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Search results for: SPME, IONIC LIQUIDS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
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Characteristic of Morpholinium Ionic Liquids as Gas Chromatography Stationary Phases with McReynolds Constants and Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution
PublicationIn this work, four ionic liquids based on N-alkyl-N-methylmorpholinium cation ([Mor1,R] where R= 2, 4, 8, 10) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion [TFSI] were synthesized. Using gas-liquid chromatography a number of parameters describing the sorption properties of the investigated ionic liquids were determined. The values of Kovats indices, McReynolds constants, and activity coefficients at infinite dilution were the basis...
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Evaluation of Gas Chromatography Stationary Phases Based on Morpholinium Ionic Liquids by McReynolds Constants and Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution
PublicationIn this work, four ionic liquids (ILs) based on the N-alkyl-N-methylmorpholinium cation ([Mor1,R], in which R = 2, 4, 8, or 10) and bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion were synthesized. Using GLC, a number of parameters describing the sorption properties of the investigated ILs were determined. The values of Kovats indices, McReynolds constants, and activity coefficients at infinite dilution were the basis for the evaluation...
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Development of SPME fiber coatings with tunable porosity for physical confinement of ionic liquids as an extraction media
PublicationExtending the use of ionic liquids in sample preparation techniques remains a challenge. This paper presents procedures enabling the easy application of ionic liquids to the SPME technique. For this purpose, two approaches for producing a porous silica coating on a metal rod were investigated. Two silica precursor and porogen systems were used in the research: K2SiO3 + Formamide and Tetramethyl-orthosilicate + Polyethylene oxide....
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Free silanols and ionic liquids as their suppressors in liquid chromatography
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Silica-Based Ionogels: Nanoconfined Ionic Liquid-Rich Fibers for Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Barrier Discharge Ionization Detection
PublicationIn this work, hybrid silica-based materials with immobilized ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared by sol–gel technology and evaluated as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coatings. High loadings of the IL 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4MIM][TFSI]) were confined within the hybrid network. Coatings composition and morphology were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive...
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Suppression of deleterious effects of free silanols in liquid chromatography by imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids
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Ionogel fibres of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion-based ionic liquids for the headspace solid-phase microextraction of chlorinated organic pollutants
PublicationIonogels, a family of hybrid materials in which ionic liquids (ILs) are confined in a sol–gel network, are receiving much attention in a variety of scientific and technological fields. In this work, ionogels derived from three different ILs based on the anion bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), namely 1-butyl- 3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C4C1Py][TFSI]), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide...
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Head-Space SPME for the Analysis of Organophosphorus Insecticides by Novel Silica IL-Based Fibers in Real Samples
PublicationThis work demonstrates the suitability of a newly developed ionic liquid (IL)-based silica SPME fiber for the determination of seven organophosphorus insecticides in cucumber and grapefruit samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (FID). The sol-gel method released four different sorbent coatings, which were obtained based on a silica matrix containing ILs immobilized...
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Studies on applicability of new solid-phase microextraction fibers for the selective extraction and determination of short - chain monocarboksylic acids
PublicationShort-chain monocarobxylic acids, sometimes referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFA), are a group of low molecular weight alkyl monocarboxylic acids that are widely distributed within the environment. These molecules contain any from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and originate from the anaerobic biodegradation of organic matter such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These compounds are commonly found in the effluents from animal farming,...
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Solid Phase Micro-Extraction, a Versatile and Handy Tool in Environmental Trace Organic Analysis, Gets a New Class of Coatings, Polymeric Ionic Liquids
PublicationSolid phase microextraction (SPME) fundamentals, characteristics and application are described. The special stress is put on characteristics of sorbents used as SPME fiber coatings. Description of commercially available fibers and the present-day trends in development of new sorbents for SPME are given. Discussion is focused on possibility of application of ionic liquids (IL) and polymeric ionic liquids (PIL) as SPME fiber coatings....
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Ionogel sorbent coatings for determining organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in water and fresh juice samples by headspace-solid phase microextraction
PublicationThe sol–gel method yielded three different ionogel sorbent coatings that were obtained based on a silica material containing ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized in its pores. Two ILs, triethylsulfonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [Set3][TFSI] and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1Pip][TFSI], as well as their equimolar mixture [Set3/C4C1Pip], were used to obtain ionogel fibers. The developed...
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Micellar Route of the Synthesis of Alkyl Xylosides: An Unexpected Effect of Amphiphilic Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
PublicationThis manuscript presents results from the investigation on the synthesis of alkyl xylosides by the novel, very efficient and promising protocol of the Fischer synthesis from unprotected xylose and aliphatic alcohol. The use of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquids as the catalysts with dual functionality (surfactant + acid catalyst) and micellar reaction system are the main novelty of described method. It has...
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Measurements of Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for Organic Solutes in the Ionic Liquids N-Ethyl- and N-Octyl-N-methylmorpholinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. A Useful Tool for Solvent Selection
PublicationIn recent years, many papers describing ionic liquids (IL) as promising solvents in separation techniques have been published. The conscious choice of appropriate ionic liquid as absorption media in effective extraction of selected types of analytes requires deeper understanding of the analyte−IL interactions. Therefore, intensive research is conducted to determine the values of activity coefficient at infinite dilution, which...
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Measurement of activity coefficients at infinite dilution of organic solutes in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-1,4-diaza[2.2.2]bicyclooctanium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide using gas–liquid chromatography
PublicationBased on gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) retention data, activity coefficients at infinite dilution of 39 different solutes in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-1,4-diaza[2.2.2]bicyclooctanium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HDABCO][NTf2]) have been determined. Measurements covered a broad range of types of organic solutes including alkanes, alcohols, ketones, benzene derivatives and McReynold’s compounds. Activity coefficients were...
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Tuning the extraction properties of ionogel-coated Solid-phase microextraction fibers based on the solvation properties of the ionic liquids
PublicationA silica-based network was used to immobilize ionic liquid-based ionogels and applied as a fiber coating forsolid-phase microextraction (SPME). The ionogels were prepared by a sol–gel process, using two ionic liquids,triethylsulfonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Set3][TFSI]) and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(tri-fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4C1Pip][TFSI]), as well as their equimolar mixture. Methyltrimethoxysilane wasused...
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Ionic liquids in the microextraction techniques: the influence of ILs structure and properties
PublicationIonic liquids (ILs) are composed entirely of ions thus they possess unique properties, including negligible volatility, a liquid state in a broad range of temperatures and ability to change them depending on the chosen type of anion and cation, which make ILs unique and useful for many applications in sample preparation techniques. A deeper understanding of the nature of ILs and the impact of their structure on their parameters...
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Studies on applicability of new solid-phase microextraction and determination of short - chain monocarboxylic acids
PublicationA convenient approach to monitor the short-chain monocaroboksylic acids (SCAMs) in different samples is gas chromatography (GC) preceded by sample preparation based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The fiber with polar coatings were used to extract the SCAMs from headspace of liquid and solid samples. Recently polimeric ionic liquid (PIL) fiber coatings have been proposed to extract volatile organic compounds, minly polar...
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Application of Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction with Poly(1-vinyl-3- Hexylimidazolium Chloride) Polymeric Ionic Liquid Coating using GC - MS to Determine Volatile Fatty Acids in Dairy Wastewater
PublicationVolatile fatty acids were determined in this study using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a poly(1-vinyl-3-hexylimidazolium chloride) polymeric ionic liquid coated fiber followed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Experimental parameters such as extraction time and temperature, sample volume as well as desorption time and temperature were optimized. Detection limits of the method were in the range of...
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Direct solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry for the determination of biogenic amines in wine
PublicationA direct method based on immersion solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) was optimized and validated for the determination of 16 biogenic amines in Polish wines. In the analysis two internal standards were used: 1,7-diaminoheptane and bis-3-aminopropylamine. The method allows for simultaneous extraction and derivatization, providing a simple and fast mode of extraction and enrichment....
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Are deep eutectic solvents useful in chromatography? A short review
PublicationA literature update has been done concerning Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) use in chromatography applications. The literature survey was based on the period from 2010 till 2020 and manuscripts reported in the data bases Web of Science and Scopus. The use of DES as mobile phase and mobile phase additives, stationary phases and solid phase modifiers and the use of DES as reaction solvents for chromatography use, were evaluated. Emphasis...
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Greener organic solvents in analytical chemistry
PublicationThe paper presents the most recent advances in analytical applications of greener organic solvents. Substitution of problematic solvents with more benign organic ones is much easier than shifting to technique applying alternative solvents, such as ionic liquids or supercritical fluids. In the area of liquid chromatography greener mobile phases, much attention is given to application ethanol or acetone instead of acetonitrile. Solvent-based...
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Application of Ionic Liquids in Amperometric Gas Sensors
PublicationThis article presents an analysis of available literature data on metrological parameters of the amperometric gas sensors containing ionic liquids as an electrolyte. Four mechanism types of signal generation in amperometric sensors with ionic liquid are described. Moreover, this article describes the influence of selected physico-chemical properties of the ionic liquids on the metrological parameters of these sensors. Some metrological...
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Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry
PublicationSolid phase microextraction find increasing applications in the sample preparation step before chromatographic determination of analytes in samples with a complex composition. These techniques allow for integrating several operations, such as sample collection, extraction, analyte enrichment above the detection limit of a given measuring instrument and the isolation of analytes from sample matrix. In this work the information about...
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Interaction of Novel Ionic Liquids with Soils
PublicationWith the constant development of new ionic liquids, the understanding of the chemical fate of these compounds also needs to be updated. To this effect, in this contribution, the interaction of a number of novel ionic liquids with soils was determined. Therefore, three novel headgroups (ammonium, phosphonium or pyrrolidinium) with single or quaternary substitution were tested on a variety of soils with high to low organic matter...
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The new silica-based coated SPME fiber as universal support for the confinement of ionic liquid as an extraction medium
PublicationThe new silica-based SPME fiber coating is reported for the first time as universal support purposed to confinement of ionic liquid as an extraction medium. Fiber coating was prepared by the sol-gel process, using potassium silicate (K2SiO3) as a precursor and dimethylformamide (DMF) as a pore-forming medium. The concept of synthesis assumes obtaining a solid porous material on the surface of the glass rod and, being characterized...
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Bioactive quaternary ammonium ionic liquids.
PublicationAn ionic liquid (IL) is an organic compound that contains at least one ionic bond. It consists of an organic cation and an organic or inorganic anion. It is an organic salt having a melting point below 100C. A very interesting group of IL are those with a long chain quaternary ammonium cation. They are formed by direct synthesis or by an anion-exchange reaction in quaternary ammonium halides. Popular and cheap precursors for the...
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New methodology for determination cationic surfactants in liquid environmental samples
PublicationBecause of their specific physical and chemical properties (e.g. amphiphilicity, solubility in polar and nonpolar liquids, ability to form micelles, adsorption at phase boundaries, low toxicity) surfactants (surface-active compounds) are widely applied in industry and in the household. As their applications are on a very large scale, it has become necessary to acquire a more detailed understanding of their environmental fate. Mainly,...
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Polymer electrolytes with ionic liquids
PublicationSolid polymer electrolytes are solutions of salts in the macromolecular polymeric compound. Excellent process ability, flexibility, non-flammability and non-reactivity make them ideal materials for electrochemical devices. The problem in their use is limited conductivity. It increases with increasing salt concentration in the polymer, but at the same time the condition is to increase the glass transition temperature of the polymer...
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Use of pyridinium and pyrrolidinium ionic liquids for removal of toluene from gas streams
PublicationSeparation of toluene from a toluene/N2 gas mixture using supported liquid membranes based on a series of pyridinium (1-butylpyridinium- bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide - [C4Py][Tf2N], 1-hexylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfone [C6Py][Tf2N]) and pyrrolidinium (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide - [C4Pyrr][Tf2N], 1-hexyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide - [C6Pyrr][Tf2N], 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium...
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Utilization of ionic liquids for the enrichment of biogas
PublicationThis article discusses the dependence of biogas composition on organic feed material. High amounts of CO2 decrease the calorific value of biogas. Several technologies are reviewed which can be used to increase the calorific value. Special emphasis is laid on ionic liquids as a new absorbing material. ILs have a number of advantages due to their unique properties such as: low melting point, high thermal conductivity, no flammability,...
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Predicting the viscosity and electrical conductivity of ionic liquids on the basis of theoretically calculated ionic volumes
PublicationSelected physical properties of the ionic liquids might be quantitatively predicted based on the volumes of the ions these systems are composed of. It is demonstrated that the ionic volumes calculated using relatively simple theoretical quantum chemistry methods can be utilised to estimate the viscosities and electrical conductivities of various commonly used ionic liquids. The fitting formulas of the exponential form are offered...
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Nanoconfined Ionic Liquids. Properties and analytical applications
PublicationThe synergistic combination of ionic liquids (ILs) and solid‐like matrices involves a powerful coupling towards the development of new sustainable analytical methodologies. Here we survey the literature regarding such ionic liquid‐based hybrid materials, including a database on relevant physicochemical properties of ionic liquids confined in a solid network. Furthermore, this chapter presents the strategies implemented to combine...
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Application of ionic liquids for gas separation processes
PublicationNowym kierunkiem w procesach separacji dwutlenku węgla stało się w ostatnich latach zastosowanie cieczy jonowych. Niemierzalna prężność par i możliwość dostosowania ich właściwości czyni je idealnymi mediami zastępującymi lotne, korozyjne i toksyczne rozpuszczalniki. Ponadto ciecze jonowe wykazują niską współabsorpcję innych gazów. Dlatego też, możliwe jest selektywne odseparowanie dwutlenku węgla z mieszanin gazowych
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Prospects of ionic liquids application in electronic and bioelectronic nose instruments
PublicationThis paper addresses the problem of application of ionic liquids to chemical sensors and biosensors being an integral part of the electronic and bioelectronic-type instruments. The design and principle of operation of the electronic and bioelectronic noses are compared. Both the benefits and shortcomings of the application of ionic liquids in these type of instruments are described. The prospects of the development and application...
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Effect of oxygenation time on signal of a sensor based on ionic liquids
PublicationThe paper presents an oxygen sensor based on ionic liquids and solid electrodes. The following ionic liquids have been employed: [BMIM][BF4], [HMIM][Cl], [BMIM][N(CN2)]. Minimum time of the sensor exposure to analyte, after which the signal (current intensity) was stable, has been evaluated. An impact of volumetric flow rate of analyte on the sensor exposure time and signal has been determined. A product of permeability coefficient...
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Effect of ionic liquids on surface and photocatalytic properties of selected semiconducttors
PublicationThe main aim of this doctoral dissertation was to explain the role of ionic liquids in shaping the morphology of selected semiconductors, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity. In order to achieve this goal, the following research steps were taken: (i) developing synthesis methods of selected semiconductors, with particular emphasis on the electrochemical oxidation method; (ii) understanding the influence of the selected...
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Conductivity and viscosity changes of imidazolium ionic liquids induced by H2O and CO2
PublicationSeveral solutions of ionic liquids based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation saturated and unsaturated with carbon dioxide were prepared and characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The in fluence of ILs saturation on its electrical conductivity was determined. Additionally, the in fluence of the water presence and variations of temperature on electrical properties of ionic liquids were investigated. Changes of...
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Thermodynamic interpretation and prediction of CO2 solubility in imidazolium ionic liquids based on regular solution theory
PublicationRegular solution theory (RST) is the most popular model for the interpretation of the interaction between CO2 and ionic liquids. In the present work, the parameters of this model were determined for the CO2 absorption in eleven imidazolium ionic liquids. The y-intercept (A) of the RST model for the investigated imidazolium liquids increases with increasing temperature whereas the slope (B) remains constant. The values of RST parameters...
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Micelle formation of Tween 20 nonionic surfactant in imidazolium ionic liquids
PublicationAggregation behavior of polyoxyethylene (POE)-type nonionic surfactant Tween 20 in imidazolium ionic liquids with varying chain length and different anions, such as tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and trifluoromethanesulfonate, was investigated by means of surface tension, conductivity and dynamic light scattering measurements. The role of the chain length, anion size as well as interactions...
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Application of ionic liquids in chromatographic techniques
PublicationCiecze jonowe (ang. Ionic Liquids, ILs) z uwagi na swoje unikalne właściwości fizyko – chemiczne oraz możliwość prostej modyfikacji budowy, w znacznym stopniu przyczyniły się do rozwoju technik rozdzielania. W chromatografii gazowej fazy stacjonarne w postaci cieczy jonowych stanowią istotne uzupełnienie istniejących faz stacjonarnych na bazie polisiloksanów i glikolu polietylenowego. Ze względu na wysoką stabilność termiczną...
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Ionic liquids for nano- and microstructures preparation. Part 1: Properties and multifunctional role
PublicationIonic liquids (ILs) are a broad group of organic salts of varying structure and properties, used in energy conversion and storage, chemical analysis, separation processes, as well as in the preparation of particles in nano- and microscale. In material engineering, ionic liquids are applied to synthesize mainly metal nanoparticles and 3D semiconductor microparticles. They could generally serve as a structuring agent or as a reaction...
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Wetting of supports by ionic liquids used in gas separation processes
PublicationCiecze jonowe są stosowane w procesach separacji gazów jako selektywne rozpuszczalniki. Są szeroko stosowane w technologii immobilizowanych membran ciekłych, głównie w procesach oczyszczania strumieni gazowych. Praca ta charakteryzuje komercyjnie dostępne membrany porowate używane we wspomnianych procesach. Określenie właściwości nośników i fazy membranowej ma na celu wyznaczenie czynników mających wpływ na stabilności takich układów...
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Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Mixtures: Sustainable Solvents for Extraction Processes
PublicationIn recent years, ionic liquids and deep eutectic mixtures have demonstrated great potential in extraction processes relevant to several scientific and technological activities. This review focuses on the applicability of these sustainable solvents in a variety of extraction techniques, including but not limited to liquid- and solid-phase (micro) extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and pressurized...
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Opportunities and shortcomings of ionic liquids in single-drop microextraction
PublicationThe synergistic combination of ionic liquids (ILs) and single-drop microextraction (SDME) involves a powerful coupling toward the development of sustainable analytical methodologies. This overview provides a survey of the literature regarding the IL-SDME, including a database on relevant physicochemical properties of ILs for their application in SDME, the strategies implemented to combine IL-based SDME methods efficiently with...
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Temperature-dependent structure-property modeling of viscosity for ionic liquids
PublicationIn this paper we present the methodology for assessing the ionic liquids' viscosity at six temperature points (25, 35, 45, 50, 60 and 70 [C]), which utilizes only the in silico approach. The main idea of such assessment is based on the "correction equation" describing the correlation between experimentally measured viscosity and theoretically derived density (calculated with use of molecular mechanics), given at 6 different temperature...
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Application of ionic liquids in electronic nose instruments
PublicationAmong many applications in different fields of science and technology the ionic liquids (ILs) are also utilised in chemical sensors yielding improvement of their operation parameters (Buzzeo, 2004; Wei and Ivaska, 2008; Silvester, 2011; Gebicki et al., 2013). Some of these chemical sensors are the components of the devices, which resemble human sense of smell as far as their operation is concerned. These devices are named electronic...
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Separation of toluene from gas phase using supported imidazolium ionic liquid membrane
PublicationInvestigation on utilization of supported ionic liquids membranes for hydrocarbon separation from the gas phase was performed. Properties of membrane phase, wettability of supports, swelling effects and solubility of toluene were taken into account. Toluene permeation rates were significantly higher than those of pure nitrogen, the selectivity in a range of 17–341 was satisfying for separation. Despite the increase of viscosity...
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Application of gas chromatography to the analysis of spirit-based alcoholic beverages
PublicationSpirit-based beverages are alcoholic drinks, which production processes are dependent on the type and origin of raw materials. The composition of this complex matrix is difficult to analyze and scientists commonly choose a gas chromatography techniques for this reason. With a wide selection of extraction methods and detectors it is possible to provide qualitative and quantitative analysis for many chemical compounds with a various...
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Application and optimization of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography - flame-ionization detector (GC-FID) to determine products of the petroleum industry in aqueous samples
PublicationA simple and solvent-free analytical method has been optimized for the determination of hydrocarbons (C6 - C20) from products of the petroleum industry in aqueous samples. Extraction and analysis was carried out using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detector (GC-FID). A ZB-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm inner diameter, 0.25 µm film thickness) was used for...
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Deep eutectic solvents vs ionic liquids: Similarities and differences
PublicationDeep eutectic solvents (DES) were introduced as an alternative to ionic liquids (IL) to overcome the drawbacks of IL solvents. However, some authors consider them to be a subclass of ILs. In contrast, other authors emphasize that these are by their nature independent, different groups of substances. Thus, the question arises: Which solvent group should DESs belong to? Maybe a new class should be added to the existing ones. The...