Filtry
wszystkich: 864
-
Katalog
- Publikacje 668 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Czasopisma 119 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Wydawnictwa 1 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Osoby 27 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Projekty 5 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Laboratoria 1 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Kursy Online 16 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Wydarzenia 3 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Dane Badawcze 24 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: DRUK%203D
-
Thromboelastometric Analysis of Anticancer Cerrena unicolor Subfractions Reveal Their Potential as Fibrin Glue Drug Carrier Enhancers
Publikacja -
Controlled Drug Release and Cytotoxicity Studies of Beta-Lapachone and Doxorubicin Loaded into Cyclodextrins Attached to a Polyethyleneimine Matrix
Publikacja -
Sandwich-like mesoporous silica flakes for anticancer drug transport—Synthesis, characterization and kinetics release study
Publikacja -
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of sandwich-like mesoporous silica nanoflakes as promising anticancer drug delivery system
Publikacja -
Electrochemical and biological characterization of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases – retardation of drug release from hexagonal mesophases
Publikacja -
Strain improvement and immobilization technique for enhanced production of the anticancer drug paclitaxel by Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria tenuissima
Publikacja -
Glutathione-mediated conjugation of anticancer drugs: an overview of reaction mechanisms and biological significance for drug detoxification and bioactivation.
PublikacjaThe effectiveness of many anticancer drugs depends on the creation of specific metabolites that may alter their therapeutic or toxic properties. One significant route of biotransformation is a conjugation of electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione, which can be non-enzymatic and/or catalyzed by glutathione-dependent enzymes. Glutathione usually combines with anticancer drugs and/or their metabolites to form more polar...
-
Semi-continuous production of the anticancer drug taxol by Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria tenuissima immobilized in calcium alginate beads
Publikacja -
The antitumor derivative, C-1748, affects CYP3A4: crosstalk between drug metabolism, CYP3A4 expression and enzymatic activity
PublikacjaJedną z głównych przeszkód w przewidywaniu wyników terapii u pacjentów z nowotworem jest indywidualny przebieg metabolizmu stosowanych leków wynikający z polimorfizmu genów enzymów metabolizujących, jak również duża zmienność farmakokinetyki leków obserwowana u różnych pacjentów podczas trwania chemioterapii. Z powodu tzw. ''wąskiego okna terapeutycznego'' występującego w przypadku terapii lekami przeciwnowotworowymi, małe zmiany...
-
Enzymatic Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers in Ionic Liquids as a Prospective Synthesis Method for Polyesters Used in Drug Delivery Systems
Publikacja -
Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment
Publikacja -
Electroporation and lipid nanoparticles with cyanine IR-780 and flavonoids as efficient vectors to enhanced drug delivery in colon cancer
Publikacja -
New diamidequat-type surfactants in fabrication of long-sustained theranostic nanocapsules: Colloidal stability, drug delivery and bioimaging
Publikacja -
Inhibition of ALDH1A1 activity decreases expression of drug transporters and reduces chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines
Publikacja -
Microarray-based detection and expression analysis of new genes associated with drug resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines
Publikacja -
Impact of orthostatic hypotension and antihypertensive drug treatment on total and cardiovascular mortality in a very elderly community-dwelling population
Publikacja -
High mortality explained by mildly elevated blood pressure in Scandinavian adolescent conscripts – A plea for early drug treatment?
Publikacja -
Degradation of cefadroxil drug by newly designed solar light responsive alcoholic template-based lanthanum ferrite nanoparticles
PublikacjaIn this work, lanthanum ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method. Two different templates, namely sorbitol and mannitol, were used in this synthesis to tune the optical, structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties of lanthanum ferrite. The synthesized lanthanum ferrite-sorbitol (LFOCo-So) and lanthanum ferrite-mannitol (LFOCo-Mo) were investigated through Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis),...
-
Longitudinal drug synergy assessment using convolutional neural network image-decoding of glioblastoma single-spheroid cultures
PublikacjaAbstract Background In recent years, drug combinations have become increasingly popular to improve therapeutic outcomes in various diseases, including difficult to cure cancers such as the brain cancer glioblastoma. Assessing the interaction between drugs over time is critical for predicting drug combination effectiveness and minimizing the risk of therapy resistance. However, as viability readouts of drug combination experiments...
-
The Interaction of Heptakis (2,6-di-O-Methyl)-β-Cyclodextrin with Mianserin Hydrochloride and Its Influence on the Drug Toxicity
PublikacjaOne tetracyclic antidepressant, mianserin hydrochloride (MIA), has quite significant side effects on a patients’ health. Cyclodextrins, which are most commonly used to reduce the undesirable features of contained drugs within their hydrophobic interior, also have the potential to alter the toxic behavior of the drug. The present paper contains investigations and the characteristics of interaction mechanisms for MIA and the heptakis...
-
DNA structure and integrity checkpoints in the cell cycle and their role in drug targeting and resistance of tumor cells to anticancer treatment
PublikacjaW artykule dokonaliśmy przeglądu literatury dotyczącej różnych typów uszkodzeń DNA indukowanych przez różne czynniki terapeutyczne w komórkach nowotworowych. Omówiliśmy także w jaki sposób aktywują różne typy punktów kontrolnych w cyklu komórkowym i w jaki sposób punkty te są regulowane przez inne szlaki sygnalizacji wewnątrzkomórkowej takie jak szlaki naprawy uszkodzeń DNA, stresu komórkowego i śmierci-przeżycia. W szczególności...
-
WRF-METEOPG: numerical weather forecast data for Poland - Days 197-203, Year 2021
Dane BadawczeWRF-METEOPG is a numerical weather forecast system developed at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland. The system was built on the basis of the Weather Research and Forecast model version 4.2 and implemented at Centre of Informatics Tricity Academic Supercomputer & Network. Physics parametrization...
-
CURRENT CANCER DRUG TARGETS
Czasopisma -
CURRENT OPINION IN DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT
Czasopisma -
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design
Czasopisma -
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DRUG METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS
Czasopisma -
ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT
Czasopisma -
Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
Czasopisma -
International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research
Czasopisma -
Journal of Global Drug Policy and Practice
Czasopisma -
African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies
Czasopisma -
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery
Czasopisma -
Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models
Czasopisma -
Indian Journal of Novel Drug Delivery
Czasopisma -
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery and Formulation
Czasopisma -
Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets
Czasopisma -
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology
Czasopisma -
JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Czasopisma -
Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery
Czasopisma -
Recent Advances in Drug Delivery and Formulation
Czasopisma -
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
Czasopisma -
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
Czasopisma -
Transport Mechanism of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in Polyurethane Nanocomposite Hydrogel Patches—Cloisite® 30B Influence on the Drug Release and Swelling Processes
PublikacjaThis article describes the swelling and release mechanisms of paracetamol in polyurethane nanocomposite hydrogels containing Cloisite® 30B (organically modified montmorillonite). The transport mechanism, swelling and release processes of the active substance in nanocomposite matrix were studied using gravimetric and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods. Swelling and release processes depend on the amount of clay nanoparticles in these...
-
Amino-modified mesoporous silica SBA-15 as bifunctional drug delivery system for cefazolin: Release profile and mineralization potential
Publikacja -
Aminopropyl-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 as drug carrier for cefazolin: adsorption profiles, release studies, and mineralization potential
Publikacja -
Monolithic polydimethylsiloxane-modified silica composites prepared by a low-temperature sol–gel micromolding technique for controlled drug release
Publikacja -
Preliminary Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of Antitumor Drug 3-Amino-1,2,4-Benzotriazine-1,4-Dioxide (Tirapazamine) and its Derivatives
Publikacja -
Expression of Osteoblast-Specific Factor 2 (OSF-2, Periostin) Is Associated with Drug Resistance in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines
Publikacja -
PTPRK Expression Is Downregulated in Drug Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines, and Especially in ALDH1A1 Positive CSCs-Like Populations
Publikacja -
Development and Validation of a Gas Chromatography Method for the Trace Level Determination of Allylamine in Sevelamer Hydrochloride and Sevelamer Carbonate Drug Substances
Publikacja -
Drug-resistant and hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium from wastewater, riverine estuary and anthropogenically impacted marine catchment basin.
PublikacjaEnterococci, ubiquitous colonizers of humans and other animals, play an increasingly important role in health-care associated infections (HAIs). Acquisition of resistance determinants not only seriously limits available therapeutic options but also increases available gene pool for other species. It is believed that the recent evolution of two clinically relevant species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium occurred...
-
Core/shell structured silica spheres with controllable thickness of mesoporous shell and its adsorption, drug storage and release properties
Publikacja -
Development of a Peptide Derived from Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF-BB) into a Potential Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Wounds
PublikacjaObjective: This study evaluated the use of novel peptides derived from platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) as potential wound healing stimulants. One of the compounds (named PDGF2) was subjected for further research after cytotoxicity and proliferation assays on human skin cells. Further investigation included evaluation of: migration and chemotaxis of skin cells, immunological and allergic safety, the transcriptional analyses...
-
Wydawnictwo Biały Kruk
Wydawnictwa -
CURRENT DRUG METABOLISM
Czasopisma -
Piperine Targets Different Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines Leading to Increased Sensitivity to Cytotoxic Drugs
Publikacja -
How do sterols determine the antufungal activitiy of amphotericin B? Free energy of binding between the drug and its membrane targets.
PublikacjaAmphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known polyene antibiotic used to treat systemic fungal infections. It is commonly accepted that the presence of sterols in the membrane is essential for the AmB biological activity, that is, for the formation of transmembrane ion channels. The selective toxicity of AmB for fungal cells is attributed to the fact that it is more potent against fungal cell membranes containing ergosterol than against...
-
Classification of Music Genres Based on Music Separation into Harmonic and Drum Components . Klasyfikacja gatunków muzycznych wykorzystująca separację instrumentów muzycznych
PublikacjaThis article presents a study on music genre classification based on music separation into harmonic and drum components. For this purpose, audio signal separation is executed to extend the overall vector of parameters by new descriptors extracted from harmonic and/or drum music content. The study is performed using the ISMIS database of music files represented by vectors of parameters containing music features. The Support Vector...
-
Non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring as a guide to drug treatment of uncontrolled hypertensive patients: effects on home blood pressure in the BEAUTY study
Publikacja -
Production of the anticancer drug taxol by the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum TXB502: enhanced production by gamma irradiation mutagenesis and immobilization technique
Publikacja -
Theoretical Encapsulation of Fluorouracil (5-FU) Anti-Cancer Chemotherapy Drug into Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNT)
PublikacjaIntroduction: Chemotherapy with anti-cancer drugs is considered the most common approach for killing cancer cells in the human body. However, some barriers such as toxicity and side effects would limit its usage. In this regard, nano-based drug delivery systems have emerged as cost-effective and efficient for sustained and targeted drug delivery. Nanotubes such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) are promising...
-
A five-year retrospective study shows increasing rates of antimicrobial drug resistance in Cabo Verde for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Publikacja -
Technology of an adhesive silicone film as drug carrier in transdermal therapy I. Analytical methods used for characterization and design of the universal elastomer layers
PublikacjaSilicone polymers possess unique properties, which make them suitable for many different applications, for example in the pharmaceutical and medical industry. To create an adhesive silicone film, the appropriate silicone components have to be chosen first. From these components two layers were made: an adhesive elastomer applied on the skin, and a non-adhesive elastomer on the other side of the film. The aim of this study was...
-
Analysis of pharmacotherapy regimen and costs in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy following vagus nerve stimulation therapy: a single-center study (Poland)
Publikacja -
Mutual Expression of ALDH1A1, LOX, and Collagens in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines as Combined CSCs- and ECM-Related Models of Drug Resistance Development
Publikacja -
Determination of amikacin and ciprofloxacin by liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization to evaluate sustained delivery of antibiotics from Drug-Eluting Biopsy Needle
PublikacjaDetermination of chosen antibacterial antibiotics: amikacin and ciprofloxacin was carried out by HPLC-UV after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and in their native form by HPLC-MS/MS. Developed methods have been applied to control the kinetics of antibiotic release from polymer-based controlled drug delivery system.
-
Microbial acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s therapy: recent trends on extraction, detection, irradiation-assisted production improvement and nano-structured drug delivery
Publikacja -
A five-year retrospective study shows increasing rates of antimicrobial drug resistance in Cabo Verde for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
PublikacjaObjectives Data on baseline drug resistance is important in informing future antimicrobial stewardship programs. So far, no data on the antimicrobial drug resistance of clinical isolates was available for the African archipelago of Cabo Verde. Methods We have performed a retrospective analysis over five-years (2013-17) of the antimicrombial drug susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates in the two main hospitals of Cabo Verde....
-
Kacper Radziszewski mgr inż. arch.
OsobyW 2016 roku ukończył studia magisterskie na Wydziale Architektury Politechniki Gdańskiej.Architekt. Współorganizator oraz prowadzący warsztaty badawcze z zakresu architektury parametrycznej oraz nowoczesnych metod fabrykacji m.in. na wydziale Architektury Politechniki Gdańskiej, w Sopockiej Szkole Wyższej, na wydziale Architektury Politechniki w Bratysławie, wydziale Architektury Politechniki w Białymstoku oraz podczas międzynarodowych...
-
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN THERAPEUTIC DRUG CARRIER SYSTEMS
Czasopisma -
International Journal for Parasitology-Drugs and Drug Resistance
Czasopisma -
Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets
Czasopisma -
Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development
Czasopisma -
International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design
Czasopisma -
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery
Czasopisma -
Japanese Journal of Alcohol Studies and Drug Dependence
Czasopisma -
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery
Czasopisma -
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery
Czasopisma -
Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery
Czasopisma -
Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Czasopisma -
Recent Advances in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery
Czasopisma -
Prediction of Overall In Vitro Microsomal Stability of Drug Candidates Based on Molecular Modeling and Support Vector Machines. Case Study of Novel Arylpiperazines Derivatives
PublikacjaOther than efficacy of interaction with the molecular target, metabolic stability is the primary factor responsible for the failure or success of a compound in the drug development pipeline. The ideal drug candidate should be stable enough to reach its therapeutic site of action. Despite many recent excellent achievements in the field of computational methods supporting drug metabolism studies, a well-recognized procedure to model...
-
Intercalation complex of imidazoacridinone C-1311, a potential anticancer drug, with DNA helix d(CGATCG)2: stereostructural studies by 2D NMR spectroscopy.
PublikacjaImidazoacridinone C-1311 (Symadex®) is a powerful antitumor agent, which successfully made its way through the Phase I clinical trials and has been recommended for Phase II few a years ago. It has been shown experimentally that during the initial stage of its action C-1311 forms a relatively stable intercalation complex with DNA, yet it has shown no base-sequence specificity while binding to DNA. In this paper, the d(CGATCG)2:C-1311...
-
Ethylcellulose in Organic Solution or Aqueous Dispersion Form in Designing Taste-Masked Microparticles by the Spray Drying Technique with a Model Bitter Drug: Rupatadine Fumarate
Publikacja -
A.D.A.M. test (Antibiofilm Dressing's Activity Measurement) — Simple method for evaluating anti-biofilm activity of drug-saturated dressings against wound pathogens
Publikacja -
Distinction of clenbuterol intake from drug or contaminated food of animal origin in a controlled administration trial – the potential of enantiomeric separation for doping control analysis
PublikacjaThe differentiation of clenbuterol abuse and unintentional ingestion by contaminated meat is crucial with respect to the valuation of an adverse analytical finding in human sports doping control. The proportion of the two enantiomers of clenbuterol may serve as potential discriminating parameter. For the determination of the individual enantiomers, specific methods were developed and validated for the different matrices under investigation...
-
The Product of Matrix Metalloproteinase Cleavage of Doxorubicin Conjugate for Anticancer Drug Delivery: Calorimetric, Spectroscopic, and Molecular Dynamics Studies on Peptide–Doxorubicin Binding to DNA
PublikacjaMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix degradation factors, promoting cancer progression. Hence, they could provide an enzyme-assisted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. In the current study, the intercalation process of DOX and tetrapeptide-DOX, the product of the MMPs' cleavage of carrier-linked DOX, into dsDNA was investigated using stationary and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis...
-
Raport z badań podczas próbnego obciążenia wiaduktu drogowego WD-15 w km 46+215,06. Budowa drogi ekspresowej S7 na odcinku Nidzica – Napierki od km 203+500 do km 223+818.
PublikacjaW pracy przedstawiono metodykę pomiarów i wyniki badań podczas próbnego obciążenia wiaduktu drogowego WD-15 w km 46+215,06 nad drogą S7 na odcinku Napierki - Nidzica. Sformułowano wnioski i wydano pinie dotyczącą rzeczywistej pracy konstrukcji i warunków dalszej eksploatacji obiektu.
-
Raport z badań podczas próbnego obciążenia wiaduktu drogowego WD-12 w km 40+629,89. Budowa drogi ekspresowej S7 na odcinku Nidzica – Napierki od km 203+500 do km 223+818.
PublikacjaW pracy przedstawiono metodykę pomiarów i wyniki badań podczas próbnego obciążenia wiaduktu drogowego WD-12 w km 40+629,89 nad drogą S7 na odcinku Napierki - Nidzica. Sformułowano wnioski i wydano pinie dotyczącą rzeczywistej pracy konstrukcji i warunków dalszej eksploatacji obiektu.
-
Raport z badań podczas próbnego obciążenia wiaduktu drogowego WD-9 w km 35+623,06. Budowa drogi ekspresowej S7 na odcinku Nidzica – Napierki od km 203+500 do km 223+818.
PublikacjaW pracy przedstawiono metodykę pomiarów i wyniki badań podczas próbnego obciążenia wiaduktu drogowego WD-9 w km 35+623,06 nad drogą S7 na odcinku Napierki - Nidzica. Sformułowano wnioski i wydano pinie dotyczącą rzeczywistej pracy konstrukcji i warunków dalszej eksploatacji obiektu.
-
The phenomenology, socio-demographic, and clinical profile of substance abusers admitted to drug de-addiction unit at eradah and mental health hospital, taif, Saudi Arabia
Publikacja -
High-Throughput Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry as an Alternative Approach to Monitoring Drug Resistance of Hepatitis B Virus
Publikacja -
Opinia o wdrożeniu inwestycji technologicznej pt. Sposób wytwarzania biletu spersonalizowanego w druku offsetowym heatset w połączeniu z drukiem fleksograficznym
PublikacjaOpinię powdrożeniową opracowano dla Banku Gospodarstwa Krajowego na podstawie Ustawy z dnia 30 maja 2008 r. o niektórych formach wspierania działalności innowacyjnej (Dz. U. z 2008 r. Nr 116, poz. 730) z późniejszymi zmianami. Opinia dotyczyła realizacji celów projektu zatytułowanego „Wdrożenie nowej technologii produkcji biletów personalizowanych zabezpieczonych przed fałszowaniem”. Wdrożenie było dofinansowane Kredytem Technologicznym....
-
Systemy ekspresyjne białek cytochromu P450 w badaniach in vitro metabolizmu leków = Expression systems of cytochrome P450 proteins in studies of drug metabolism in vitro
PublikacjaBiałka cytochromu P450 to najważniejsze enzymy biorące udział w metabolizmie większości stosowanych w klinice leków, odpowiedzialne za ich aktywację lub detoksykację. Niektóre z dróg metabolizmu leku mogą być jednak odpowiedzialne za jego podwyższoną toksyczność. Nowe systemy ekspresyjne białek cytochromu P450 w komórkach ssaków, w tym człowieka, projektowane są w celu poznania roli metabolizmu w mechanizmie działania potencjalnych,...
-
Bioprocess optimization using response surface methodology for production of the anticancer drug paclitaxel by Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria tenuissima: Enhanced production by ultraviolet and gamma irradiation
Publikacja -
DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY
Czasopisma -
Dr.shazia Farheen Qureshi
OsobyI am Psychiatrist wants to heal and inspire the minds. I did post grdauation from College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bombay, Mumbai, India. I am having 10 years experience in field of Psychiatry in variety of Clinical settings that have included Child, Adolesecent, Geriatric and Forensic Psychiatry and drug deaddiction services also clinical research work.
-
The Effect of Millisecond Pulsed Electric Fields (msPEF) on Intracellular Drug Transport with Negatively Charged Large Nanocarriers Made of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN): In Vitro Study
Publikacja -
Successive cytotoxicity control by evolutionary surface decorated electronic push-pull green ZnCr-LDH nanostructures: Drug delivery enlargement for targeted breast cancer chemotherapy
PublikacjaThe reason for the increasing bioavailability and biocompatibility of the porous nanomaterials in the presence of different (bio)molecules is still unknown. The role of difference functional groups and their interactions with the potential bioavailability and biocompatibility is of great importance. To investigate the potential contribution of the electronic effects (especially on the surface of the porous nanomaterials) on their...
-
Development of novel (BiO)2OHCl/BiOBr enriched with boron doped-carbon nanowalls for photocatalytic cytostatic drug degradation: Assessing photocatalytic process utilization in environmental condition
PublikacjaIn this work, a series of novel (BiO)2OHCl/BiOBr-x%B:DGNW (x = 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) composites with different content of boron-doped diamond/graphene nanowalls (B:DGNW) were fabricated by simple solvothermal synthesis. A boron-doped diamond/graphene nanowalls (B:DGNW) were prepared by CVD method. A series of analyses: XRD, XPS, SEM, and TEM showed that the photocatalyst (BiO)2OHCl/BiOBr-x%B:DGNW with a “flower-like” morphology was...