagnostics
PublikacjaThis chapter presents the results of neural modelling of fluid flow in steam turbine row. In modelling working conditions of the flow channel varied, thus the aim of the work was to reconstruct the reference state - distributions of velocity, pressure, and losses in flow channel - with high accuracy for fluid flow diagnostics.
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Role of distillation in determination of SCFAs in samples of different origin
PublikacjaShort-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are very volatile compounds and choosing an appropriate isolation and enrichement technique is a key to their determination. Distillation is one of methods which can be applied. There are many types of distillation. The simplest ones are direct, steam and fractional distillation, but they are not used very often and have some drawbacks. However, many modifications of basic distillation have been...
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Comparative study of selected fluids for use in supercritical Organic Ranking Cycles
PublikacjaIn view of increasing interest in improving energy efficiency of energy conversion devices, there is an increasing requirement of combined production of heat and electricity as well as demand for increased implementation of renewable energy resources. The micro cogenerative units utilizing the Organic Rankine Cycle are focusing the attention of many research centres around the world. In the present paper calculations of ORC cycles...
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Turbomachinery - Background
PublikacjaThe "Turbomachinery - Background" is the first part of a series of monographs devoted to different aspects of rotating machines. The book presents the main fundamentals which are necessary for the different problems of steam, gas, wind and water turbines as well as pumps, compressors and propellers which will discussed in detail in the subsequent parts of the series.
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An Impact of Environmental Disturbances on Combined Cycle Power Plant Control
PublikacjaCombined cycle power plants operate at thermal efficiency approaching 60 percent. In the same time their performance presents several problems that have to be addressed. E.g. gas turbines are very sensitive to backpressure exerted on them by the heat recovery steam generators as well as to ambient pressure and temperature.
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The performance of H2O, R134a, SES36, ethanol, and HFE7100 two-phase closed thermosyphons for varying operating parameters and geometry
PublikacjaIn this study, the influences of different parameters at performance two-phase closed thermosiphon (TPCT) was presented. It has been confirmed that the working fluid, as well as operating parameters and fill ratio, are very important factors in the performance of TPCT. The article shows characteristics of gravitational tube geometr ies, as well as the technical characteristic of the most important system components, i.e., the evaporator/condenser....
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Experimental investigation of two-phase thermosyphon heat exchanger charged with acetone
PublikacjaThis paper presents thermal characteristics of prototype of a two-phase thermosyphon heat exchanger (TPTHEx) charged with acetone as a working fluid. The TPTHEx consists of two horizontal cylindrical vessels connected by two risers and a downcomer. Tube bundles placed in the lower and upper cylinders work as an evaporator and a condenser, respectively. The tested TPTHEx operates in a vacuum. Therefore, the working liquid is boiled...
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The effectivness of fault detection in common rail injectors examination methods
PublikacjaThe article presents the effectiveness tests of fault detection in common rail injectors. 40 injectors with different wear levels were tested. Testing was made on two test benches of a completely different design. Research includes comparison of accuracy, reproducibility and testability to detect specific defects. A device was created for visualization of the fuel injector spraying steam.
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Operation of the 900 MW power plant with the ORC supplied from three heat sources
PublikacjaThe chapter is aimed at utilisation of waste heat in the reference supercritical power plant in the manner to produce electricity in ORC installation. The waste heat is available in the form of a stream of hot water at 90°C, recovered from the exhaust gases in the amount of 200MW. Such low enthalpy heat source is rather insufficient to produce a good quality vapour to feed the ORC turbine. Therefore an original approach to increase...
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Predicting cutting power for band sawing process of pine and beech wood dried with the use of four different methods
PublikacjaWood drying is an important stage in the woodworking process. After drying, wood is subject to a re-sawing process, for which a high quality surface, low material loss, and high efficiency are often required. In this paper, forecasted values were presented of cutting power for the re-sawing process of pine and beech wood that were dried with four different methods. Forecasting of cutting power for an industrial band saw machine...
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Comparison analysis of selected nuclear power plants supplied with helium from high-temperature gas-cooled reactor
PublikacjaThe article presents results of efficiency calculations for two 560 MW nuclear cycles with high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). An assumption was made that systems of this type can be used in so-called marine nuclear power plants. The first analysed system is the nuclear steam power plant. For the steam cycle, the efficiency calculations were performed with the code DIAGAR, which is dedicated for analysing this type of systems....
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The Effect of Steaming Beech, Birch and Maple Woods on Qualitative Indicators of the Surface
PublikacjaThis work presents the effect of steaming beech, birch and maple woods on the resulting quality of the milled wood surface. The steaming process of the studied woods results in a targeted change in the color of the wood, which changes from the original light white-gray color to fine reddishbrown to dark brown color shades that are more or less saturated depending on the temperature of the saturated water steam. The color changes...
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Wet H2S corrosion and degradation of pipeline in amine regeneration system
PublikacjaThe paper presents the results of NDT examinations, metallographic tests and risk assessment of degradation related to corrosion of amine regeneration unit in a desulphurisation system. Intensive corrosion resulting from acid gases environment upon water condensation causes perforation of the pipeline. Detailed analysis reveals cracking related to the mechanism of wet H2S. Hydrogen penetration, resulting from the wet H2S process,...
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Advanced Control Structures of Turbo Generator System of Nuclear Power Plant
PublikacjaIn the paper a synthesis of advanced control structures of turbine and synchronous generator for nuclear power plant working under changing operating conditions (supplied power level) is presented. It is based on the nonlinear models of the steam turbine and synchronous generator cooperating with the power system. Considered control structure consists of multi-regional fuzzy control systems with local linear controllers, including...
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Advanced Control Structures of Turbo Generator System of Nuclear Power Plant
PublikacjaIn the paper a synthesis of advanced control structures of turbine and synchronous generator for nuclear power plant working under changing operating conditions (supplied power level) is presented. It is based on the nonlinear models of the steam turbine and synchronous generator cooperating with the power system. Considered control structure consists of multi-regional fuzzy control systems with local linear controllers, including...
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Mathematical model of the energy consumption calculation during the pine sawn wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) drying process
PublikacjaThe article presents the modification of the existing mathematical model to calculate energy consumption during conventional drying process. Apart from energy consumption the model permits to estimate the time of high-temperature drying process. The drying medium is air and superheated steam mixture. The obtained calculation results were compared with conducted experimental tests of drying square-edged sawn sapwood timber (Pinus...
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Modelowanie przepływu pary przez okołodźwiękowe wieńce turbinowe z użyciem sztucznych sieci neuronoych
PublikacjaNiniejszy artykuł stanowi opis modelu przepływu pary przez okołodźwiękowe stopnie turbinowe, stworzonego w oparciu o sztuczne sieci neuronowe (SSN). Przedstawiony model neuronowy pozwala na wyznaczenie rozkładu wybranych parametrów w analizowanym przekroju kanału przepływowego turbiny dla rozpatrywanego zakresu wartości ciśnienia wlotowego.
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Modelling of the Baumann turbine stage operation Part II. Free and kinetic vibrations
PublikacjaIn this paper has been presented a methodology of validation a novel mathematical model dedicated to evaluation and prediction of material degradation and demage of steam turbine elements such as blades, valves and pipes due to three mechanisms: stress-corosion, high-temperature creep and low-cyclic fatigue. The validation concept is based on an experimental setup manufactured in the Laboratory of Faculty of Mechanical and Power...
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Dobór głównych parametrów instalacji grzewczych spalinowych siłowni okrętowych z wykorzystaniem metod i modeli probabilistycznych
PublikacjaPraca doktorska przedstawia nowatorską metodę projektowania okrętowych instalacji grzewczych. Metoda ta powstała dzięki analizie statystycznej danych zebranych z kilkunastu statków dotyczących między innymi wytwarzania pary w kotłach utylizacyjnych i zapotrzebowania na ciepło przez odbiorniki pary. Zaproponowany w pracy proces projektowy wykorzystuje równania korelacji wynikające z analizy statystycznej. Wytwarzanie ciepła oraz...
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Rain Water: Atmospheric Deposition
PublikacjaWater is transferred from the atmosphere to the land surface mainly via various forms of atmospheric precipitation; however, the contribution of surface condensation/deposition (e.g., dew, hoar frost, occult precipitation) should not be neglected. Rainwater and liquid deposits (dew, hoar frost, rime) are components of the physical and geographical environment that are easily assimilated and transported. Thus, they are generally...
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Experimental research on helical coil biomass boiler with oil as a heating fluid
PublikacjaThis paper presents an experimental research of helical coil biomass boiler with thermal oil heating agent. Heat exchanger consists of two coaxial helical coils swept by the flue gases. The burner is a single vertical retort connected to the fuel tank (wooden pellets). The boiler is a part of micro-power plant in which the heat from the boiler is exchanged with low-boiling HFE7100 to produce steam for a custom steam turbine. The...
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Mechanical characteristics of welded joints between different stainless steels grades
Publikacjanvestigation of mechanical characteristics of welded joints is one of the most important tasks that allow determining their functional properties. Due to the very high, still rising, cost of some stainless steels it is justified, on economic grounds, welding austenitic stainless steel with steels that are corrosion-resistant like duplex ones. According to forecasts the price of...
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How much a geometrical model of a honeycomb seal can be simpli ed in the CFD calculation
PublikacjaThis paper presents the inuence of geometry simplication on the results obtained in the computational fluid dynamics simulation. The subject of simulation was part of the honeycomb seal located at the inlet to high pressure part of a steam turbine. There were three different geometrical models assumed in the calculations. First one was two-dimensional case and two others were three dimensional, one with the radius of curvature...
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Isothermal turbines − New challenges. Numerical and experimental investigations into isothermal expansion in turbine power plants
PublikacjaThe efficiency of power plants with steam or gas turbines depends on the efficiencies of a thermodynamic cycle and devices implementing this cycle. In the case of high power outputs, we cannot expect a significant increase in the efficiency of individual devices. Therefore, what remains is to increase the efficiency of the implemented thermodynamic cycle - the complex Rankine cycle in the case of steam turbines or the extended...
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Energy consumption optimization in wastewater treatment plants: Machine learning for monitoring incineration of sewage sludge
PublikacjaBiomass management in terms of energy consumption optimization has become a recent challenge for developed countries. Nevertheless, the multiplicity of materials and operating parameters controlling energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants necessitates the need for sophisticated well-organized disciplines in order to minimize energy consumption and dissipation. Sewage sludge (SS) disposal management is the key stage of...
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EFFECT OF NANOFLUID CONCENTRATION ON TWO-PHASE THERMOSYPHON HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE
PublikacjaAn approach – relaying on application of nanofluid as a working fluid, to improve performance of the two-phase thermosyphon heat exchanger (TPTHEx) has been proposed. The prototype heat exchanger consists of two horizontal cylindrical vessels connected by two risers and a downcomer. Tube bundles placed in the lower and upper cylinders work as an evaporator and a condenser, respectively. Distilled water and nanofluid water-Al2O3...
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Performance of the very high-temperature heat pump with low GWP working fluids
PublikacjaTraditional heat pumps are a very attractive pro-ecological solutions for a number of applications, including providing of heating or heat recovery from industrial processes. The application range of heat pumps could be greatly enlarged when the operating temperature would be increased to 130-150°C and/or the temperature lift can be increased to 50-100 K. In the paper, the very high temperature vapour-compressor based single stage...
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Wieloobszarowa regulacja systemu turbogeneratora elektrowni jądrowej =Multiregional control of nuclear power plant turbogenerator system
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono propozycję zaawansowanej struktury sterowania układem turbogeneratora w szerokim zakresie zmian zapotrzebowania na moc czynną. Dla potrzeb syntezy tej struktury wykorzystano nieliniowe, dynamiczne modele turbiny parowej i generatora synchronicznego współpracującego z systemem elektroenergetycznym. Zaproponowane algorytmy sterowania oparte są odpowiednio o wieloobszarowe regulatory rozmyte, z lokalnymi regulatorami...
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Thermal Biomass Conversion: A Review
PublikacjaIn this paper, the most important methods of thermal conversion of biomass, such as: hydrothermal carbonization (180–250 °C), torrefaction (200–300 °C), slow pyrolysis (carbonization) (300–450 °C), fast pyrolysis (500–800 °C), gasification (800–1000 °C), supercritical steam gasification, high temperature steam gasification (>1000 °C) and combustion, were gathered, compared and ranked according to increasing temperature. A comprehensive...
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Comparative study of operation of condensing and traditional boilers equipped with ORC module for electricity generation
PublikacjaThe study analyzed the operation of the "traditional" boiler equipped with the ORC module as the similar arrangement but with the condensing boiler. In the case of a conventional boiler there is noted a greater fuel consumption and the greater power generated than in the case of the unit with the condensing boiler. Postulated is the indicator in the form of a ratio of turbine power to the mass flow rate of fuel, which in turn gives...
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High-efficiency mini and micro heat exchangers for dispersed power generation
PublikacjaTaking into account the dispersed systems technologies and their development, the ORC systems seem to be promising technology amongst various micro-CHP domestic units (electrical power production below 10 kWe), however practical realization of the ORC cycle in a micro-scale is technically challenging. The system consists in devices such as the vapour generation unit (boiler), expansion device and heat exchangers. Each of them should...
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DETEKCJA FAL UDERZENIOWYCH W UKŁADACH ŁOPATKOWYCH CZĘŚCI NISKOPRĘŻNYCH TURBIN PAROWYCH
PublikacjaW artykule przedstawiono wyniki numerycznych symulacji okołodźwiękowego przepływu pary przez ostatnie stopnie części niskoprężnej turbiny o mocy 50 MW. Celem przeprowadzonych symulacji była detekcja oraz lokalizacja fali uderzeniowej, występującej dla przyjętej geometrii układu łopatkowego. Przeanalizowano również wpływ zmiany wartości ciśnienia na wlocie do rozpatrywanych stopni turbiny na maksymalną wartość...
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A simple and efficient hybrid discretization approach to alleviate membrane locking in isogeometric thin shells
PublikacjaThis work presents a new hybrid discretization approach to alleviate membrane locking in isogeometric finite element formulations for Kirchhoff–Love shells. The approach is simple, and requires no additional dofs and no static condensation. It does not increase the bandwidth of the tangent matrix and is effective for both linear and nonlinear problems. It combines isogeometric surface discretizations with classical Lagrange-based...
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High Temperature Air Combustion and Gasification (HTAC; HTAG)
PublikacjaCombustion and gasification technology utilizing high-cycle regenerative air/steam preheater has drawn increased attention in many application areas. The process is to be realized at temperature level above ash melting point using highly preheated agent. The use of highly preheated media above 900oC provides additional energy in to conversion processes and results in considerable changes to the design of combustion and gasification...
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Effect of Thermal Treatment of Birch Wood by Saturated Water Vapor on Granulometric Composition of Chips from Sawing and Milling Processes from the Point of View of Its Processing to Composites
PublikacjaThe goal of this work is to investigate the impact of thermal modification of birch wood with saturated steam on the particle size distribution of the sawing and milling process. Birch wood (Betula pendula Roth) is an excellent source to produce plywood boards. Wastes from mechanical processing of birch wood are suitable to produce composite materials. Granulometric analyses of chips from sawing processes on the PRW 15M frame saw,...
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Design analysis of combined gas-vapour micro power plant with 30 kW air turbine
PublikacjaThe article presents basic results of the design analysis of a combined gas-vapour micro power plant with a waste-heat boiler without exhaust reheat, working in the vapour section in the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system. The analysis concerned working media most frequently used in those types of power plants and planned to be used in future. The object of the analysis was a micro power plant with a 30 kW gas (air) turbine for...
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Design analysis of combined gas-vapour micro power plant with 30 kW air turbine
PublikacjaThe article presents basic results of the design analysis of a combined gas-vapour micro power plant with a waste-heat boiler without exhaust reheat, working in the vapour section in the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system. The analysis concerned working media most frequently used in those types of power plants and planned to be used in future. The object of the analysis was a micro power plant with a 30 kW gas (air) turbine for...
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Review of hydrogen production technologies for automotive sector – thermodynamic analysis of energy and exergy losses
PublikacjaFew recent years has shown that hydrogen technology has a good chance to replace petroleum technology in automotive sector. However, hydrogen in pure form practically does not occur on Earth. That is why H2 form is used only as an energy carrier and it must be produced using another source of energy form water or hydrocarbon fuels. In this paper short overview of hydrogen production technology has been presented, with energy and...