Filters
total: 1023
-
Catalog
- Publications 852 available results
- Journals 3 available results
- Conferences 24 available results
- People 17 available results
- Inventions 6 available results
- Projects 7 available results
- Laboratories 1 available results
- Research Teams 1 available results
- e-Learning Courses 53 available results
- Events 12 available results
- Open Research Data 47 available results
displaying 1000 best results Help
Search results for: FORMALNA SPECYFIKACJA
-
The electrochemical studies of thin boron-doped diamond films deposited at conductive poly(lactic acid) 3D prints
Open Research DataThe dataset contains the electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes composed of thin boron-doped diamond films coated on commercially available graphene-doped polylactide acid. The boron doping level expressed as the [B]/[C] ratio in the gas phase for these studies was 500 and 10,000 ppm.
-
Z polskiej leksykografii biograficznej, nekrologicznej i komemoratywnej. Rosja i ZSRS a Polska – ofiary antycywilizacji. (Bibliografia prac z lat 1832–2021 – w wyborze)
PublicationNiniejszy artykuł przedstawia wybrane kwestie z zakresu polskiej leksykografii biograficznejw perspektywie genologicznej. Autorka proponuje wyodrębnienie nowegorodzaju – leksykografii nekrologicznej i komemoratywnej. Stwierdza, że nie powstałana gruncie polskiej nauki praca monograficzna poświęcona zagadnieniom leksykografiibiograficznej. Istnieją jedynie publikacje w postaci tematycznych/problemowych
-
Revitalisation - Architectural and urban project ORUNIA UPDATE Grupa K. Piątkowska, J. Martyniuk Pęczek 2021/22
e-Learning CoursesORUNIA - UPDATE - architectural and urban revitalization of Orunia areas in the area of Sandomierska, Równa, Głuche and Przy Torze Streets. Creation of a new, multi-functional city space. Development of a master plan for a district indicated by the city that requires the development of a revitalization strategy, designing a new architectural and urban structure with a complex function, development of a selected fragment of...
-
Physicochemical studies (Raman, XRD) of poly(lactic acid)-carbon black-nanodiamond composites
Open Research DataThis dataset contains physico-chemical examination of a new 3D printing-dedicated composites with poly-lactic acid (PLA), carbon black (CB) and nanodiamond fillers. Two types of nanodiamonds were studied: detonation nanodiamonds (DND) and boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BCNW). The investigated techniques include Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction...
-
Thermal stability analysis of poly(lactic acid)-carbon black-nanodiamond composite
Open Research DataThis dataset contains thermal stability tests carried out on new 3D printing-dedicated composites with poly-lactic acid (PLA), carbon black (CB) and nanodiamond fillers. Two types of nanodiamonds were studied: detonation nanodiamonds (DND) and boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BCNW). The investigated techniques include: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)...
-
Topography studies of multiple times processed poly(lactic acid)-carbon black composites
Open Research DataThis dataset contains topography studies with scanning electron microscope of commercially available ProtoPasta 3D printable filament, composed of poly-lactic acid (PLA) and conductive carbon black (CB) filler. The aim of the study is to observe structural differences and applied properties changes under multiple reprocessing of the composite material...
-
Electrochemical analyses of multiple times processed poly(lactic acid)-carbon black composites
Open Research DataThis dataset contains cyclic voltammetry studies of commercially available ProtoPasta 3D printable filament, composed of poly-lactic acid (PLA) and conductive carbon black (CB) filler. The aim of the study is to observe structural differences and applied properties changes under multiple reprocessing of the composite material at different temperatures...
-
Physicochemical studies (Raman) of multiple times processed poly(lactic acid)-carbon black composites
Open Research DataThis dataset contains Raman spectroscopy studies of commercially available ProtoPasta 3D printable filament, composed of poly-lactic acid (PLA) and conductive carbon black (CB) filler. The aim of the study is to observe structural differences and applied properties changes under multiple reprocessing of the composite material at different temperatures...
-
Mechanical studies of poly(lactic acid)-carbon black-nanodiamond composites
Open Research DataThis dataset contains mechanical tests carried out on new 3D printing-dedicated composites with poly-lactic acid (PLA), carbon black (CB) and nanodiamond fillers. Two types of nanodiamonds were studied: detonation nanodiamonds (DND) and boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BCNW). The investigated techniques was dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The measurements...
-
The effect of different accelerators on the reclaiming efficiency of ground tire rubber
Open Research DataThe presented results concern the influence of different accelerators on the reclaiming efficiency of ground tire rubber (GTR). All the specimens were prepared using a two-roll mill and each sample was prepared in the same manner. Samples were submitted to curing analysis via Rheometer Monsanto 100S after 24 hours of aging. The attached data are related...
-
Curing characteristics of ground tire rubber modified by commercial additives
Open Research DataThe presented results show the influence of commercially available bitumen and transoctenamer rubber (TOR) on the curing behavior of GTR treated by a peroxide. Samples were prepared using a two-roll mill– all in the same manner. After 24 hours of aging at ambient conditions, they were submitted to the curing analysis via Rheometer Monsanto 100S. The...
-
Curing characteristics and Mooney viscosity of reclaimed rubbers
Open Research DataPresented data shows the difference in curing characteristics and Mooney’s viscosity between commercially available reclaimed rubbers and ground tire rubber (GTR) with specific particle size distribution cured with the same curing system and with the same manner. Samples were prepared using a two-roll mill. After 24 hours of aging at ambient conditions,...
-
Porównanie mocy strat energetycznych w pompie wyporowej o zmiennej wydajności określonych bez uwzględnienia bądź z uwzględnieniem mocy ściskania oleju hydraulicznego
PublicationPorównano moce strat energetycznych w pompie wyporowej o zmiennej wydajności, określone bez uwzględnienia bądź z uwzględnieniem mocy ściskania oleju hydraulicznego. Ocena mocy ściskania cieczy w pompie stała się możliwa dzięki zastosowaniu, zaproponowanej przez autora, metody określenia stopnia zapowietrzenia cieczy w pompie. W metodzie określenia stopnia zapowietrzenia cieczy w pompie oraz w ocenie mocy strat objętościowych ściskania...
-
Effect of ground tire rubber on structural, mechanical and thermal properties of flexible polyurethane foams
PublicationFlexible polyurethane foams were modified with two kinds of ground tire rubber, untreated and thermo-mechanically reclaimed. A reclamation process was performed in auto-thermal conditions, which reduced the cost of the process and decreased the environmental impact of devulcanization (e.g., emission of gases). The reclamation process was carried out in a continuous manner using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. The foams were...
-
The emissions of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from small polymeric toys placed in chocolate food products
PublicationThe article presents findings on the emissions of selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons from children's toys placed in chocolate food products. The emission test system involved the application of a new type of microscale stationary emission chamber, μ-CTE™ 250. In order to determine the type of the applied polymer in the manufacture of the tested toys, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled...
-
Rigid polyurethane foams modified with ground tire rubber - mechanical, morphological and thermal studies
PublicationRigid polyurethane foams, prepared by a single step method, were modified with the two types of ground tire rubber particles, i.e. untreated and thermo-mechanically reclaimed by using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. The foaming process as well as the structure and the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting foams were investigated. The presence of ground tire rubber decreased the velocity of polymerization....
-
Polyurethane/ground tire rubber composite foams based on polyglycerol: processing, mechanical and thermal properties
PublicationDuring the synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams, petrochemical polyol was substituted with polyglycerol, the product of thermo-catalytic polycondensation of waste glycerol, resulting from biodiesel production. Two types of ground tire rubbers, untreated and thermo-mechanically reclaimed, were used to obtain ‘‘green’’ polyurethane-polyglycerol composite foams. Samples were prepared by a single-step method for the ratio of NCO/OH...
-
Ekologiczne pianki poliuretanowe otrzymane z surowców odnawianych
PublicationPrzedmiotem pracy była charakterystyka ekologicznych, sztywnych pianek poliuretanowych otrzymanych z biopoliolu uzyskanego w wyniku upłynniania biomasy celulozowej frakcją glicerynową. Sztywne pianki otrzymano metodą jednoetapową z układu dwukomponentowego przy stosunku grup NCO do OH wynoszącym 2:1. Udział biopoliolu w stosunku do zawartości komercyjnego poliolu wynosił odpowiednio 25, 50, 75 oraz 100 % mas. Otrzymane układy scharakteryzowano...
-
Kontrola jakości materiałów polimerowych wytwarzanych metodą wytłaczania: stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju
PublicationNiniejsza praca stanowi przegląd literaturowy metod kontroli jakości materiałów polimerowych wytwarzanych metodą wytłaczania. Scharakteryzowano możliwości kontroli efektywności procesu wytłaczania działających w układach "on-line" oraz "in-line", które polegają na przeprowadzeniu pomiarów w czasie trwania procesu. Opisano potencjał aplikacyjny technik spektroskopowych (IR, UV-VIS), pomiarów właściwości reologicznych, analizy morfologii...
-
Effect of slightly crosslinked butyl rubber and compatibilizer additives on properties of recycled polyethylene-ground tire rubber blends
PublicationSlightly crosslinked butyl rubber, (PhMe2CO)(2) and maleic anhydride were added as compatibilizer to the recycled polyethylene-ground tire rubber blends. Recycled postprodn. and postconsumer (shredded bottle caps) polyethylene wastes were used. The thermoplastic compns. were studied for statistic and dynamic mech. properties and morphol. The addn. of butyl rubber resulted in a decrease of the tensile strength and hardness of the...
-
Otrzymywanie i właściwości fizyko-mechaniczne sztywnych pianek poliuretanowo-poliglicerynowych
PublicationPrzedmiotem badań były sztywne pianki poliuretanowo-poliglicerynowe otrzymane z poligliceryny, użytej jako nowy substytut petrochemicznego poliolu. Sztywne pianki otrzymano metodą jednoetapową przy stosunku grup NCO do OH wynoszącym 2:1. Udział poligliceryny Pole w układach wynosił 35 oraz 70% mas. gramorównoważników poliolu petrochemicznego Rokopolu RF 551. Otrzymane układy scharakteryzowano pod kątem właściwości mechanicznych...
-
Wpływ stopnia dewulkanizacji odpadów gumowych na wybrane właściwości modyfikowanego asfaltu drogowego
PublicationW niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu warunków dewulkanizacji odpadów gumowych na wybrane właściwości asfaltów drogowych, co umożliwia charakterystykę oddziaływań asfalt-dewulkanizat.
-
Optymalizacja dewulkanizacji ciągłej rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych
PublicationDynamiczny rozwój przemysłu motoryzacyjnego, przyczynił się do powstania ogromnej ilości odpadów gumowych, z których aż 80% stanowią zużyte opony samochodowe. Wydanie aktów praw-nych nakładających na producentów obowiązku zagospodarowania zużytych opon z jednoczesnym zakazem ich składowania, sprawiło iż recykling materiałowy odpadów gumowych nabiera obecnie coraz większego znaczenia, stanowiąc alternatywę dla powszechnie stosowanego...
-
Dewulkanizacja ciągła rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych
PublicationPrzedstawiono przegląd literaturowy postępu naukowego i technologicznego w zakresie dewulkanizacji ciągłej odpadów gumowych, która umożliwia redukcję kosztów produkcji oraz ułatwia wytwarzanie regeneratów gumowych w skali przemysłowej. Ponadto zaprezentowane zostały wstępne wyniki badania parametrów dewulkanizacji termomechanicznej rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych prowadzonej przy użyciu wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej...
-
Wpływ całkowitej zawartości sadzy na właściwości mieszanin SBR/dewulkanizat
PublicationPrzedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu napełniacza aktywnego w postaci sadzy na właściwości kompozycji kauczuku butadienowo-styrenowego i dewulkanizatu gumowego otrzymanego metodą ciągłą. Scharakteryzowano zależności pomiędzy sumaryczną ilością sadzy, stanowiącą sumę sadzy dodawanej i sadzy zawartej w dewulkanizacie gumowym, a charakterystyką przebiegu wulkanizacji, właściwościami fizycznymi oraz dynamicznymi właściwościami mechanicznymi...
-
Wpływ warunków przetwórstwa oraz dewulkanizacji na kompatybilność i właściwości kompozycji LDPE-miał gumowy
PublicationZbadano wpływ warunków przetwórstwa oraz dewulkanizacji na właściwości mechaniczne, dynamiczno-mechaniczne oraz morfologię kompozycji termoplastycznych na bazie polietylenu małej gęstości i miału gumowego. Kompozycje termoplastyczne zawierające 50 cz. mas. rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych otrzymano metodą periodyczną i ciągłą. Ponadto scharakteryzowano wpływ stopnia dewulkanizacji miału gumowego na kompatybilność uzyskanych kompozycji.
-
Wpływ warunków dewulkanizacji rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych na właściwości rewulkanizatów
PublicationProces termomechanicznej dewulkanizacji rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych prowadzono przy użyciu wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej współbieżnej o specjalnej konfiguracji układu uplastyczniającego, który umożliwił generowanie znacznych sił ścinających. Scharakteryzowano wpływ temperatury i prędkości obrotowej ślimaków na gęstość usieciowania i stopień dewulkanizacji otrzymanych dewulkanizatów.
-
The influence of feed rate and shear forces on the devulcanization process of ground tire rubber (GTR) conducted in a co-rotating twin screw extruder
Publication -
Wpływ bezhalogenowych związków zmniejszających palność na strukturę oraz właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne elastycznych pianek poliuretanowych otrzymanych z poliglicerolu
PublicationElastyczne pianki poliuretanowe zostały przygotowane metodą jednostopniową z układu dwukomponentowego o stosunku grup NCO/OH wynoszącym 0.9:1. Pianki poliuretanowe poddano modyfikacji grafitem ekspandowanym oraz jego mieszaniną z fosforowym, bezhalogenowym związkiem zmniejszającym palność o nazwie handlowej Fyrol PNX. Scharakteryzowano statyczne i dynamiczne właściwości mechaniczne, morfologię, właściwości termiczne oraz palność...
-
Morfologia, w³aoeciwooeci mechaniczne i termiczne elastycznych pianek poliuretanowych modyfikowanych glinokrzemianami warstwowymi
PublicationWytwarzane z udzia³em poligliceryny elastyczne pianki poliuretanowe modyfikowano za pomoc¹ montmorylonitu sodowego (bentonitu, MMT), mieszaniny bentonitu i bezhalogenowego fosforoorganicznego zwi¹zku zmniejszaj¹cego palnooeæ (Fyrol PNX) oraz, stanowi¹cego nape³niacz hybrydowy, bentonitu modyfikowanego wykorzystywanym uniepalniaczem. Badano mikrostrukturê, w³aoeciwooeci mechaniczne i termiczne modyfikowanych pianek poliuretanowych....
-
A recent developments in polyurethane foams containing a low-cost and pro-ecological modifiers
PublicationDiversity of the polyurethane (PU) foams applications cause that investigation of the relationships between their structure and properties is currently very popular topic among the many research institutions and companies. At the turn of the last years many scientific papers about PU foams and their composites were published. The one of the main research trends in this field is related to the reduction of production costs of...
-
Renewable Resources for Polyurethanes and Polyurethane Composites: A Review
PublicationEach year, more than two million tons of polyurethane is produced in the EU by reacting isocyanates with polyols made from fossil fuel. In addition, there are appreciable quantities of petroleum based functional additives applied in the industry nowadays for both polyols and polyurethane materials. It is therefore of key importance to develop sustainable economically viable polyols with enhanced functionalities, and thereby reducing...
-
Liquefaction of macroalgae Enteromorpha biomass for the preparation of biopolyols by using crude glycerol
PublicationThis article describes the liquefaction process of macroalgae Enteromorpha with the use of crude glycerol as a solvent and a reagent, aimed at obtaining of new bio-polyols, which are characterized with respect to their chemical structure, physical and thermal properties. Six different biopolyols were prepared. In order to optimize the liquefaction of algal biomass for the best bio-polyol properties, two catalysts (sulfuric or orthophosphoric...
-
Performance properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate/brewers’ spent grain foamed composites as function of isocyanate index
PublicationIn the presented work, rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams filled with brewers’ spent grain (BSG) were prepared. The influence of the isocyanate index (II) on its performance was investigated. Foams obtained with higher isocyanate index required a higher amount of hydrofluorocarbon physical blowing agent to provide the same apparent density of material. An increase of isocyanate index resulted in a slight decrease...
-
Morfologia, właściwości mechaniczne oraz palność spienionych materiałów poliuretanowo-poliglicerynowych modyfikowanych grafitem ekspandowanym
PublicationSpienione kompozyty poliuretanowo-glicerynowe modyfikowane grafitem ekspandowanymotrzymano metodą jednostopniową z układu dwukomponentowego, gdzie jako składnik poliolowyzastosowano odpadową poliglicerynę. Scharakteryzowano morfologię, właściwościmechaniczne oraz klasę palności otrzymanych materiałów. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, żewprowadzenie poligliceryny do matrycy poliuretanowej umożliwia otrzymanie materiałówcharakteryzujących...
-
Potential applications of crude glycerol in polymer technology–Current state and perspectives
PublicationThe increasing use of bio-based fuels and fuel additives, among them biodiesel, causes significant surplus of crude glycerol on the market which creates new challenges in terms of its sustainable utilization. A lot of ways for the incorporation of this by-product into different branches of industry requires purification by expensive and complicated processes. Therefore, researchers are seeking for applications of untreated crude...
-
Processing and structure–property relationships of natural rubber/wheat bran biocomposites
PublicationIn this work, wheat bran was used as cellulosic filler in biocomposites based on natural rubber. The impact of wheat bran content [ranging from 10 to 50 parts per hundred rubber (phr)] on processing, structure, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal properties, physico-mechanical properties and morphology of resulting biocomposites was investigated. For better characterization of interfacial interactions between natural rubber...
-
Biopolyols obtained via crude glycerol-based liquefaction of cellulose: their structural, rheological and thermal characterization
PublicationIn this work lignocellulose biomass liquefaction was used to produce biopolyols suitable for the manufacturing of rigid polyurethane foams. In order to better evaluate the mechanism of the process, pure cellulose was applied as a raw material. The effect of time and temperature on the effectiveness of liquefaction and the parameters of resulting biopolyols were characterized. The prepared materials were analyzed in terms of their...
-
Injectable poloxamer/graphene oxide hydrogels with well‐controlled mechanical and rheological properties
PublicationAlthough significant progress has been made in the design and application of injectable hydrogels for biomedical applications, concurrent control of rheological and mechanical properties of injectable hydrogels has remained as an open challenge to the researchers. In this work, we introduce and put into practice a photo‐curable poloxamer (also known as Pluronic)/graphene oxide (Plu/GO) injectable hydrogel with well‐controlled rheological...
-
Microwave treatment in waste rubber recycling – recent advances and limitations
PublicationEnvironmentally-friendly microwave heating is increasingly used in polymer chemistry and technology. The selectivity and highly efficiency in the heat transfer present a huge advantage in systems based on recycling, improving their productivity and economic competitiveness. In case of the industrial recycling of waste rubbers, especially end-of-life tires, microwave-induced devulcanization and pyrolysis are nowadays considered...
-
Assessment of microstructure, physical and thermal properties of bitumen modified with LDPE/GTR/elastomer ternary blends
PublicationLDPE/GTR/elastomer ternary blends with variable LDPE/GTR ratio and constant elastomer content were prepared via melt-compounding. Obtained LDPE/GTR/elastomer blends were applied as thermoplastic modifiers into bitumen. Microstructure, physical and thermal properties of the modified bitumen were determined. It was observed that chemical composition of LDPE/GTR/elastomer blends has significant influence on their density and rheological...
-
The study on application of biopolyols obtained by cellulose biomass liquefaction performed with crude glycerol for the synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams
PublicationIn this work rigid polyurethane foams (PUR) were obtained by replacement of 0–70 wt% of petrochemical polyol with bio-polyol obtained via cellulose liquefaction in presence of crude glycerol. The foams with different content of a bio-polyol were prepared by single step method for NCO/OH ratio equals 1.5. The prepared materials were analyzed in terms of their morphology, chemical structure, thermal stability and basic physical and...
-
Reinforcing and plasticizing effects of reclaimed rubber on the vulcanization and properties of natural rubber
PublicationThe production of high-added value reclaimed rubber (RR) is of great signifi-cance for the sustainability of rubber industries. To green recycle waste rub-bers and broaden the application of RR, a RR material with potentialreinforcing and plasticizing effects on nature rubber (NR) composites are pre-pared by a thermo-oxidative reclamation process. The reclamation degree ofRR is controlled by adjusting the content of soybean oil....
-
Assessment of the devulcanization process of EPDM waste from roofing systems by combined thermomechanical/microwave procedures
PublicationEthylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) is a elastomer widely used in common industrial applications. EPDM can be shaped into sheets and employed as isolating material for roofing systems. In this study, scraps of EPDM from commercial, industrial and residential roofing systems were treated by combined thermo-mechanical and microwave devulcanization processes including peroxide of benzoyl (BPO). The devulcanized EPDM (Dev-EPDM)...
-
THE IMPACT OF GROUND TIRE RUBBER TREATMENT ON THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE/GROUND TIRE RUBBER COMPOSITES
PublicationWaste car tires are burdensome waste, and their utilization is crucial for the natural environment. In many countries, the primary method of their recycling is energy recovery, performed by simple combustion. However, material recycling is much more effective and significantly more beneficial for the natural environment. It results in the generation of ground tire rubber, which can be used to produce polymerrubber composites. It...
-
OIL-ASSISTED THERMO-MECHANICAL RECLAMATION OF GROUND TIRE RUBBER
PublicationNowadays, it is crucial to seek for the methods of by-products and waste utilization, considering both environmental and economic factors. The example of waste material generated in the massive amounts, which requires the attention is ground tire rubber generated during recycling of post-consumer car tires. It can be applied as a filler into different polymer matrices, but to enhance its effectivity proper modifications should...
-
The Impact of Ground Tire Rubber Oxidation with H2O2 and KMnO4 on the Structure and Performance of Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composite Foams
PublicationThe use of waste tires is a very critical issue, considering their environmental and economic implications. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is conversion of tires into ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into different polymer matrices as a filler. However, these applications often require proper modifications to provide compatibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, we examined the impact...
-
DETERMINATION OF THE HYDROXYL NUMBER OF GROUND TIRE RUBBER PARTICLES VIA MODIFIED TEST METHOD FOR ISOCYANATE GROUPS
PublicationNowadays, considering the environmental trends and law regulations associated with the circular economy, it is very important to seek for the methods of by-products and waste utilization. The example of such material, which requires the attention and recycling method is ground tire rubber generated during recycling of post-consumer car tires. It can be introduced into various polymer matrices as a filler, but to enhance its effectivity...
-
THERMOMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAMS AS A FUNCTION OF THE ISOCYANATE INDEX
PublicationPolyurethane foams are very versatile materials applied in different branches of industry. Their popularity is attributed, among others, to the flexibility in engineering their mechanical performance by the adjustment of their formulations. One of the most crucial factors is the isocyanate index, determining the ratio between the free hydroxyl and isocyanate groups present in the polyurethane system. By the change of this ratio,...
-
Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Surface Quality of Polypropylene Green Composites as a Function of Sunflower Husk Waste Filler Particle Size and Content
PublicationAgricultural waste is a still untapped source of materials that can, in case of proper utilization, significantly improve the sustainability of polymers and their composites. In this work, polymer composites based on isotactic polypropylene were produced incorporating ground sunflower husk in the amount of 10 wt% and 20 wt%. The work’s main objective is to evaluate how preliminary fractioning of this agricultural waste filler affects...