Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: speech-to-text technology - MOST Wiedzy

Wyszukiwarka

Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: speech-to-text technology

Filtry

wszystkich: 6623
wybranych: 3442

wyczyść wszystkie filtry


Filtry wybranego katalogu

  • Kategoria

  • Rok

  • Opcje

wyczyść Filtry wybranego katalogu niedostępne

Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: speech-to-text technology

  • Time-domain prosodic modifications for text-to-speech synthesizer

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2010

    An application of prosodic speech processing algorithms to Text-To-Speech synthesis is presented. Prosodic modifications that improve the naturalness of the synthesized signal are discussed. The applied method is based on the TD-PSOLA algorithm. The developed Text-To-Speech Synthesizer is used in applications employing multimodal computer interfaces.

  • Evaluation and Irony in Text in the Light of Speech Act Theory

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Automatic prosodic modification in a Text-To-Speech synthesizer of Polish language

    Przedstawiono system syntezy mowy polskiej z funkcją automatycznej modyfikacji prozodii wypowiedzi. Opisane zostały metody automatycznego wyznaczania akcentu i intonacji wypowiedzi. Przedstawiono zastosowanie algorytmów przetwarzania sygnału mowy w procesie kształtowania prozodii. Omówiono wpływ zastosowanych modyfikacji na naturalność brzmienia syntezowanego sygnału. Zastosowana metoda oparta jest na algorytmie TD-PSOLA. Opracowany...

  • SYNTHESIZING MEDICAL TERMS – QUALITY AND NATURALNESS OF THE DEEP TEXT-TO-SPEECH ALGORITHM

    The main purpose of this study is to develop a deep text-to-speech (TTS) algorithm designated for an embedded system device. First, a critical literature review of state-of-the-art speech synthesis deep models is provided. The algorithm implementation covers both hardware and algorithmic solutions. The algorithm is designed for use with the Raspberry Pi 4 board. 80 synthesized sentences were prepared based on medical and everyday...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Methodology and technology for the polymodal allophonic speech transcription

    A method for automatic audiovisual transcription of speech employing: acoustic and visual speech representations is developed. It adopts a combining of audio and visual modalities, which provide a synergy effect in terms of speech recognition accuracy. To establish a robust solution, basic research concerning the relation between the allophonic variation of speech, i.e. the changes in the articulatory setting of speech organs for...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Methodology and technology for the polymodal allophonic speech transcription

    A method for automatic audiovisual transcription of speech employing: acoustic, electromagnetical articulography and visual speech representations is developed. It adopts a combining of audio and visual modalities, which provide a synergy effect in terms of speech recognition accuracy. To establish a robust solution, basic research concerning the relation between the allophonic variation of speech, i.e., the changes in the articulatory...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Cross-Lingual Knowledge Distillation via Flow-Based Voice Conversion for Robust Polyglot Text-to-Speech

    Publikacja
    • D. Piotrowski
    • R. Korzeniowski
    • A. Falai
    • S. Cygert
    • K. Pokora
    • G. Tinchev
    • Z. Zhang
    • K. Yanagisawa

    - Rok 2023

    In this work, we introduce a framework for cross-lingual speech synthesis, which involves an upstream Voice Conversion (VC) model and a downstream Text-To-Speech (TTS) model. The proposed framework consists of 4 stages. In the first two stages, we use a VC model to convert utterances in the target locale to the voice of the target speaker. In the third stage, the converted data is combined with the linguistic features and durations...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • A survey of automatic speech recognition deep models performance for Polish medical terms

    Among the numerous applications of speech-to-text technology is the support of documentation created by medical personnel. There are many available speech recognition systems for doctors. Their effectiveness in languages such as Polish should be verified. In connection with our project in this field, we decided to check how well the popular speech recognition systems work, employing models trained for the general Polish language....

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Optimizing Medical Personnel Speech Recognition Models Using Speech Synthesis and Reinforcement Learning

    Text-to-Speech synthesis (TTS) can be used to generate training data for building Automatic Speech Recognition models (ASR). Access to medical speech data is because it is sensitive data that is difficult to obtain for privacy reasons; TTS can help expand the data set. Speech can be synthesized by mimicking different accents, dialects, and speaking styles that may occur in a medical language. Reinforcement Learning (RL), in the...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Mowa nienawiści (hate speech) a odpowiedzialność dostawców usług internetowych w orzecznictwie sądów europejskich

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2015

    The article analyses the phenomenon of hate speech in the Internet contrasted with the problem of responsability of Internet Service Providers for cases of such abuses of freedom of expression. The text provides an analysis of jurisprudence of two European Courts. On the one hand it presents the position of the European Court of Human Rights on the problem of hate speech: its definition and the liability for it as an exception...

  • Computer-assisted pronunciation training—Speech synthesis is almost all you need

    Publikacja

    - SPEECH COMMUNICATION - Rok 2022

    The research community has long studied computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) methods in non-native speech. Researchers focused on studying various model architectures, such as Bayesian networks and deep learning methods, as well as on the analysis of different representations of the speech signal. Despite significant progress in recent years, existing CAPT methods are not able to detect pronunciation errors with high...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Virtual keyboard controlled by eye gaze employing speech synthesis

    Publikacja

    The article presents the speech synthesis integrated into the eye gaze tracking system. This approach can significantly improve the quality of life of physically disabled people who are unable to communicate. The virtual keyboard (QWERTY) is an interface which allows for entering the text for the speech synthesizer. First, this article describes a methodology of determining the fixation point on a computer screen. Then it presents...

  • Virtual Keyboard controlled by eye gaze employing speech synthesis

    The article presents the speech synthesis integrated into the eye gaze tracking system. This approach can significantly improve the quality of life of physically disabled people who are unable to communicate. The virtual keyboard (QWERTY) is an interface which allows for entering the text for the speech synthesizer. First, this article describes a methodology of determining the fixation point on a computer screen. Then it presents...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Auditory-visual attention stimulator

    New approach to lateralization irregularities formation was proposed. The emphasis is put on the relationship between visual and auditory attention stimulation. In this approach hearing is stimulated using time scale modified speech and sight is stimulated by rendering the text of the currently heard speech. Moreover, displayed text is modified using several techniques i.e. zooming, highlighting etc. In the experimental part of...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Detection of Lexical Stress Errors in Non-Native (L2) English with Data Augmentation and Attention

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2021

    This paper describes two novel complementary techniques that improve the detection of lexical stress errors in non-native (L2) English speech: attention-based feature extraction and data augmentation based on Neural Text-To-Speech (TTS). In a classical approach, audio features are usually extracted from fixed regions of speech such as the syllable nucleus. We propose an attention-based deep learning model that automatically de...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Creating new voices using normalizing flows

    Publikacja
    • P. Biliński
    • T. Merritt
    • A. Ezzerg
    • K. Pokora
    • S. Cygert
    • K. Yanagisawa
    • R. Barra-Chicote
    • D. Korzekwa

    - Rok 2022

    Creating realistic and natural-sounding synthetic speech remains a big challenge for voice identities unseen during training. As there is growing interest in synthesizing voices of new speakers, here we investigate the ability of normalizing flows in text-to-speech (TTS) and voice conversion (VC) modes to extrapolate from speakers observed during training to create unseen speaker identities. Firstly, we create an approach for TTS...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALGORITHM OF POLISH LANGUAGE FILM REVIEWS PREPROCESSING

    The algorithm and the software for conducting the procedure of Preprocessing of the reviews of films in the Polish language were developed. This algorithm contains the following steps: Text Adaptation Procedure; Procedure of Tokenization; Procedure of Transforming Words into the Byte Format; Part-of-Speech Tagging; Stemming / Lemmatization Procedure; Presentation of Documents in the Vector Form (Vector Space Model) Procedure; Forming...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Ontologie vs. reguły — porównanie metod reprezentacji wiedzy na przykładzie dziedziny zarządzania usługami informatycznymi

    Tekst stanowi krótki przegląd wybranych konstrukcji służących reprezentacji wiedzy w postaci ontologii opartych na logice opisowej i porównanie ich z odpowiednikami opartymi na zapisie regułowym. Z powodu ograniczonej liczby stron pokazano tylko elementy związane z reprezentacją konceptów, bez uwzględniania ról. Do zapisu ontologii wykorzystano formalizmy języka OWL, zaś reguły wyrażono w Prologu. Dla lepszego zilustrowania tych...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Evaluation of Lombard Speech Models in the Context of Speech in Noise Enhancement

    Publikacja

    - IEEE Access - Rok 2020

    The Lombard effect is one of the most well-known effects of noise on speech production. Speech with the Lombard effect is more easily recognizable in noisy environments than normal natural speech. Our previous investigations showed that speech synthesis models might retain Lombard-effect characteristics. In this study, we investigate several speech models, such as harmonic, source-filter, and sinusoidal, applied to Lombard speech...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Adaptacja akustyczna pomieszczenia wykładowego - studium przypadku

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2018

    W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono analizę rozkładu pola akustycznego sali wykładowej znajdującej się w budynku Wydziału Elektroniki i Telekomunikacji Politechniki Gdańskiej. Badania przeprowadzono metodą pomiarową oraz symulacyjną z wykorzystaniem programu Odeon. Wybór parametrów oceny akustyki wnętrz sugerowany jest wymaganiami stawianymi pomieszczeniom lekcyjnym z zaznaczeniem multimedialnego charakteru wykładów prowadzonych...

  • Acoustic Sensing Analytics Applied to Speech in Reverberation Conditions

    Publikacja

    The paper aims to discuss a case study of sensing analytics and technology in acoustics when applied to reverberation conditions. Reverberation is one of the issues that makes speech in indoor spaces challenging to understand. This problem is particularly critical in large spaces with few absorbing or diffusing surfaces. One of the natural remedies to improve speech intelligibility in such conditions may be achieved through speaking...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Agile Commerce in the light of Text Mining

    The survey conducted for this study reveals that more than 84% of respondents have never encountered the term “agile commerce” and do not understand its meaning. At the same time, they are active participants of this strategy. Using digital channels as customers more often than ever before, they have already been included in the agile philosophy. Based on the above, the purpose of the study is to analyse major text sets containing...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Wartość dodana akademickiej biblioteki „mobilnej” w kontekście programu Erasmus+ na przykładzie Biblioteki Politechniki Gdańskiej

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2019

    Mobilność wynikająca z założeń programu Erasmus+ w uczelniach i bibliotekach akademickich to wszelkie działania polegające na realizowaniu zagranicznych wyjazdów szkoleniowych w tzw. stażowych miejscach docelowych w krajach-sygnatariuszach programu. Erasmus+ w bibliotekach akademickich umożliwia szeroko pojęte doskonalenie zawodowe, rezultatem którego może być uzyskana wartość dodana uwidoczniona w nabywaniu nowych doświadczeń...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Communication Platform for Evaluation of Transmitted Speech Quality

    A voice communication system designed and implemented is described. The purpose of the presented platform was to enable a series of experiments related to the quality assessment of algorithms used in the coding and transmitting of speech. The system is equipped with tools for recording signals at each stage of processing, making it possible to subject them to subjective assessments by listening tests or, objective evaluation employing...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Prioritising national healthcare service issues from free text feedback – A computational text analysis & predictive modelling approach

    Publikacja

    - DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS - Rok 2024

    Patient experience surveys have become a key source of evidence for supporting decision-making and continuous quality improvement within healthcare services. To harness free-text feedback collected as part of these surveys for additional insights, text analytics methods are increasingly employed when the data collected is not amenable to traditional qualitative analysis due to volume. However, while text analytics techniques offer...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Speech Intelligibility Measurements in Auditorium

    Publikacja

    Speech intelligibility was measured in Auditorium Novum on Technical University of Gdansk (seating capacity 408, volume 3300 m3). Articulation tests were conducted; STI and Early Decay Time EDT coefficients were measured. Negative noise contribution to speech intelligibility was taken into account. Subjective measurements and objective tests reveal high speech intelligibility at most seats in auditorium. Correlation was found between...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Language Models in Speech Recognition

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2022

    This chapter describes language models used in speech recognition, It starts by indicating the role and the place of language models in speech recognition. Mesures used to compare language models follow. An overview of n-gram, syntactic, semantic, and neural models is given. It is accompanied by a list of popular software.

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Material for Automatic Phonetic Transcription of Speech Recorded in Various Conditions

    Publikacja

    Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is under constant development, especially in cases when speech is casually produced or it is acquired in various environment conditions, or in the presence of background noise. Phonetic transcription is an important step in the process of full speech recognition and is discussed in the presented work as the main focus in this process. ASR is widely implemented in mobile devices technology, but...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Transient detection for speech coding applications

    Signal quality in speech codecs may be improved by selecting transients from speech signal and encoding them using a suitable method. This paper presents an algorithm for transient detection in speech signal. This algorithm operates in several frequency bands. Transient detection functions are calculated from energy measured in short frames of the signal. The final selection of transient frames is based on results of detection...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Development and Research of the Text Messages Semantic Clustering Methodology

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2016

    The methodology of semantic clustering analysis of customer’s text-opinions collection is developed. The author's version of the mathematical models of formalization and practical realization of short textual messages semantic clustering procedure is proposed, based on the customer’s text-opinions collection Latent Semantic Analysis knowledge extracting method. An algorithm for semantic clustering of the text-opinions is developed,...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Generating actionable evidence from free-text feedback to improve maternity and acute hospital experiences: A computational text analytics & predictive modelling approach

    Publikacja
    • A. Ojo
    • N. Rizun
    • M. Isazad Mashinchi
    • G. Walsh
    • J. Gruda
    • M. N. Narayana
    • M. Venosa
    • C. Foley
    • D. Rohde
    • R. Flynn

    - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH - Rok 2023

    Background Patient experience surveys are a key source of evidence for supporting decision-making and quality improvement in healthcare services. These surveys contain two main types of questions: closed and open-ended, asking about patients’ care experiences. Apart from the knowledge obtained from analysing closed-ended questions, invaluable insights can be gleaned from free-text data. Advanced analytics techniques are increasingly...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Improving the quality of speech in the conditions of noise and interference

    Publikacja

    The aim of the work is to present a method of intelligent modification of the speech signal with speech features expressed in noise, based on the Lombard effect. The recordings utilized sets of words and sentences as well as disturbing signals, i.e., pink noise and the so-called babble speech. Noise signal, calibrated to various levels at the speaker's ears, was played over two loudspeakers located 2 m away from the speaker. In...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Text Categorization Improvement via User Interaction

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2018

    In this paper, we propose an approach to improvement of text categorization using interaction with the user. The quality of categorization has been defined in terms of a distribution of objects related to the classes and projected on the self-organizing maps. For the experiments, we use the articles and categories from the subset of Simple Wikipedia. We test three different approaches for text representation. As a baseline we use...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Comparative Analysis of Text Representation Methods Using Classification

    Publikacja

    In our work, we review and empirically evaluate five different raw methods of text representation that allow automatic processing of Wikipedia articles. The main contribution of the article—evaluation of approaches to text representation for machine learning tasks—indicates that the text representation is fundamental for achieving good categorization results. The analysis of the representation methods creates a baseline that cannot...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Applying the Lombard Effect to Speech-in-Noise Communication

    Publikacja

    - Electronics - Rok 2023

    This study explored how the Lombard effect, a natural or artificial increase in speech loudness in noisy environments, can improve speech-in-noise communication. This study consisted of several experiments that measured the impact of different types of noise on synthesizing the Lombard effect. The main steps were as follows: first, a dataset of speech samples with and without the Lombard effect was collected in a controlled setting;...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Constructing a Dataset of Speech Recordingswith Lombard Effect

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2020

    Thepurpose of therecordings was to create a speech corpus based on the ISLEdataset, extended with video and Lombard speech. Selected from a set of 165sentences, 10, evaluatedas having thehighest possibility to occur in the context ofthe Lombard effect,were repeated in the presence of the so-called babble speech to obtain Lombard speech features. Altogether,15speakers were recorded, and speech parameterswere...

  • Improved method for real-time speech stretching

    Publikacja

    n algorithm for real-time speech stretching is presented. It was designed to modify input signal dependently on its content and on its relation with the historical input data. The proposed algorithm is a combination of speech signal analysis algorithms, i.e. voice, vowels/consonants, stuttering detection and SOLA (Synchronous-Overlap-and-Add) based speech stretching algorithm. This approach enables stretching input speech signal...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Semantic Analysis and Text Summarization in Socio-Technical Systems

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2018

    In this chapter the authors present the results of the development the methodology for increasing the reliability of the functioning of the Socio-Technical System. The existed methods and algorithms for processing unstructured (textual) information were studied. Taking into account noted above strengths and weaknesses of Discriminant and Probabilistic approaches of Latent Semantic Relations analysis in of the summarization projection...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Real-time speech-rate modification experiments

    Publikacja

    An algorithm designed for real-time speech time scale modification (stretching) is proposed, providing a combination of typical synchronous overlap and add based time scale modification algorithm and signal redundancy detection algorithms that allow to remove parts of the speech signal and replace them with the stretched speech signal fragments. Effectiveness of signal processing algorithms are examined experimentally together...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Evaluation of Path Based Methods for Conceptual Representation of the Text

    Publikacja

    Typical text clustering methods use the bag of words (BoW) representation to describe content of documents. However, this method is known to have several limitations. Employing Wikipedia as the lexical knowledge base has shown an improvement of the text representation for data-mining purposes. Promising extensions of that trend employ hierarchical organization of Wikipedia category system. In this paper we propose three path-based...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Interactive Information Search in Text Data Collections

    Publikacja

    This article presents a new idea for retrieving in text repositories, as well as it describes general infrastructure of a system created to implement and test those ideas. The implemented system differs from today’s standard search engine by introducing process of interactive search with users and data clustering. We present the basic algorithms behind our system and measures we used for results evaluation. The achieved results...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Promocja zasobów Pomorskiej Biblioteki Cyfrowej na przykładzie XVIII-wiecznego rękopisu

    Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sposobu udostępniania i promocji zbiorów rękopiśmiennych na przykładzie XVIII-wiecznego rękopisu Christiana Gabriela Fishera dostępnego w Pomorskiej Bibliotece Cyfrowej (dalej: PBC). Rękopis ten stał się inspiracją do podjęcia współpracy Biblioteki Politechniki Gdańskiej oraz Instytutu Kultury Miejskiej w Gdańsku. Dzięki wspólnej inicjatywie rozpoczęto prace nad transkrypcją niemieckiego tekstu...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Improving Objective Speech Quality Indicators in Noise Conditions

    Publikacja

    - Rok 2020

    This work aims at modifying speech signal samples and test them with objective speech quality indicators after mixing the original signals with noise or with an interfering signal. Modifications that are applied to the signal are related to the Lombard speech characteristics, i.e., pitch shifting, utterance duration changes, vocal tract scaling, manipulation of formants. A set of words and sentences in Polish, recorded in silence,...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Selection of Relevant Features for Text Classification with K-NN

    In this paper, we describe five features selection techniques used for a text classification. An information gain, independent significance feature test, chi-squared test, odds ratio test, and frequency filtering have been compared according to the text benchmarks based on Wikipedia. For each method we present the results of classification quality obtained on the test datasets using K-NN based approach. A main advantage of evaluated...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Speech Analytics Based on Machine Learning

    In this chapter, the process of speech data preparation for machine learning is discussed in detail. Examples of speech analytics methods applied to phonemes and allophones are shown. Further, an approach to automatic phoneme recognition involving optimized parametrization and a classifier belonging to machine learning algorithms is discussed. Feature vectors are built on the basis of descriptors coming from the music information...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Speech synthesis controlled by eye gazing

    Publikacja

    A method of communication based on eye gaze controlling is presented. Investigations of using gaze tracking have been carried out in various context applications. The solution proposed in the paper could be referred to as ''talking by eyes'' providing an innovative approach in the domain of speech synthesis. The application proposed is dedicated to disabled people, especially to persons in a so-called locked-in syndrome who cannot...

  • Detecting Lombard Speech Using Deep Learning Approach

    Publikacja
    • K. Kąkol
    • G. Korvel
    • G. Tamulevicius
    • B. Kostek

    - SENSORS - Rok 2023

    Robust Lombard speech-in-noise detecting is challenging. This study proposes a strategy to detect Lombard speech using a machine learning approach for applications such as public address systems that work in near real time. The paper starts with the background concerning the Lombard effect. Then, assumptions of the work performed for Lombard speech detection are outlined. The framework proposed combines convolutional neural networks...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • A Method of Real-Time Non-uniform Speech Stretching

    Publikacja

    Developed method of real-time non-uniform speech stretching is presented.The proposed solution is based on the well-known SOLA algorithm(Synchronous Overlap and Add). Non-uniform time-scale modification isachieved by the adjustment of time scaling factor values in accordance with thesignal content. Dependently on the speech unit (vowels/consonants), instantaneousrate of speech (ROS), and speech signal presence, values of the scalingfactor...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym

  • Interpretable Deep Learning Model for the Detection and Reconstruction of Dysarthric Speech

    Publikacja
    • D. Korzekwa
    • R. Barra-Chicote
    • B. Kostek
    • T. Drugman
    • M. Łajszczak

    - Rok 2019

    We present a novel deep learning model for the detection and reconstruction of dysarthric speech. We train the model with a multi-task learning technique to jointly solve dysarthria detection and speech reconstruction tasks. The model key feature is a low-dimensional latent space that is meant to encode the properties of dysarthric speech. It is commonly believed that neural networks are black boxes that solve problems but do not...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w portalu

  • Examining Influence of Distance to Microphone on Accuracy of Speech Recognition

    The problem of controlling a machine by the distant-talking speaker without a necessity of handheld or body-worn equipment usage is considered. A laboratory setup is introduced for examination of performance of the developed automatic speech recognition system fed by direct and by distant speech acquired by microphones placed at three different distances from the speaker (0.5 m to 1.5 m). For feature extraction from the voice signal...

    Pełny tekst do pobrania w serwisie zewnętrznym