Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER - MOST Wiedzy

Wyszukiwarka

Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER

Filtry

wszystkich: 2613
wybranych: 2083

wyczyść wszystkie filtry


Filtry wybranego katalogu

  • Kategoria

  • Rok

  • Opcje

wyczyść Filtry wybranego katalogu niedostępne

Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER

  • The Issues of Reactive Power Compensation in High-voltage Transmission Lines

    This paper discusses the selection of compensation shunt reactors for a double-circuit 400 kV transmission line using the example of the newly built Elk Bis – Alytus transmission line. The analysis takes into account various conditions of the power system. The published results relate to voltage levels in steady states and during switching processes and short circuits.

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • The Effect of Protrusions on the Initiation of Partial Discharges in XLPE High Voltage Cables

    Publikacja

    - Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences-Technical Sciences - Rok 2021

    This paper is focusing on 3D Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) based modelling of protrusions as defects or imperfections in the XLPE high voltage cable. This study is aiming to examine the impact protrusions have on the initiation of partial discharges. Spherical and ellipsoidal protrusions with different sizes at the conductor screen of the high voltage cable is an essential content of this paper. In addition, a spherical gas-filled...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Numbers, Please: Power- and Voltage-Related Indices in Control of a Turbine-Generator Set

    Publikacja

    - ENERGIES - Rok 2022

    This paper discusses the proper selection and interpretation of aggregated control performance indices values mirroring the quality of electrical energy generation by a turbine-generator set cooperating with a power system. Typically, a set of basic/classical and individual indices is used in energy engineering to ensure the mirroring feature and is related to voltage, frequency and active or reactive power deviations from their...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Sensorless induction motor drive with voltage inverter and sine-wave filter

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2013

    This paper presents a speed sensorless control system of an induction motor with an output LC filter. It is known that the parameters design of the filter gives sine wave motor supply voltage but complicates control and estimation process. The reason is that the voltage drop and phase shift between filter input and output signals are imposed, and hence the motor voltages and currents differ from the inverter output waveforms. To...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Modelling of Mechanical Behaviour of High-Frequency Piezoelectric Actuators Using Bouc-Wen Model

    The paper presents the application of a modified, symmetrical Bouc-Wen model to simulate a mechanical behaviour of high-frequency piezoelectric actuators (PAs). In order to identify parameters of the model, a two-step algorithm was utilized. In the first stage, the mechanical parameters were identified by taking into account their bilinear variability and using a square input voltage waveform. In the second step, the hysteresis...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Problems of Selecting Protection for Shunt Reactors Working in Extra-High Voltage Grids

    This paper presents difficulties encountered when designing protection devices for shunt reactors connected directly to extra-high voltage grids. Using the example of the 400 kV Ełk Bis substation, it has been demonstrated that protection of a shunt reactor based on equipment using measurements of electrical signals from voltage and current transformers has its limitations and, in some cases, may be insufficient.

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Design of an Autonomous IoT Node Powered by a Perovskite-Based Wave Energy Converter

    This paper presents the results of experimental research focused on wave energy harvesting and its conversion to power Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The harvesting and conversion process was performed using a wave energy converter (WEC) consisting of a lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic perovskite material and a prototype power electronic circuit. The designed WEC was considered as a power supply for an end node...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Parallel frequency tracking with built-in performance evaluation

    The problem of estimation of instantaneous frequency of a nonstationary complex sinusoid (cisoid) buried in wideband noise is considered. The proposed approach employs a bank of adaptive notch filters, extended with a nontrivial performance assessment mechanism which automatically chooses the best performing filter in the bank. Additionally, a computationally attractive method of implementing the bank is proposed. The new structure...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Tonality Estimation and Frequency Tracking of Modulated Tonal Components

    A novel method for tonality estimation and frequency tracking of tonal components modulated in frequency and amplitude is presented. The algorithm detects the local maxima of magnitude spectra corresponding to three contiguous frames of a signal and matches them into the tonal track candidates. The magnitude-based and phase-based methods are used to estimate the frequency jumps between spectrum maxima belonging to the tonal track...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Compensation of Voltage Drops in Trolleybus Supply System Using Battery-Based Buffer Station

    Publikacja

    This paper analyzes the results of a trial operation of a battery-based buffer station supporting a selected section of trolleybus power supply systems in Pilsen, Czech Republic. The buffer station aims to prevent the catenary from excessive voltage drops in a part of the route that is most remote from the traction substation. Compensation of voltage drops is carried out by continuously measuring the catenary voltage and injecting...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Verification of a Novel Method of Detecting Faults in Medium-Voltage Systems with Covered Conductors

    Publikacja

    - Metrology and Measurement Systems - Rok 2017

    This paper describes the use of new methods of detecting faults in medium-voltage overhead lines built of covered conductors. The methods mainly address such faults as falling of a conductor, contacting a conductor with a tree branch, or falling a tree branch across three phases of a medium-voltage conductor. These faults cannot be detected by current digital relay protection systems. Therefore, a new system that can detect the...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Effect of power frequency on the stress state of disc actuator

    Publikacja

    The paper presents the concept of determinig the optimum frequency of coil supply in inductive-dynamic drive. As a criterion to obtain the sought frequency, the smallest value of reduced stress in the disc was assumed while maintaining the desired dynamics.

  • Low-Voltage LDO Regulator Based on Native MOS Transistor with Improved PSR and Fast Response

    Publikacja

    - ENERGIES - Rok 2023

    In this paper, a low-voltage low-dropout analog regulator (ALDO) based on a native n-channel MOS transistor is proposed. Application of the native transistor with the threshold voltage close to zero allows elimination of the charge pump in low-voltage regulators using the pass element in a common drain configuration. Such a native pass transistor configuration allows simplification of regulator design and improved performance,...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Human voice modification using instantaneous complex frequency

    Publikacja
    • M. Kaniewska

    - Rok 2010

    The paper presents the possibilities of changing human voice by modifying instantaneous complex frequency (ICF) of the speech signal. The proposed method provides a flexible way of altering voice without the necessity of finding fundamental frequency and formants' positions or detecting voiced and unvoiced fragments of speech. The algorithm is simple and fast. Apart from ICF it uses signal factorization into two factors: one fully...

  • Analysis of pressure ratio in the intake in dependence on high-voltage behaviours

    Publikacja

    - Przegląd Elektrotechniczny - Rok 2013

    Power control in spark ignition engines by regulating the intake air is performed. The control unit needs information about the air pressure conditions which then enters the combustion chamber. The information about the intake air pressure is an important quantity for optimal control of combustion mixtures. The paper describes some types of sensors that are used to measure the air intake temperature. Air pressure in the intake...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Properties and interpretation of Instantaneous Complex Frequency

    Publikacja

    - POLISH JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - Rok 2011

    The concept of Instantaneous Complex Frequency (ICF) was first defined by Lindon and developed mainly in works of two authors S. Hahn and M. Rojewski. Although it is not widely used in signal analysis, ICF was already used as a complex signal representation in the verification of handwritten signatures, pitch estimation, symbol timing recovery in PSK receiver and in detection of anomalies in data transmission. It should be noted,...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Optimized Space Vector Modulation strategy for five phase voltage source inverter with third harmonic injection

    This paper presents a simple and an effective SVM algorithm for five-phase Voltage-Source Inverters with the possibility to control independently the voltage vectors for fundamental and auxiliary orthogonal subspaces. The essential benefit is that output voltage is generated using only four active voltage vectors with limited numbers of switching. In the proposed solution, four active vectors are arbitrary chosen, independent of...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • N-point estimators of the Instantaneous Complex Frequency

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2011

    In this paper estimators of the instantaneous complex frequency (ICF) are presented and discussed. The differential approach for the estimation of the ICF is used, therefore the estimators are based on maximally flat N-point FIR filters: differential and delay. The investigation of the filter performance includes static characteristics of ICF estimation and the error of the ICF estimation in the discrete frequency domain.W pracy...

  • Modified Preisach model of hysteresis in multi air gap ferrite core medium frequency transformer

    Publikacja

    This article presents the modified Preisach model of hysteresis for a 3-phase medium frequency transformer in a 100 kW dual active bridge converter. The transformer magnetic core is assembled out of ferrite I-cores, which results in multiple parasitic air gaps. For this transformer, the hysteresis loops were measured and parameters of the Preisach model were determined. The Preisach distribution function is approximated with a...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Dissecting gamma frequency activities during human memory processing

    Publikacja
    • M. T. Kucewicz
    • B. M. Berry
    • V. Kremen
    • B. H. Brinkmann
    • M. R. Sperling
    • B. C. Jobst
    • R. E. Gross
    • B. Lega
    • S. A. Sheth
    • J. M. Stein... i 6 innych

    - Brain: A Journal of Neurology - Rok 2017

    Gamma frequency activity (30-150 Hz) is induced in cognitive tasks and is thought to reflect underlying neural processes. Gamma frequency activity can be recorded directly from the human brain using intracranial electrodes implanted in patients undergoing treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Previous studies have independently explored narrowband oscillations in the local field potential and broadband power increases. It is not...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • A novel method of time-frequency analysis: an essential spectrogram

    Publikacja

    A novel precise method of time-frequency analysis is presented. In the algorithm, a new energy distribution is estimated by simultaneously discard or displacement of the classical spec- trogram energy. A channelized instantaneous frequency and a local group delay are used in order to replacement in the same manner as formulated by Kodera et al. [1, 2]. Additionally, new representations: a channelized instantaneous bandwidth and...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • On ship roll resonance frequency

    Publikacja

    - OCEAN ENGINEERING - Rok 2016

    The paper deals with the problem of modeling of rolling motion under a variety of excitation parameters. Special emphasis is put on the analysis and prediction of the frequency of the resonant mode of rolling, since it is often an essential issue in terms of motion of a ship related to her safety against capsizing or excessive amplitudes of roll. The research is performed for both free rolling and excited rolling and it is based...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Computer-aided Analysis of Induced Sheath Voltages in High Voltage Power Cable System

    This paper concerns the effect of configuration of high voltage power cables on induced voltages in their metallic sheaths. One, two or three cables per phase and phase sequence of the cables are considered. Computing of the voltages was performed for a normal operation and in case of earth fault. Various ways of the sheaths bonding are considered as well. Shock hazard and voltage stress of non-metallic outer sheath of cables are...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Low Frequency Conducted Emissions of Grid Connected Static Converters

    Publikacja

    Pulse-width modulated rectifiers are nowadays commonly used for AC to DC power conversion. PWM rectification technology is very effective and allows for bidirectional power flow with the possibility of power factor improvement and low-order harmonic emission limitation. Unfortunately, employed PWM boost topology results with generation of input current harmonic distortions in a frequency range tightly correlated to modulation frequency....

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • A new approach to cross-bonding in medium voltage cable lines

    Publikacja

    The medium voltage underground cable sheaths are usually bonded and earthed in every substation on the cable route. This results in additional power losses in the sheaths. The paper presents an idea of reducing power losses caused by sheaths cross-bonding. The idea of sheaths cross-connecting only in selected MV/LV substations is given instead of a typical solution, where sheaths cross-bonding requires installing additional joints...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Detection and time/frequency analysis of electric fields in the ground

    This paper sets out to detect and characterize electric fields in the ground (such as stray current fields) using a tandem time/frequency method of signal analysis. Results were obtained from investigations performed in the presence of a generated electric field with controlled variable characteristics, and in the presence of an electric field generated by a tramline. The analysis of measurement registers was performed using Short‐Time...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Voltage and Current Unbalance Reduction in Power Networks with Distributed Generation and Electric Vehicles

    Publikacja

    The current development of prosumer microsources and the expected spread of electric vehicles may cause the appearance of significant current and voltage unbalance in low-voltage (LV) networks. This unbalance, which is an unfavorable phenomenon, may occur when using single-phase photovoltaic (PV) microsources and single-phase home chargers for electric vehicles. This paper presents a proposal for the symmetrization of the LV network...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Effect of power frequency on the stress state of disc actuator

    Publikacja

    This paper presents the concept of determining the optimum frequency of coil supply in inductive-dynamic drive. As a criterion to obtain the sought frequency, the smallest value of reduced stress in the disc was assumed while maintaining the desired dynamics. The disc stress is determined on the basis of solution of vibrating thin plate equation. Magnetic pressure acting on the disc is obtained from a hybrid circumferentially-field...

  • Protection of Earthing Reactor Connected to the Star Point of a High Voltage Shunt Reactor

    The article presents the problem of protection of earthing reactors connected to the star point of shunt reactors in high voltage lines, with particular regard to the detection of internal faults. Model analyses for an actual system commissioned in 2015, which is intended to be provided with earthing reactors, are included.

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Design of Intelligent Low-Voltage Load Switch for Remote Control System in Smart Grid

    Publikacja

    Current low-voltage load switches do not support remote disconnect/connect and real-time monitoring of a disconnect/connect state. Addressing to these issues, this paper presents a low-voltage load switch for a smart remote control system, which uses a one-chip microcontroller board and a DC step motor drive mechanism and provides the feedback on the switch status also. Arrears disconnect and full-pay connect control is implemented...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Electrical Tree Growth Behavior Under AC and DC High Voltage in Power Cables

    Publikacja
    • M. A. Saleh
    • S. S. Refaat
    • M. Olesz
    • H. Abu-Rub

    - Rok 2021

    This work investigates the impact of an applied AC and DC high voltage on the electrical tree behavior in extruded cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation based on simulation and experimental validation. Extensive partial discharge (PD) testing methods are being implemented for high voltage cables under AC voltage for monitoring their condition. However, these PD testing methods cannot be utilized for power cables under DC...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Computer-Aided Calculations of Earth Potential Rise in High Voltage Overhead Lines

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2015

    High voltage overhead power lines with earth wires comprise towers made of conductive material. Some towers are in locations where people can be expected to be either for a long time or for a short time but very frequently. Evaluation of shock hazard near such towers requires calculation of line-to-earth short-circuit current, earth current and especially earth potential rise. Number of towers in high voltage power lines can exceed...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Temperature influence on tyre/road noise frequency spectra

    Publikacja

    The correction for temperature effect on measured tyre/road noise is very important as it may be one of the main sources of errors in measurement results due to substantial influence of this parameter on obtained values. The latest version of the Technical Specification ISO/CD TS 13471-1 about Temperature Corrections contains a proposal of correction procedure for normalizing measured noise levels to a reference air temperature...

  • Modelling of high frequency dynamic responses of engineering structures

    Modelling of high frequency dynamic responses of engineering structures, especially those related to wave propagation, is a real numerical challenge. Nowadays most of numerical models, used for that purpose, are based on the application of various finite element techniques. However, finite element discrete models may also be considered as possessing certain periodic structures, which may manifest themselves in particular scenarios....

  • Selection of energy storage units by genetic algorithm for mitigating voltage deviations

    Publikacja

    In recent years, energy storage units have become very popular. They are applied both for economic and technical purposes. Unfortunately, the cost of such devices is still high and selecting their proper location and rated power have to be performed precisely. In this paper, a Genetic-Algorithm-based optimization method for selecting the best configuration of energy storage units in the power network is proposed. The presented...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • New Alternative Passive Networks to Improve the Range Output Voltage Regulation of the PWM Inverters

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2009

    This paper presents different topologies of buck-boost converters with passive input networks that have alternative topologies; this is known in the literature as a Z-source inverter. Alternative passive networks were named by the authors as T-inverters; these improve output voltage regulation of the PWM inverters. T-inverter has fewer reactive components in comparison to conventional Z-source inverter. The most significant advantage...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Chirp-rate estimation of FM signals in the time-frequency domain

    Publikacja

    Novel dynamic representations of a complex signal in the time-frequency domain including: a channelized instantaneous complex frequency (CICF), a complex local group delay (CLGD) and a channelized instantaneous chirp-rate (CICR) are introduced. The proposed approach is based on the use of the gradient of the short-time Fourier transform complex phase. An interpretation of the newly-introduced distributions especially of the CICR...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • High voltage protective assembly.

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2003

    W referacie opisano zestaw zabezpieczeniowy, składający się z bezpiecznika i ogranicznika przepięć, przeznaczony dla napowietrznych słupowych stacji transformatorowych średnich napięć. Zastosowany warystorowy ogranicznik przepięć spełnia jednocześnie rolę wspornika dla bezpiecznika gazowydmuchowego. W referacie przedstawiono budowę, podstawowe parametry, przykłady zastosowania oraz wyniki badań zwarciowych zestawu.

  • Modification of current-voltage characteristics of planar organic systems by nm-thick interlayer

    Effect of nm-thick interlayer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) or perylene dye (MePTCDI) on current-voltage characteristics of planar organic systems is discussed in the work. The MePTCDI layer strongly limits injection of holes from ITO into CuPc, while CuPc limits injection of electrons from ITO into MePTCDI. In the systems with CuPc/MePTCDI heterojunction an explicit photovoltaic effect occurs.

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Structure and the space vector modulation for a medium-voltage power-electronic-transformer based on two seven-level cascade H-bridge inverters

    This study presents the structure and the space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) for power electronic transformer (PET) based on two seven-level cascade H-bridge (CHB) inverters. The DC links of CHB inverters are coupled with nine dual-active bridge (DAB) converters with medium-frequency transformers. The DC-link voltages are equalised with two methods – through the control of DAB voltages...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Tinnitus Therapy Based on High-Frequency Linearization

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2011

    The aim of this work was to present problems related to tinnitus symptoms, its pathogenesis, hypotheses on tinnitus causes, and therapy treatments to reduce or mask the phantom noise. In addition, the hypothesis on the existence of parasitic quantization that accompanies hearing loss was recalled. The paper contains a description of experiments carried out with the application of high-frequency dither having specially formed spectral...

  • Low-frequency noise in Au-decorated graphene–Si Schottky barrier diode at selected ambient gases

    Publikacja
    • J. Smulko
    • K. Drozdowska
    • A. Rehman
    • T. Welearegay
    • L. Österlund
    • S. Rumyantsev
    • G. Cywiński
    • B. Stonio
    • A. Krajewska
    • M. Filipiak
    • P. Sai

    - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS - Rok 2023

    We report results of the current–voltage characteristics and low-frequency noise in Au nanoparticle (AuNP)-decorated graphene–Si Schottky barrier diodes. Measurements were conducted in ambient air with addition of either of two organic vapors, tetrahydrofuran [(CH2)4O; THF] and chloroform (CHCl3), as also during yellow light illumination (592nm), close to the measured particle plasmon polariton frequency of the Au nanoparticle...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter

    Publikacja

    -

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • RSN reverse converter based on core function

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2008

    zaprezentowano nową architekturę konwertera z systemu resztowego do systemu binarnego opartego na funkcji jądra dla modułów 5-bitowego. Zastosowano niekrytyczną funkcję jądra.Obliczanie funkcji jądra jest realizowane przy użyciu chińskiego twierdzenia dla funkcji jądra (CRTCF). Założono także, że jeden z modułów jest potegą 2. Architektura ta umożliwia zmniejszenie złożoności sprzętowej o ok. 12.5% w porównaniu z innymi architekturami...

  • High-speed memoryless binary/residue converter

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2003

    W pracy zaprezentowano nowy szybki konwerter z systemu binarnego do systemu resztowego dla liczb o zakresie do 60 bitów. W konwerterze stosowane są wyłącznie układy kombinacyjne. Algorytm konwertera oparty jest na dodawaniu niezerowych cyfr binarnych reprezentacji kolejnych potęg 2 modulo m. Dodawanie jest realizowane przy użyciu wielooperandowego sumatora CSA oraz sumatora CPA. Suma wyjściowa CPA jest redukowana do zakresu 2m-1...

  • Low-Voltage Low-Power Filters with Independent ω0 and Q Tuning for Electronic Cochlea Applications

    An acoustic second-order low-pass filter is proposed for filter banks emulating the operation of a human cochlea. By using a special filter structure and an innovative quality (Q)-factor tuning technique, an independent change of the cutoff frequency (ω0) and the Q-factor with unchanged gain at low frequencies is achieved in this filter. The techniques applied result in a simple filter design with low Q-factor sensitivity to component...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • A Model-Order Reduction Approach for Electromagnetic Problems With Nonaffine Frequency Dependence

    Publikacja

    - IEEE Access - Rok 2021

    The aim of this paper is to present a novel model-order reduction (MOR) technique for the efcient frequency-domain nite-element method (FEM) simulation of microwave components. It is based on the standard reduced-basis method, but the subsequent expansion frequency points are selected following the so-called sparsied greedy strategy. This feature makes it especially useful to perform a fast-frequency sweep of problems that lead...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Automatic Optimization Of Adaptive Notch Filter’s Frequency Tracking

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2014

    Estimation of instantaneous frequency of narrowband com- plex sinusoids is often performed using lightweight algo- rithms called adaptive notch filters. However, to reach high performance, these algorithms require careful tuning. The paper proposes a novel self-tuning layer for a recently intr o- ducedadaptive notch filtering algorithm. Analysis shows th at, under Gaussian random-walk type assumptions, the resultin g solution converges...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Analysis and Detection of Faults at Insulated Conductors of Overhead Medium Voltage Lines

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2013

    The paper dealt with the issue of breakdowns detection of isolated hanging wires on the medium-voltage transmission. The main aim of article is to describe the function of created breakdowns detector and evaluation its. The breakdowns detector is created based in indicators of faults such as touch between tree limbs and insulated wire, touch tree limbs with several phases or fall insulated wire on the ground. Breakdowns detector...

  • A 0.5-V bulk-driven voltage follower / DC level shifter and its application in class AB output stage

    A simple realization of a 0.5-V bulk-driven voltage follower/DC level shifter, designed in a 0.18um CMOS technology is presented in the paper. The circuit is characterized by large input and output voltage swings, and a DC voltage gain close to unity. The DC voltage shift between input and output terminals can be regulated in a certain interval around zero, by means of biasing current sinks. An application of the proposed voltage...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym