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Sensorless algorithm for sustaining controllability of IPMSM drive in electric vehicle after resolver fault
PublikacjaThis paper presents a sensorless algorithm designated for the emergency control of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive in electric or hybrid vehicle. The algorithm is based on analysing the derivatives of motor phase currents measured over the duration of particular inverter states. The method is computationally simple and does not require additional hardware since the derivatives are measured indirectly....
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Third harmonic index as a diagnostic tool of high-voltage varistors
PublikacjaThe recommended methods for standard testing of high-voltage varistors demand application of high voltages and intensive currents that is inconvenient and needs extensive power consumption. These methods require metallization of the prepared ZnO structures that increases costs of testing. Another method of varistor quality and endurance evaluation by the third harmonic index measurement at relatively low voltage range has been...
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Disturbances of magnetic field in surrounding of mobile, metalic plate
PublikacjaThe uniform magnetic field of the Earth in the surrounding of a mobile, metalic object undergoes deformation by eddy currents. The influence of the moving conducting object on total magnetic field of the Earth depends on the object's shape, position and speed of the changes relative to the magnetic field's vector of the Earth as well as the electric conductivity and the relative magnetic permeability of the material. The disturbances...
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IPMSM rotor position estimator based on analysis of phase current derivatives
PublikacjaThis paper describes an algorithm for estimation of IPMSM angular rotor position. The algorithm uses derivatives of motor phase currents resulting from PWM modulation to obtain the rotor position. The presented method is designed for medium- and high-speed range, since it is based on determination of the EMF vector. Algorithm is characterised by a very simple formulae. The calculation of rotor position is performed in every PWM...
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Power Electronic Transformer For Smart Grid Application
PublikacjaIn this paper the control system of Power Electronic Transformer (PET) for the Smart Grid application is proposed. The structure of PET is based on two Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converters. The electrical energy is transferred between converters using Dual-Active-Bridges (DAB) and high-frequency transformers. This type of coupling has been used to connect the DC-links of all H-bridges. The proposed control system for PET makes it...
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Non-linear circuit model of a single doubly-fed induction machine formulated in natural axes for drive systems simulation purposes
PublikacjaMathematical modelling and a circuit model formulated in natural axes of a single doubly-fed induction machine, with the account of magnetic circuit nonlinearity are presented in the paper. Derivation of the model differential equations was based on Lagrange's energy method. State functions of magnetic elements in the model are non-linear and depend on all currents flowing in the machine windings and on the angle of rotor position....
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Polyarmonic model of synchronous generator for analysis of autonomous power generation systems
PublikacjaAbstract: This paper presents the polyharmonic modelling of synchronous generator (SG) in machine variables. The simple geometry and windings physical layout has been used for inductance calculations of a salient-pole SG. The main advantage of this model is the ease of describing an autonomous power generation system (APGS) in terms of its topology and thus providing effective analysis at the static and dynamic states, both for...
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Energy losses reduction in the medium voltage cable line – case study
PublikacjaThe paper presents an analysis of energy losses in a power cable system, which is composed of two 30 kV cable lines. This cable system is located at the seaside holiday area, so the load profile during a year is specific. Energy losses related to reactive power transmission, as well as to currents induced in the sheaths of the cables, are subject to analysis. Measurements were made in the system in order to prepare a computer model...
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Sensorless induction motor drive with voltage inverter and sine-wave filter
PublikacjaThis paper presents a speed sensorless control system of an induction motor with an output LC filter. It is known that the parameters design of the filter gives sine wave motor supply voltage but complicates control and estimation process. The reason is that the voltage drop and phase shift between filter input and output signals are imposed, and hence the motor voltages and currents differ from the inverter output waveforms. To...
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Analysis of magnetic disturbances of air platform caused by induced magnetisation
PublikacjaMagnetometric systems installed on air platforms like airplanes or helicopters are equipped in compensators of magnetic disturbances. Time changes of the platform's position caused generation of magnetic disturbances. The permanent and induced magnetization of ferromagnetic elements and eddy currents induced in conducting parts of the platform are sources of these disturbances. The linear model of magnetic disturbances of platforms...
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Application of sliding switching functions in backstepping based speed observer of induction machine
PublikacjaThe paper presents an analysis of the speed observer which is based on the backstepping and sliding mode approach. The speed observer structure is based on the extended mathematical model of an induction machine. The observer structure is based on the measured phase stator currents and transformed to ( αβ ) coordinate system. The stator voltage vector components are treated as known values. Additionally, such an observer structure...
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Representation of magnetic hysteresis in single-phase transformer for circuit simulations
PublikacjaThe paper presents a mathematical model for the hysteresis phenomenon in a multi-winding single-phase core type transformer. In the circuit transformer model, it is assumed that there is a flux common Φ to all windings as nonlinear and hysteretic function of the total currents Θ (Ampere turns) of all windings. To simulate magnetic behaviour of the iron core the feedback scalar Preisach model of hysteresis is developed. The Preisach...
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Multiple reference frame theory in the synchronous generator model considering harmonic distortions caused by nonuniform pole shoe saturation
PublikacjaThe paper describes a synchronous generator model developed based on the multiple reference frame theory. The main physical phenomena included in the model are the machine armature non-sinusoidal voltage waveform and the influence of armature current in load conditions on the armature voltage waveform higher harmonic components. The modified multiple reference frame theory model is proposed. In this modified theory model the field...
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Multilevel inverter neutral-point voltage sensor diagnostic based on the Extended Kalman Filter
PublikacjaA new algorithm for neutral point voltage imbalance estimation in DC link of the three-level (3L) neutral point clamped (NPC) voltage source inverter (VSI) is proposed. Application of the proposed algorithm does not require any additional sensors. The unbalanced voltage calculation is based on the information derived from the inverter output measured currents and from the knowledge of the load model parameters. In order to estimate...
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EMI mitigation of GaN power inverter leg by local shielding techniques
PublikacjaThis paper presents local shielding techniques applied to a half-bridge inverter leg with the aim to reduce the common mode (CM) current noise at converter’s DC input. The research study is conducted for 650V Enhancement mode Gallium Nitride (GaN) power transistor switches. Main contributors of parasitic capacitances referred to the inverter-leg middle point node are identified. Then, shielding solutions are proposed to reduce...
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Dead-Time Effect Compensation Based on Additional Phase Current Measurements
PublikacjaThis paper proposes a new method of dead-time effect compensation. The proposed solution is based on additional phase current measurements realized by analog-to-digital converters. These measurements are carried out at the time instants specified by a pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) strategy. This makes it possible to estimate inverter currents at the commutation instants and, finally, to estimate the voltage error caused by dead time. This...
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Sensorless low speed PMSM motor control with cogging torque compensation
PublikacjaThe paper presents sensorless control of a low speed permanent magnet synchronous machine with use of modified state observer. An overview of the PMSM motor used in the research setup was presented. The problem of drive torque ripple, resulting mainly from the occurrence of a significant cogging torque, was discussed. A solution compensating the torque ripple of the PMSM motor was proposed. A start-up procedure of the speed control...
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Identification and non-integer order modelling of synchronous machines operating as generator
PublikacjaThis paper presents an original mathematical model of a synchronous generator using derivatives of fractional order. In contrast to classical models composed of a large number of R-L ladders, it comprises half-order impedances, which enable the accurate description of the electromagnetic induction phenomena in a wide frequency range, while minimizing the order and number of model parameters. The proposed model takes into account...
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Indirect Measurement of Motor Current Derivatives in PMSM Sensorless Drives
PublikacjaMotor current derivatives contain useful information for control algorithms, especially in sensorless electric drives. The measurement of motor current derivatives in electric motors supplied by voltage source inverter can be performed using di/dt transducers. However, in such a solution additional sensors have to be installed, e.g. Rogowski coils. Another approach is to measure current derivatives indirectly – by oversampling...
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A Novel Versatile Decoupling Structure and Expedited Inverse-Model-Based Re-Design Procedure for Compact Single-and Dual-Band MIMO Antennas
PublikacjaMultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are considered to be the key components of fifth generation (5G) mobile communications. One of the challenges pertinent to the design of highly integrated MIMO structures is to minimize the mutual coupling among the antenna elements. The latter arises from two sources, the coupling in the free space and the coupling currents propagating on a ground plane. In this paper, an array of...
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Minimization of a ship's magnetic signature under external field conditions using a multi-dipole model
PublikacjaThe paper addresses the innovative issue of minimizing the ship's magnetic signature under any external field conditions, i.e., for arbitrary values of ambient field modulus and magnetic inclination. Varying values of the external field, depending on the current geographical location, affect only the induced part of ship's magnetization. A practical problem in minimizing the ship signature is separating permanent magnetization...
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Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation, and Testing
PublikacjaIn this book, the idea for residual current protection has been presented. The evolution in construction types of residual current devices, which has taken place over decades, is discussed. Types and functional properties of the contemporary residual current devices are described. The main parameters of these devices, from the point of view of their selection and application, are indicated. Special constructions of the protective...
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A Preliminary Study and Analysis of Tidal Stream Generators
PublikacjaFor a sustainable future, tidal energy can play a vital role. Tidal energy relies on the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun along with the centrifugal forces created by the Earth. Tidal barrage uses the potential energy from the tide and has been very successful in electricity production. With the help of a turbine, kinetic energy can also be harnessed from tidal currents to generate electricity. However, it is not economically...
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Impact of Low Switching-to-Fundamental Frequency Ratio on Predictive Current Control of PMSM: A simulation study
PublikacjaPredictive current control algorithms for permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) drives rely on an assumption that within short intervals motor currents can be approximated with linear functions. This approximation may result either from discretizing the motor model or from simplifications applied to the continuous-time model. As the linear current approximation has been recognized as inaccurate in case when the drive operates with...
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Analysis of aircraft magnetic interference
PublikacjaThe magnetometric method is used among other things on mobile platforms (planes, helicopters) in military systems and in geological research. Optically-pumped and SQUID magnetometers are used in magnetic systems on airplanes. To be able to attain the sensitivity of modern magnetometers in flight, it is important that maneuver-related magnetic interference effects be minimized. The mathematical model of an aircraft as a source of...
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Impact assessment culture in the European Union. Time for something new?
PublikacjaCurrent approaches and cultures for the economic evaluations of environmental and health policies may suffer from excessive reliance on a standard neoclassic economic toolbox that neglects alternative perspectives. This may prematurely limit the spectrum of available policy options. Here we show how the inclusion of neglected currents of thought such as non-Ricardian economics, bioeconomics and a set of qualitative-quantitative...
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Safety at railway level crossings and Vision Zero
PublikacjaIn this work, safety analysis at the railway level crossings is presented using advanced mathematical modelling. Resistivity of track subgrade panels is taken into account. The analysis does not refer to the assessment of the current regulations. Specific cases of generalized dynamic system are considered by introducing operations S=Δ, S=P defined in space C(N) of real sequences. In this model, generalized discrete exponential...
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Power Converter Solutions for Industrial PV Applications—A Review
Publikacja: As the use of photovoltaics becomes more widespread, new technologies for more efficient energy generation, transmission, and distribution based on power electronics converters are being developed. The most common applications are grid-on, energy storage, hybrid, and high voltage gain applications. These applications impose several additional requirements in the design of power converters associated with the solar battery’s maximum...
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Analysis of aircraft magnetic interference
PublikacjaThe magnetometric method is used among other things on mobile platforms (planes, helicopters) in military systems and in geological research. Optically-pumped and SQUID magnetometers are used in magnetic systems on airplanes. To be able to attain the sensitivity of modern magnetometers in flight, it is important that maneuver-related magnetic interference effects be minimized. The mathematical model of an aircraft as a source of...
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Analytical modeling of electric drives for vehicle traction control systems
PublikacjaWheel-torque control bandwidth in vehicle dynamics model is crucial in evaluating optimal tracking ability of tire slip and in analysis of control system stability. Electric drives’ control dynamics are influenced by timing of digital control events, e.g. by sampling instant of motor currents. Reflecting this timing in drive analytical models is therefore important for analysis of vehicle traction systems. The paper considers five...
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Analysis of Induced Voltages and Power Losses in High Voltage Power Cables for Selected Methods of Cables Sheaths Bonding
PublikacjaPower is increasingly supplied to city centres with 110 kV cable lines. This is a convenient way to supply power, and practically the only one possible in areas of dense urban development. A high-voltage cable contains a coaxial metallic sheath, in which in normal operation and in fault conditions (during short-circuits) significant line-to-earth voltages can be induced, which threatens electric shock and/or damage to the cable’s...
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Hybrid Finite Element Method Development for Offshore Structures’ Calculation with the Implementation of Industry Standards
PublikacjaIn the design process of offshore steel structures, it is typical to employ commercial calculation codes in which simulation and evaluation of results are performed on the basis of the available standards (e.g. API, DNV, Lloyds). The modeling and solution rely on finite element methods and cover the simulation of the structure’s properties along with the influence of the marine environment – sea currents, wave and wind loading,...
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Robust-adaptive dynamic programming-based time-delay control of autonomous ships under stochastic disturbances using an actor-critic learning algorithm
PublikacjaThis paper proposes a hybrid robust-adaptive learning-based control scheme based on Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP) for the tracking control of autonomous ship maneuvering. We adopt a Time-Delay Control (TDC) approach, which is known as a simple, practical, model free and roughly robust strategy, combined with an Actor-Critic Approximate Dynamic Programming (ACADP) algorithm as an adaptive part in the proposed hybrid control...
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Induction Generator with Direct Control and a Limited Number of Measurements on the Side of the Converter Connected to the Power Grid
PublikacjaThe article presents an induction generator connected to the power grid using the AC/DC/AC converter and LCL coupling filter. Three-level inverters were used in the converter, both from the generator side and the power grid side. The algorithm realizing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in inverters has been simplified to the maximum. Control of the induction generator was based on the Direct Field-Oriented Control (DFOC) method. At...
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The newly developed multipurpose ROV or an integrated mine hunting system
PublikacjaA modular mine hunting ROV concept is presented. The design is based on experience gained during 15 years of exploitation of the Ukwial ROV and development of Gluptak single shot mine hunting systems. The design goal was to multiply capabilities of the Ukwial without increasing weight and dimensional envelope. The vehicle is composed around powerful propulsion system that gives the system basic PVDS capability and mine disposal...
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TIME- AND FREQUENCY-DOMAIN QUASI-2D SMALL-SIGNAL MOSFET MODELS
PublikacjaA novel approach to small-signal MOSFET modeling is presented in this book. As a result, time- and frequency-domain physics-based quasi-2D NQS four-terminal small-signal MOSFET models are proposed. The time-domain model provides the background to a novel DIBL-included quasi‑2D NQS four-terminal frequency-domain small-signal MOSFET model. Parameters and electrical quantities of the frequency-domain model are described by explicit...
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Multiple output CMOS current amplifier
PublikacjaIn this paper the multiple output current amplifier basic cell is proposed. The triple output current mirror and current follower circuit are described in detail. The cell consists of a split nMOS differential pair and accompanying biasing current sources. It is suitable for low voltage operation and exhibits highly linear DC response. Through cell devices scaling, not only unity, but also any current gains are achievable. As...
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Implementation of power transformer controlled switching algorithm
PublikacjaThe article presents two new algorithms of controlled switching the power transformer. The main aim of the paper is to obtain formulas that determine the moments of closing of the circuit breaker poles. The study contains projects of control systems for both algorithms. Mathematical formulas for the time instants of the breaker poles closing were developed on the basis of electric circuit theory and magnetic circuit theory. The...
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Risk of power cables insulation failure due to the thermal effect of solar radiation
PublikacjaLow-voltage, as well as high-voltage power cable lines, are usually buried in the ground. The ampacity of the power cables in the ground mainly depends on the thermal resistivity of the soil, which may vary in a wide range. A common practice in power cable systems performance is to supply them from a pole of an overhead line. If so, a section of the line is located in free air and can be directly exposed to solar radiation. In...
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Four Degree-of-Freedom Hydrodynamic Maneuvering Model of a Small Azipod-Actuated Ship With Application to Onboard Decision Support Systems
PublikacjaThe main contribution of this paper is a numerical ship motion model of NTNU’s research vessel Gunnerus, capturing the surge, sway, roll, and yaw dynamics when sailing in uniform and steady currents. The model utilizes a crossflow drag formulation for the transverse viscous loads, and it includes a nonlinear formulation for the propulsion and steering loads provided by two azipod thrusters. A wide range of experimental data obtained...
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Ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS) of cerium oxide-based compound
PublikacjaUltrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS) is an innovative sintering technique that can densify ceramics in a few seconds, dramatically reducing the carbon footprint and firing costs. In this work, the feasibility of applying UHS in Gd-doped ceria (GDC) and GDC-Er-stabilized bismuth oxide (ESB) composite powders was investigated. At high UHS currents (22-24 A), a fully dense GDC sample with a large grain size was obtained. Nonetheless,...
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Half-Order Modeling of Saturated Synchronous Machine
PublikacjaNoninteger order systems are used to model diffusion in conductive parts of electrical machines as they lead to more compact and knowledge models but also to improve their precision. In this paper a linear half-order impedance model of a ferromagnetic sheet deduced from the diffusion of magnetic field is briefly introduced. Then, from physical considerations and finite elements simulation, the nonlinear half-order impedance model...
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Hybrid Finite Element Method Development for Offshore Structures’ Calculation with the Implementation of Industry Standards
PublikacjaIn the design process of offshore steel structures, it is typical to employ commercial calculation codes in which simulationand evaluation of results are performed on the basis of the available standards (e.g. API, DNV, Lloyds). The modelingand solution rely on finite element methods and cover the simulation of the structure’s properties along with the influenceof the marine environment – sea currents, wave...
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Electric shock hazard in circuits with variable-speed drives
PublikacjaThe conventional approach to electrical safety under fault condition in typical power systems considers earth fault currents of sinusoidal waveform and frequency of 50/60 Hz. However, in circuits with variable-speed drives, there is earth fault current flow with harmonics, and these harmonics influence the threshold of ventricular fibrillation. The paper presents earth fault current waveforms in circuits with variable-speed drives...
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Cascaded Buck Hybrid Interlink Converter for Multiple-Input / Multiple-Output Operation
PublikacjaThe provision of isolated- and non-isolated DC output voltages by Power electronics power-conditioning devices in the recent ‘green-energy-revolution’ era is on course. In this paper, a structure for multi-input multi-output(MIMO) DC–DC buck converter is proposed to generate output voltages of varying levels with fewer component-count. The DC output voltage of each of the constituting buck converters can be used independently or...
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Case Study of Stray Current Corrosion of Tall Ship Mast
PublikacjaNowadays, in the present technical civilization there are numerous complex technical systems that may generate various hazards. Large transport units like ships can be considered as the most dangerous systems. Therefore, it is important to eliminate all possible hazards, especially for ship crewmembers. Destruction of ship structural components caused by vast corrosion is one of these hazards. Usually, its activity leads to a decrease...
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Voltage Control of a Stand-Alone Multiphase Doubly Fed Induction Generator
PublikacjaThis article presents a multiphase doubly fed induction generator (MDFIG) with a dedicated and unique control algorithm in a stand-alone wind energy conversion system. The algorithm has been developed and elaborated in the case of different emergency modes. Compared with the traditional double-fed induction generator, the MDFIG has increased reliability, reduced current level per phase, and low rotor harmonic currents. The control...
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INNOVATIVE THERMODYNAMICAL CYCLES BASED ON ENHANCEMENT MASS, MOMENTUM, ENTROPY AND ELECTRICITY TRANSPORT DUE TO SLIP, MOBILITY, TRANSPIRATION, ENTROPY AND ELECTRIC JUMPS AS WELL AS OTHER NANO-FLOWS PHENOMENA
PublikacjaIn our work, a further development of the authors model of thermo-chemical flow of fuel, air, oxygen, steam water, species, ionic and electron currents within nano channels and nano-structures of novel devices is presented. Different transport enhancement models are taken into account -among them the most important are: the velocity slip connected with complex external friction, the Darcy mobility and the Reynolds transpiration....
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Problems of varistor quality assessment during exploitation
PublikacjaVaristors are commonly used elements which protect power supply networks against high-voltage surges or lightning. Therefore, quality and endurance of these elements is important to avoid losses when an expensive laboratory equipment would not be protected from random overvoltages. Additionally, excessive leakage currents generate serious costs due to high energy consumption. The paper presents shortly properties of varistors that...
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Bacterial presence in polar regions associated with environment modification by chemical compounds including contaminants
PublikacjaMicrobes are omnipresent and diverse members of all biological communities. In marine and freshwater ecosystems, microorganisms form the base of the food chain supporting higher trophic levels. Even though, microbes generally are thought to live in warm regions of Earth, many of them develop in cold climates. Polar regions remain relatively protected from widespread anthropogenic disturbances, which is a consequence of its remoteness...