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Search results for: LOW-WAGE COUNTRIES
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The demand for skills and the labor cost in partner countries: evidence from the enlarged EU
PublicationWe analyse the consequences of trade integration in Europe (1995-2005) detecting how thelabor costs in partner countries affects the demand for domestic high- and low-skilled labor inthe EU-15 (Old) and five New member states. In general, independently on the skill level, the resultshint at complementarity between domestic and foreign labor. However, the demand for thehigh skilled in New EU members' low skill intensive sectors...
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Offshoring and outsourcing in Visegrad countries, Advantages and disadvantages.
PublicationOutsourcing and offshoring are getting more and more popular in the “new EU” coun-tries. They constitute very attractive venues for more developed EU countries to outsource or offshore their business activities. Authors of the article have investigated the advantages and disadvantages of locating outsourcing activities in each of the Visegrad (V4) countries. The authors have studied macroeconomic factors based on the reports of...
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The Efficiency of Post‐Communist Countries’ Health Systems
PublicationHealth‐care costs are a major financial burden for the transition economies, which have experienced rapidly increasing demand for health‐care services. The former communist countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia needed to reform the financing of their health‐care systems and make efforts to strengthen the role of primary care while limiting the role of hospital care. The growing health needs and, consequently,...
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Top personal income tax rates (PIT) in EU countries (in%).
Open Research DataWhen analyzing the historical PIT rates, it should be noted that in 2000 the average rate was almost 45%. The highest income tax (approx. 60%) was imposed in Belgium, Denmark, as well as in the Netherlands and France. On the other hand, the lowest (25%) rates were recorded in Estonia and Latvia, which were not yet members of the European Union. In the...
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EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF FLEXICURITY IMPLEMENTATION IN OECD COUNTRIES
PublicationFlexicurity is a policy of flexible and secure labour market. It has been the subject of many analyses, however, a coherent evaluation methodology is difficult to specify. The purpose of this paper is to propose a Data Envelopment Analysis based model for the evaluation of the efficiency of flexicurity implementation in OECD countries. The results will be used to create the ranking of countries, to determine changes in time, and...
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Resource productivity and environmental degradation in EU-27 countries: context of material footprint
PublicationThis study explores the relationship between the resource productivity and environmental degradation in European Union-27 countries. This study tests this relationship in context of high, moderate, and low material footprint sub-samples; these samples are formed utilizing the expectation–maximization machine learning algorithm. Using the panel data set of EU-27 countries from 2000 to 2020, linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed...
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Fiscal decentralization in the European Countries: a cluster analysis approach
PublicationThe scope of public authority depend on many factors. One of them is a declaration, usually expressed in the constitution of a given country (Sferlea, 2014, Libman, 2010, Nehmelman, Vetzo, 2016) of the application of the decentralisation principle in the performance of public tasks. Despite this declaration, the structure of the public sector and the tasks carried out at different levels in particular countries are not identical....
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The importance of CEFTA 2006 for Western Balkan countries
PublicationFree foreign trade is one of the most important issues all over the world. The impact of bilateral trade can be studied both from economic as well as political perspectives; when it improves economic development, it also creates the conditions for international stability. The aim of the article is to conduct a comparison of the changes to export trade flow in the Central European Free Trade Agreement 2006, with reference to countries...
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Health System Efficiency in European Countries: Network Data Envelopment Analysis Approach
PublicationPurpose: The article's main aim is to investigate the effectiveness of health systems in European countries based on EUROSTAT data. A comparative analysis of the health systems' effectiveness in different countries is based on their improvement (reform), using the best practices approach. Design/Methodology/Approach: The network DEA model and a slack-based model (NDEA – SBM) are used. A non-oriented model is used. The research...
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Competitiveness of the Visegrad Countries - Paths for Competitiveness Growth
PublicationThe article includes two objectives: 1) to determine competitiveness of V4 countries in terms of 12 pillars of competitiveness used by The Global Competitiveness Report of the WEF, 2) to propose taxonomic method to appoint a path of competitiveness growth of economies.
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Activity and discrimination against women in the labour market in the countries of Baltic Sea Region
PublicationAn increasing participation of women in the labour market seem to be a key to overcome the problems of the EU labour market and to achieve the objectives of Strategy Europe 2020. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify differences in the situation of women in the labour market in selected countries such as those in the Baltic Sea region and to attempt to verify the hypothesis of the existence of discrimination against...
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GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES: THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG?
PublicationThe objective of this study is to test empirically the relationship between structural changes (changes in gross value added and employment) and economic growth. We used a panel Granger-causality analysis based on annual data for eight transition countries, covering the period 1995–2011. The main finding is that the causality relations analysed are heterogeneous processes and are identified more often...
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Is Germany a Hub of ‘Factory Europe’ for CEE Countries?
PublicationThe goal of the paper is to decompose gross exports and imports to/from Germany for seven selected economies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Slovakia for 2000 and 2014, in order to identify the role of Germany in absorbing, reflecting and redirecting CEE trade. The authors use a gross trade decomposition proposed by Bonin and Mancini (2017), which is the extended...
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Nonstandard Equivalence Scales and their Applications for European Union Countries
PublicationThe aim of this study is twofold. First, we propose new methods of estimating equivalence scales. We call these methods nonstandard to distinguish them from the standard procedures based on the microeconomic theory of demand systems. Searching for the ‘as simple as possible’ method has been a leitmotiv of this study. Second, we estimate various forms of equivalence scales for 28 European Union (EU) member countries and four non-member...
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Implementation of the Concept of Flexicurity in the Selected Countries of Central Eastern Europe
PublicationThe CEE countries have to create their own flexicurity policies which would take into account the employment policy guidelines, cultural traditions and socio-economic development. The aim of this article is to examine and evaluate the implementation of the flexicurity concept on the basis of the adopted set of composite indicators. The study covers 9 countries of the CEE region, and the research period covers the years 2007 and 2013....
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New Technologies Adoption and Diffusion Patterns in Developing Countries. An Empirical Study for the Period 2000-2011
PublicationIn recent years, enormous changes are noted worldwide when broad adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). These unique technologies – often perceived as economic development incentives – have a great ability to spread at high pace and low cost in world countries, bringing to people opportunities to contribute to economic development and growth. New Technologies play a special role in developing countries, where...
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MEASUREMENT O F HEALTHCARE SYSTEM EFFICIENCY IN OECD COUNTRIES
PublicationIncreased spending on healthcare systems in many countries tends to attract attention to their efficiency. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of healthcare systems in the OECD countries and indicate causes of inefficiency by applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and using additive and super-efficiency models. The homogeneity of the sample is assessed and outliers are excluded. A ranking is established on the...
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Trade diversity and stages of development - evidence on EU countries.
PublicationThe paper presents the dynamics of trade diversification with respect to stages of development in the European context. The analysis focuses on EU27 countries observed across the years 1988–2010 and compared to a sample of 136 international economies at all levels of income per capita. We will use product level statistics (six digit HS0) and confront export and import patterns of absolute diversification/concentration. The results...
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EFFICIENCY OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES - THE DEA NETWORK APPROACH
PublicationHealthcare systems in Europe are constantly undergoing reforms which adapt them to social, economic and political requirements. The aim of this article is to examine the efficiency of healthcare systems in 30 European countries in 2014. The Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) model was used. The efficiency of the countries’ overall health systems and their two main components were examined: the public health system and the...
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How to define and measure informal employment in CEE countries - the case of Poland
PublicationThe study of informal employment is still associated with several obstacles, from the scope of definition, through measurement methods, to policy recommendations. This article aims to revise the existing methodological frames in order to point out how to improve the study of informal employment in CEE countries. The case of Poland serves to examine whether the common definitions and measurement methods are suitable for an inclusive...
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Economic Situation in Balkan Countries in the First Decade of 21st Century
PublicationThe recent economic crisis affected most of the countries in the world to a greater or lesser extent, including small economies sector. Small economies are a distinctive group of countries distinguished by particular qualities. They are dependent on trade exchange or international investment stream, and both their aggregate demand and supply, and price level depend on the development of the big economies dynamics. This is the reason...
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Social convergence in Nordic countries at regional level
PublicationResearch background: Geographical proximity, common historical roots and collaboration within the Nordic Council cause the Nordic countries to be often wrongly treated as monoliths. However, in reality, Nordic regions differ in terms of broadly defined social and economic development. Issues concerning the standard of living are one of the priorities of the Helsinki Treaty signed by Nordic countries. Purpose of the article: The...
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Sources of macroeconomic competitiveness in Central and East European Countries
PublicationThe aim of the paper is to assess empirially economic growth and productivity patterns in Central and East European Countries (CEECs), and to provide a thorough insight into the factors influencing macroeconomic competitiveness in the CEE region. The study goes back to early 1990s and describes macroeconomic developments in eight countries which joined the EU in 2004 (namely: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,...
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The Opening of Central and Eastern European Countries to Free Trade: A Critical Assessment
PublicationThree decades after the fall of the Berlin wall and one and a half decades after the Big Bang enlargement of the European Union (2004-2007), we revisit contrasting narratives about the benefit of both free trade and the EU enlargement for Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We distinguish old, pre-2004 EU countries from CEE countries that joined the EU in 2004-2007, as well as from the CEE countries that have not become...
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Trade in value added of countries involved in TTIP: EU-USA comparison
PublicationThe aim of this paper is to present key facts concerning trade in the value added of those countries participating in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). In particular, we describe how involvement in global production networks (GPN) varies across EU countries with respect to the United States.
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New patterns in the position of CEE countries in global value chains: functional specialisation approach
PublicationResearch background: High servitisation of manufacturing makes it impossible to separate services from manufactured goods properly, which implies difficulties in the assessment of the position of the country on the smile curve, i.e. in the proper assignment of products or services to one of the industrial process steps: pre-production, pure fabrication or post-production services. Therefore, we propose to use the business functions...
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Polish FDI in Central Asian Countries
PublicationSince gaining independence, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan gradually opened their markets to foreign investors. Before Poland’s accession to the European Union, the activities of Polish investors in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were based on bilateral treaties concluded by Poland with those countries. Later, except Turkmenistan, they were governed by the partnership...
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Activity of Patents in Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production in the Context of Passenger Car Fleet in the V4 Countries
PublicationThe hydrogen market in the world today is capable ovule and em-pirical evidence on activity of patents in fuel cells and hydrogen production islimited so far. Patent applications in zero-emission mobility in the aspect of fuelcells include: DAFC/DMFC&DMFC, PEMFC, SOFC, AFC, PAFC. As for thepatents relating to the hydrogen production, they concern low carbon, electrol-ysis and inorganic. The purpose of the study was to investigate...
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Use of AMI Meters in the Process of Low Voltage Grid Optimization
PublicationThis is a report of a project involving, inter alia, low voltage grid performance optimization with data from AMI meters . The study was supported with a European UPGRID grant, and executed by a consortium of companies from seven European countries, including Poland .
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Localization Factors for Outsourcing and Offshoring Projects in the V4 Countries. An Attempt of Initial Investigation
PublicationMain objective of this paper is to present the conditions for the investors in the context of outsourcing or offshoring provided by V4 countries in order to present similarities and opposites between analyzed countries and to identify good and bad sides of investing in particular Visegrad group country.
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Bankruptcy system model and efficiency versus the entrepreneurship and innovation in selected European countries
Publicationmodel and its efficiency on the development of entrepreneurship and innovation in selected European countries and Turkey. This goal was achieved by examining the relationships between debtor-friendliness of the bankruptcy law model and its efficiency on one side and entrepreneurship and innovation on the other. The cross-sectional ANOVA test and OLS regression method were chosen as the research method. In order to verify the research...
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Banking stability during the economic transformation process in selected countries of the Western Balkans
PublicationEconomic transformation is still an ongoing process in many European countries. Despite common economic roots, the current economic situations are developing differently in different countries. This article will consider the process of economic transformation in terms of the banking sector. It aims to assess the level of banking stability throughout the transformation process in the Western Balkan region, and to assess the determinates...
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THE INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND STRATEGIES FOR ITS ENHANCEMENT: A TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS
PublicationThe aim of this article is to identify clusters of countries with similar levels of competitiveness among the EU-27 countries and to identify for each of the 27 EU countries the path to growth in competitiveness. The taxonomic cluster analysis conducted confirms the hypothesis that the European Union is an area with a high differentiation in terms of levels of competitiveness. The analysis shows that the strategy to increase competitiveness...
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Free trade with the former COMECON Countries as Unequal Exchange
PublicationTwo authors of this chapter were born to the East of what was once The Iron Curtain and two to the West. From both angles, the two systems – capitalism and communism – seemed to be as contrary to each other as possible. Few people are aware that in terms of industrial and trade policy, both classical capitalism and communism had a common root in the theories of German economist Friedrich List (1789-1846) (List, 1841). In fact,...
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Review of Research into Enterprise Bankruptcy Prediction in Selected Central and Eastern European Countries
PublicationIn developed countries, the first studies on forecasting bankruptcy date to the early 20th century. In Central and Eastern Europe, due to, among other factors, the geopolitical situation and the introduced economic system, this issue became the subject of researcher interest only in the 1990s. Therefore, it is worthwhile to analyze whether these countries conduct bankruptcy risk assessments and what their level of advancement is....
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Bankruptcy Law Severity for Debtors: Comparative Analysis Among Selected Countries
PublicationPurpose: The objective of this paper is to propose the new indicator of bankruptcy law severity for debtors (BLSI-Bankruptcy Law Severity Index). On the basis of this index we conducted comparative analysis of debtor/creditor friendliness of bankruptcy laws among 27 selected countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the research the following methods were used: analysis of legal acts, literature review and expert method. Findings:...
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The number of enterprises in Poland and EU countries (in thousands) in 2019
Open Research DataEnterprises from the SME sector constitute the majority of companies in Poland and in the European Union countries. However, the structure of domestic enterprises in terms of size and industry differs from the EU average. The following dataset contains the number of enterprises in Poland and EU countries (in thousands) in 2019.
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Similarities and differences in the production of renewable energy in Central and Eastern Europe countries
PublicationResearch background: In the era of climate change, environmental degradation, but also growing pub-lic awareness, there is a need to look for new ecological energy sources. This condition can be met by renewable energy sources (RES). The EU seeks to have a 32% share of its gross final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2030. While the EU as a whole is on course to meet its...
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Directions and Prospects for the Development of the Electric Car Market in Selected ASEAN Countries
PublicationThe purpose of this article is to present the current situation and evaluate the opportuni‐ ties for the development of the electric car market in selected Southeast Asian countries in the con‐ text of the current situation in the rest of the world. Currently, the electric car market is at an ad‐ vanced stage of development in regions such as Western Europe, the USA, and China. It should be noted, however, that the number of electric...
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Deregulation of the labour markets in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe — selected issues
PublicationThe countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s pursued the transformation processes which were to result in introducing systemic changes and building market economies. It was a process requiring adjustment of the regulatory and system framework to the requirements of the EU. One of the areas covered by the changes was the labour market. The reforms related to the functioning of national labour markets necessitated taking...
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Chain Action - How Do Countries Add Value Through Digital Government?
PublicationThis study examineshow countries develop and benefit from Digital Government(DG).The literature proposes various conceptualizations of the value-adding logic of DG, but the benchmarking practice is not respondingto such proposals.For instance, the United Nations’E-Government Surveycombines the readiness and uptake indicatorsand failsto cover any impactindicators;thus,its diagnostic valueis limited. To overcome...
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The comparison of Internet Mortgage Market in Selected EU Countries
PublicationThe paper presents the description of Internet mortgage market in selected European Union countries. It starts with brief introduction to the concept of creating a fuzzy model representing Polish Internet Mortgage Market. Then, for better understanding of the complexities of this kind of market functioning the comparison is made between mortgage markets in Poland, Estonia, Germany and The United Kingdom (UK): The UK as the European...
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HOW TO DEFINE AND MEASURE INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES? A CASE OF POLAND
PublicationThe main aim of this article is to point out the possible measures of how to improve the study of informal employment in developed countries. We choose the case of Poland to examine whether the existing definitions and measurement methods are suitable for indicating the prevalence of informal employment. Firstly, we present the most popular definitions of informal employment, secondly we show the existing research on informal employment...
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Household Ability of Expenditures on Electricity and Energy Resources in the Countries That Joined the EU after 2004
PublicationThe purpose of the following article is to present the situation of the energy market from a household perspective between 2010 and 2020 in selected EU countries (the group of member states which joined EU after 2004). The selected countries when joining the EU had similar economic indicators and to some extent were similar in other macro-economic situations (personal income, unemployment rate, GDP level and annual growth). This...
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Does offshoring affect industry employment? Evidence from a wide European panel countries
Publicationis paper contributes to the literature on the possible impact of international outsourcing on domestic labour markets. We focus on off shoring-employment relationship. Th e analysis is performed for a wide European panel, composed of 27 EU countries and 13 manufacturing sectors, observed in the period 1995-2009. Th anks to the use of input-output tables from the WIOD project, we measure the intensity of off shoring in the sectors,...
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Indicators describing the effectiveness of tax systems of selected OECD countries
Open Research DataThe following research data include indicators describing the effectiveness of the tax administration activity in Poland compared to selected countries. In economic understanding efficiency is measured by the calculation of the expenditure of funds spent on its operation and performance of statutory functions. In this respect, the basic indicator is...
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COVID-19 tax response of selected European countries
Open Research DataA large part of the aid mechanisms offered by individual European countries in connection with the outbreak of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic concerned the granting of the so-called tax preferences. It should be noted that a tax preference is any deviation from the adopted tax rules, resulting in a reduction of the final tax burden. The...
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Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Visegrad Countries towards Internationalisation Challenges in the European Union
PublicationThe chapter characterises and compares SMEs in Visegrad Countries and their international behaviours.
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Percentage of the working age population in selected EU countries in 2006 and 2017
Open Research DataThe phenomenon of aging of the society, and thus changes in the structure of the share of population in pre- and post-working age, is typical for all European Union countries. The median age of the population in the European Union countries in 2001-2016 increased from 38.5 years to 43 years. This is the scale of the aging of the population (Median age...
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Share of gross value added by factors of production prices generated by the enterprise sector in Poland and in the EU countries in the GDP of individual countries
Open Research DataCompanies operating in the EU countries are characterized by a greater contribution to the creation of GDP than Polish enterprises. Discrepancies in shaping the described value also result from a different industry structure of companies. In other EU countries, more companies are involved in services, and in Poland, enterprises conducting commercial...