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Search results for: RAUILWAY TRACK
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Ionic liquids in the microextraction techniques: the influence of ILs structure and properties
PublicationIonic liquids (ILs) are composed entirely of ions thus they possess unique properties, including negligible volatility, a liquid state in a broad range of temperatures and ability to change them depending on the chosen type of anion and cation, which make ILs unique and useful for many applications in sample preparation techniques. A deeper understanding of the nature of ILs and the impact of their structure on their parameters...
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Recent trends in determination of neurotoxins in aquatic environmental samples
PublicationAnatoxins, saxitoxins, ciguatoxins, beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine and its isomers are groups of neurotoxins which have a highly specific effect on the nervous system of animals, including humans, by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses. In order to assess the human exposure to these neurotoxins, selective, interlaboratory-validated analytical methods are being developed to facilitate obtaining reliable results on...
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Evolution of models for sorption of PAHs and PCBs on geosorbents.
PublicationWiedza o tym gdzie są zlokalizowane zanieczyszczenia obecne w osadzie oraz z jaką siłą związane są one z osadem jest niezbędna do oszacowania stopnia i skuteczności procesów remediacjyjnych oraz określenia dostępności, mobilności i toksyczności osadów. Dlatego, aby zrozumieć i poznać procesy zachodzące w tak skomplikowanej matrycy, jaką stanowią osady denne/gleby konstruowane są teoretyczne modele matematyczne opisujące prawdopodobny...
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Analytical methodologies for determination of artificial sweeteners in foodstuffs- a review
PublicationArtificial high-intensity sweeteners are more and more frequently used for food production. Food industry tends to highlight beneficial aspects of their use, such as tooth-friendliness, rising-up quality of life of those suffering from different forms of diabetes and possibility of weight control without sacrificing favorite unhealthy drinks or snacks. On the other hand some of the consumers are deeply concerned about safety of...
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Recent achievements in element analysis of bee honeys by atomic and mass spectrometry methods
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Advances in assessing the elemental composition of distilled spirits using atomic spectrometry
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Chemical-vapor generation of transition metals through the reaction with tetrahydroborate in recent achievements in analytical atomic spectrometry
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Critical evaluation of recent achievements in low power glow discharge generated at atmospheric pressure between a flowing liquid cathode and a metallic anode for element analysis by optical emission spectrometry
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Development of direct-current, atmospheric-pressure, glow discharges generated in contact with flowing electrolyte solutions for elemental analysis by optical emission spectrometry
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Impact and practicability of recently introduced requirements on elemental impurities
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Determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics: Current status and future trends
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Element analysis of bee-collected pollen and bee bread by atomic and mass spectrometry – Methodological development in addition to environmental and nutritional aspects
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Quality problems in determination of organic compounds in environmental samples, such as PAHs and PCBs
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Standard gas mixtures – indispensable reference materials in the analysis of gaseous media
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Gaseous standard mixtures – the challenge of obtaining small amounts of measurands
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Validation of a sampling procedure
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Gradient reversed-phase high-performance chromatography of ionogenic analytes
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Critical approach to PLE technique application in the analysis of secondary metabolites in plants
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New insights into the application of MSPD in various fields of analytical chemistry
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Applications of metal organic framework adsorbents for pipette-tip micro solid-phase extraction
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Analytical studies on the environmental state of the Svalbard Archipelago provide a critical source of information about anthropogenic global impact
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Trends in biomedical analysis of red blood cells – Raman spectroscopy against other spectroscopic, microscopic and classical techniques
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Sediment-quality assessment by intelligent data analysis
PublicationCoraz powszechniej do oceny jakości próbek środowiskowych osadów wykorzystuje się analizy chemometryczne. Ich głównym zadaniem jest znalezienie zależności pomiędzy wynikami analiz chemicznych oraz oszacowanymi parametrami toksyczności.Zastosowanie chemometrii w ocenie jakości próbek środowiskowych umożliwiłoby zredukowanie kosztów biomonitoringu prowadzonego na badanym obszarze poprzez optymalizację procedury badawczej.
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Investigation of matrix-free generation of methyl chloride as a reference material
PublicationW pracy opisano badania nad wykorzystaniem włókien szklanych do otrzymywania bezmatrycowych materiałów odniesienia zawierających chlorek metylu. Chlorek metylu jest uzyskiwany w wyniku termicznego rozkładu związku powierzchniowego. Przedstawiono wyniki badań dla trzech różnych włókien szklanych (o różnej grubości), pokrytych warstwą glinu.
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Analytical techniques in studies of the environmental fate of pharmaceuticals and personal-care products
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono dane literaturowe odnośnie źródeł emisji, dróg transportu, przemian i metabolizmu, pomiomu stężeń ksenobiotyków z grupy farmaceutyków i środków higieny osobistej w próbkach pobranych z różnych elementów środowiska (woda, gleba, osady denne) oraz próbek bioty. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na techniki analityczne wykorzystywane w badaniach losu środowiskowego w/w zanieczyszczeń.
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Validation of a sampling procedure
PublicationEach step of the analytical procedure influences the final results in a significant way. In the majority of cases the analytical procedure encompasses sampling because the analysis of the entire object (material) is usually not possible. Thus it is necessary to include the uncertainty related to sampling procedure in the uncertainty budget calculations. This paper describes two basic ways of estimating the sampling uncertainty,...
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Standard gas mixtures- indispensable reference materials in the analysis of gaseous media
PublicationIn recent years the need for the quality control and assurance of analytical measurement results has been particularly strongly emphasised. Certified reference materials play an invaluable role in this process. The article characterises the basic types of reference materials, focusing in particular on those in the gaseous state. It also reviews the literature on the techniques of preparing standard gas mixtures over the last ten...
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Pharmaceutical and forensic drug applications of chiral supercritical fluid chromatography
PublicationTHE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID IS AN EXCELLENT CHOICE AS THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC MOBILE PHASE BECAUSE IT ALLOWS RAPID SEPARATION WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY AND APPLICATIONS INVOLVING ENANTIORESOLUTION ARE COMMON. SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (SFC) IS INCREASINGLY USED FOR ANALYTICAL, SEMI-PREPARATIVE AND PREPARATIVE PURIFICATION OF CHIRAL COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF ENANTIOMERS THAT ARE MAINLY ENCOUNTERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT. SFC...
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Analytical procedures for determination of cocaine and its metabolites in biological samples
PublicationThe dangerous effects and increased usage of illicit drugs have inspired the development of analytical methodologies. We based our review of analytical procedures for determination of cocaine (COC) and its metabolites on literature from the past two decades. Our main aim was to compare the capabilities of different analytical techniques. The diversity of matrices from which COC is determined (e.g., blood, hair, saliva, plasma,...
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Standard gas mixtures- indispensable reference materials in the analysis of gaseous media
PublicationIn recent years the need for the quality control and assurance of analytical measurement results has been particularly strongly emphasised. Certified reference materials play an invaluable role in this process. The article characterises the basic types of reference materials, focusing in particular on those in the gaseous state. It also reviews the literature on the techniques of preparing standard gas mixtures over the last ten...
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Monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in atmospheric air. Part I. On-line gas analyzers
PublicationThe paper reviews the subject literature concerning the analytical instruments routinely used for monitoring volatile organic compounds in atmospheric air. The analyzers are classified as stationary or mobile according to their ease of transport. Stationary DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) analyzer is characterized, as are MIMS (Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry), MESI (Membrane Extraction with Sorbent...
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Isotope-labeled substances in analysis of persistent organicpollutants in environmental samples
PublicationUltratrace analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environmental samples requires very sophisticated methods for both sample preparation and instrumental analysis. The complex matrix requires a multi-stage procedure. Each stage is a potential source of error, as a consequence of which the final result of analysis could be a source of misinformation rather than information. The individual stages and the procedure as...
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Determination of organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides in water samples
PublicationPesticides are among the most dangerous environmental pollutants because of their stability, mobility and long-term effects on living organisms. Their presence in sources of drinking water, essential to life, is a particular danger. In water, these compounds can undergo transformations, leading to the production of substances of even greater toxicity. Legal regulations are in force, stipulating the highest permissible level of...
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Quality problems in the determination of organic compounds in environmental samples, such as PAHs and PCBs
PublicationPrzedstawiono i skomentowano wyniki badań międzylaboratoryjnych w zakresie oznaczania wybranych związków organicznych w próbkach środowiskowych. Oznaczenia wykonane były przez niezależne laboratoria analityczne, które stosowały różne procedury przygotowania próbek do analizy.Badania wskazują, że wynik oznaczania poszczególnych analitów zależny był od stosowanej przez laboratorium procedury izolacji i oznaczania. Stwierdzono różnice...
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Monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in atmospheric air. Part II. Sample collection and preparation
PublicationThe paper reviews literature information on air sampling techniques commonly used for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) levels in atmospheric air. It describes containers for collecting samples of atmospheric air, such as vacuum canisters and bags made from synthetic materials. It discusses dynamic, passive and denudational techniques for sampling analytes from air combining isolation with preliminary enrichment, and...
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Review of the determination of pesticide residues in ambient air
PublicationW publikacji dokonano przeglądu najważniejszych metodyk oznaczania pozostałości pestycydów w powietrzu zewnętrznym. W publikacji przedstawiono także techniki używane do oznaczeń końcowych. Obecnie najpopularniejszą techniką oznaczeń końcowych jest chromatografia gazowa bądź cieczowa sprzężona ze spektrometrem mas.
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Removal of sulfur from a solvent extract
PublicationThe presence of sulfur in a solvent extract that is to be analyzed chromatographically impairs and sometimes precludes properinterpretation of the chromatogram, as the sulfur peak masks the peaks of other compounds present in the sample, and sulfur alsodisrupts the operation of the mass detector. This means that discrepancies in the results can lead to erroneous interpretations andfalse assessments of environmental risk. For this...
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Common methods for the chiral determination of amphetamine and related compounds II: Capillary electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance
PublicationAmphetamine group and related ring-substituted substances are generally synthetic compounds, belonging to one of the most heavily abused drug groups in recent years. Some compounds in this class also originate from plants. Analysis of the enantiomers of AM-type compounds and metabolites is extremely important for a number of scientific disciplines. From studies of biological activity or mechanisms through determination of precursor...
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Testing and sampling devices for monitoring volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor air
PublicationAdults spend most of their time in enclosed spaces (e.g., apartment, office and public buildings). According to research conducted by scientists, air quality indoors is much worse than the ambient air quality outdoors. Hazardous chemicals found in air indoors can adversely affect the functioning of the human body and cause many respiratory and circulatory diseases. Harmful chemical compounds (mainly volatile organic compounds and...
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Analytical eco-scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures
PublicationWe propose the analytical eco-scale as a novel comprehensive approach to evaluating the greenness of analytical methodology. It is based on assigning penalty points to parameters of an analytical process that are not in agreement with the ideal green analysis. This approach compares different parameters and different steps of the analytical process. Traditional green chemistry metrics 9e.g. Atom Economy, E-factor and Reaction Mass...
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Direct chromatographic methods in the context of green analytical chemistry
PublicationWe review analytical protocols based on gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC), but involving no sample preparation.Green analytical chemistry seeks to minimize negative impacts of analytical chemistry. Direct analytical methods ideally fulfillthis requirement, as they preclude sample preparation - the most polluting step of the analytical procedure.We describe examples of GC methodologies for environmental and food analysis...
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New developments in preparation and use of standard gas mixtures
PublicationStandard gas mixtures are commonly applied in all stages of analytical work related to the analysis of gaseous samples. Numerous techniques for generating standard gas mixtures are in use. In this article, we present new developments regarding the production of standard gas mixtures, with particular focus on improvements in the application of dynamic techniques for generating them. Furthermore, we describe the application of new...
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Opportunities and shortcomings of ionic liquids in single-drop microextraction
PublicationThe synergistic combination of ionic liquids (ILs) and single-drop microextraction (SDME) involves a powerful coupling toward the development of sustainable analytical methodologies. This overview provides a survey of the literature regarding the IL-SDME, including a database on relevant physicochemical properties of ILs for their application in SDME, the strategies implemented to combine IL-based SDME methods efficiently with...
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Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques
PublicationMore than 80% of analysis time is spent on sample collection and sample preparation, so sample preparation is a critical part of the analytical process. Traditionally, liquid-liquid extraction was developed and employed to screen for general unknowns. However, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is becoming highly popular as an alternative, due to its simplicity and economy in terms of time and solvent. This review summarizes the current...
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Application of modern sample-preparation techniques to the determination of chloropropanols in food samples
PublicationChloropropanols are heat-induced food toxicants that recently caused concern among industrial and scientific experts. World and European organizations related to food safety asked researchers to investigate mitigation strategies regarding these contaminants. The essential objective of this project was development of fast analytical methods enabling reliable determination and quantification of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol...
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Perspectives and challenges in extracellular vesicles untargeted metabolomics analysis
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Recent breakthroughs in the stability testing of pharmaceutical compounds
PublicationPharmaceutical development is mostly focused on the research leading to approval of a new and viable active substance. However, there is a number of old generation compounds that are still being used in contemporary medicinal practice. So that new analytical developments should cover not only the safety of newly developed drug substances, which is obvious, but should also be directed into the search of individual stability issues...
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Complementarity of electronic and vibrational circular dichroism based on stereochemical studies of vic-diols
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Properties and determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables
PublicationThe intensive development of agriculture means that more and more toxic organic and inorganic compounds are entering theenvironment. Because of their widespread use, stability, selective toxicity and bioaccumulation, pesticides are among the mosttoxic substances contaminating the environment. They are particularly dangerous in fruit and vegetables, by which people areexposed to them. It is therefore crucial to monitor pesticide...
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Determination of antibiotic residues in honey
PublicationHoney produced by honeybees is a valuable food product. The presence of xenobiotics in honey may harm its quality and constitute a danger to human health. Antibiotics are commonly applied by beekeepers to eliminate disease among honeybees. Moreover, ubiquitous administration of antibiotics may cause bacteria to become resistant to many drugs and spread antibioticresistant strains of bacteria. Appropriate sample preparation and...