wyświetlamy 1000 najlepszych wyników Pomoc
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: HYDROGEN-BASED DIRECT REDUCTION
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The possibility of use keratin products in various branches of industry
PublikacjaBird's feather, the main by-product of the poultry industry, are not enough utilized and negatively influencing the environment. They contain large amount of keratin, the protein with high cystine content. The aim of our work was to obtain hydrolysates and isolates of keratin, which can be used in various areas of food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry and as animal feed. Keratin can be hydrolyzed and extracted from feather after...
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Electron impact fragmentation of pyrrole molecules studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy
PublikacjaThe fluorescence emission spectroscopy using electron impact excitation technique was employed to study fragmentation processes of the gas phase pyrrole molecules. The following excited fragmentation species were observed by detection of their fluorescence decay: the atomic hydrogen H(n), n = 4-7 and the diatomic CH(A2Δ), CN(B2Σ+), NH(A3Π) and C2(d3Πg) fragments. These atomic and molecular products differ from those previously...
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Environmental degradation of titanium alloy in artificial saliva
PublikacjaThe titanium and its alloys are potentially prone to hydrogen embrittlement, including those proposed for dental implants. The research has been aimed to assess a susceptibility to environment-enhanced degradation of the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy in artificial saliva with or without hydrofluoric acid, subject or not to cathodic polarisation. The results have shown that even if artificial saliva is safe environment, both cathodic polarization...
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Environmental degradation of Ti alloys in artificial saliva and a role of fluorides
PublikacjaThe titanium and its alloys are potentially prone to hydrogen embrittlement, including those proposed for dental implants. The research has been aimed to assess a susceptibility to environment-enhanced degradation of the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy in artificial saliva with or without hydrofluoric acid, subject or not to cathodic polarisation. The results have shown that even if artificial saliva is safe environment, both cathodic polarization...
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Tailoring Diffusional Fields in Zwitterion/Dopamine Copolymer Electropolymerized at Carbon Nanowalls for Sensitive Recognition of Neurotransmitters
PublikacjaThe importance of neurotransmitter sensing in the diagnosis and treatment of many psychological illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases is non-negotiable. For electrochemical sensors to become widespread and accurate, a long journey must be undertaken for each device, from understanding the materials at the molecular level to real applications in biological fluids. We report a modification of diamondized boron-doped carbon nanowalls...
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Computational analysis of substituent effects on proton affinity and gas-phase basicity of TEMPO derivatives and their hydrogen bonding interactions with water molecules
PublikacjaThe study investigates the molecular structure of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and its derivatives in the gas phase using B3LYP and M06-2X functional methods. Intermolecular interactions are analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecules (AIM) techniques. NO2-substituted TEMPO displays high reactivity, less stability, and softer properties. The study reveals that the stability of TEMPO derivatives...
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Syntheses and structures of the first terminal phosphanylphosphido complexes of molybdenum(IV)
PublikacjaThe reactions of R2P-P(SiMe3)Li (R = tBu, iPr2N) with [Cp2MoCl2] yield terminal phosphanylphosphido complexes formally via the insertion of the phosphinidene P-atom into the C - H bond of a cyclopentadienyl ring and the migration of the hydrogen atom or SiMe3 moiety to the molybdenum centre. Solid state structures of [Cp(C5H4P-PtBu2)MoH], [Cp(C5H4P-PtBu2)Mo(SiMe3)] and [Cp{C5H4P-P(NiPr2)2}Mo(SiMe3)] were established by single crystal...
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Formation of OH Radicals as Evidence of Intramolecular Hydrogen Migration in Cation-Induced Dissociation of Furan Molecules
PublikacjaWe present the experimental results on a hydrogen atom migration preceding fragmentation of the furan molecules induced by the H3+ and C+ impact. The excited OH(A2Σ+) radical has been detected among the furan decomposition products using collision-induced emission spectroscopy. However, the OH moiety is absent in the furan ring skeleton, so detecting the OH(A2Σ+→X2Π) luminescence indicates the intramolecular H atom relocation prior...
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Two-dimensional hydrogen-like atom in a weak magnetic field
PublikacjaWe consider a non-relativistic two-dimensional (2D) hydrogen-like atom in a weak, static, uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the atomic plane. Within the framework of the Rayleigh-Schr¨odinger perturbation theory, using the Sturmian expansion of the generalized radial Coulomb Green function, we derive explicit analytical expressions for corrections to an arbitrary planar hydrogenic bound-state energy level, up to the fourth...
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Imidazolium silanethiolates relevant to the active site of cysteineproteases. A cooperative effect in a chain of NH(+)...S(-) hydrogenbonds
PublikacjaThree imidazolium silanethiolates relevant to the active site of cysteine proteases have been synthesized and investigated by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and computational methods. As indicated by crystallographic and FT-IR data in the solid state, the transfer of proton from thiol to imidazole takes place and a thiolato-imidazolium ion pair is formed. The FT-IR spectra of crystalline imidazolium silanethiolates exhibit...
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Weldability of S500MC Steel in Underwater Conditions
PublikacjaWet welding with the use of covered electrodes is one of the methods of underwater welding. This method is the oldest, the most economic and the most versatile. The main difficulties during underwater wet welding are: high cooling rates of the joint, the presence of hydrogen in the arc area and formation of hard martensitic structure in the weld. These phenomena are often accompanied by porosity of welds and large number of spatters,...
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Występowanie bakterii siarkowych a jakość wód podziemnych ujęcia Osowa
PublikacjaAbstrakt. Microorganisms that live in groundwater should be considered not only from the sanitary-hygienic point of view but also in terms of adverse changes in groundwater chemistry in the aquifer layer and its negative influence on the installed devices. For these reasons, it is important to correct approach to the problem of bacterial contamination of groundwater. The paper presents selected results of physicochemical and bacteriological...
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Effect of Arc Strikes on High Strength Low Alloy Steels Welded by SMAW
PublikacjaWet welding with covered electrodes (Shielded Metal Arc Welding – SMAW) is the most commonly used method of carrying out welding repair works in a water environment. Limited visibility and the inability to move freely under water result in an increased risk of formation of welding imperfections such as lack of fusion, lack of penetration and arc strikes. The work focused on changes in the properties and structure of steel subjected...
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Role of the Solvation Water in Remote Interactions of Hyperactive Antifreeze Proteins with the Surface of Ice
PublikacjaMost protein molecules do not adsorb onto ice, one of the exceptions being so-called antifreeze proteins. In this paper, we describe that there is a force pushing an antifreeze protein molecule away from the ice surface when it is not oriented with its ice-binding plane toward the ice and that this pushing force may be also present even when the protein is oriented with its ice-binding plane toward the ice. This force is absent...
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Optoelectronic system for investigation of cvd diamond/DLC layers growth
PublikacjaDevelopment of the optoelectronic system for non-invasive monitoring of diamond/DLC (Diamond-Like-Carbon) thin films growth during μPA ECR CVD (Microwave Plasma Assisted Electron Cyclotron Resonance Chemical Vapour Deposition) process is described. The system uses multi-point Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) and long-working-distance Raman spectroscopy. Dissociation of H2 molecules, excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms...
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Optical Spectroscopic Studies of Tetrahydrofuran Fragmentation Induced by Collisions with Dihydrogen Cations
PublikacjaCollisions of dihydrogen cations with tetrahydrofuran molecules have been studied. Luminescence spectra and the emission functions of the excited products at projectile energies ranging from 8 to 1000 eV have been measured using collision-induced emission spectroscopy. The recorded spectra are dominated by the atomic lines of the hydrogen Balmer series, whose intensities decrease more quickly than derived by the quantum-theoretical...
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Dissociative electron attachment and anion-induced dimerization in pyruvic acid
PublikacjaWe report partial cross sections for the dissociative electron attachment to pyruvic acid. A rich fragmentation dynamics is observed. Electronic structure calculations facilitate the identification of complex rearrangement reactions that occur during the dissociation. Furthermore, a number of fragment anions produced at electron energies close to 0 eV are observed, that cannot originate from single electron-molecule collisions....
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Ammonium <i>O</i>,<i>O</i>'-diethyl dithiophosphate
PublikacjaIn the title compound, NH4+·(C2H5O)2PS2−, the ammonium cation is connected by four charge-assisted N−H···S hydrogen bonds to four tetrahedral O,O'-diethyl dithiophosphate anions, forming layers parallel to (100). The polar and non-polar constituents of the layers are stacked alternately along [100]. Interlacing of the external ethyl groups...
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Reactions of Lithiated Diphosphanes R2P-P(SiMe3)Li (R = tBu, iPr, iPr2N, Et2N) with [Cp2WCl2]. Syntheses and Structures of the First Terminal Phosphanylphosphido Complexes of Tungsten(IV)
PublikacjaReactions of R2P−P(SiMe3)Li (R = tBu, iPr, iPr2N, Et2N) with [Cp2WCl2] yield terminal phosphanylphosphido complexes [Cp(C5H4P-PR2)WH] or [Cp{C5H4P-PR2}-W(SiMe3)] by way of a hydrogen or SiMe3 migration to tungsten. The solid-state structures of [Cp(C5H4P−PtBu2)-WH] and [Cp(C5H4P-PNEt2)WH] were established by singlecrystalX-ray diffraction. Two stereoisomers of [Cp(C5H4P−PtBu2)WH] were identified by solution NMR spectroscopy. Reaction...
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Noise related to gas bottles explosions
PublikacjaModern industrialized world is in a never ending danger of accidents and catastrophes of technical nature. Some of them may involve fires and explosions of gas storage bottles or containers. Technical University of Gdansk, Poland performed numerous tests where bottles containing acetylene, oxygen, hydrogen, CO2, LPG, LNG or CNG were blown due to excessive temperature caused by fire. Although those experiments were not focused on...
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Anion binding by p-aminoazobenzene-derived aromatic amides: spectroscopic and electrochemical studies
PublikacjaThe synthesis and complexing properties of p-aminoazobenzene-derived mono-, bis-, and trisamides were described. Ligands 3 and 4 bind anions, including fluorides, chlorides, bromides, acetates, benzoates, dihydrogen phosphates, hydrogen sulfates, and p-toluenesulfonates, in chloroform forming 1 : 1 complexes. The highest value of stability constant was evaluated for the 4-F− complex (log K = 5.63 ± 0.21). On the basis of 1H NMR,...
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Instantaneous Impedance Analysis of Non-Stationary Corrosion Process: a Case Study of Carbon Steel in 1M HCl
PublikacjaThe paper concerns the problem of evaluation of stationarity of carbon steel corrosion in 1M HCl. Comparison of corrosion rate with addition of corrosion inhibitor to the reference measurement is the most often used way of evaluating inhibitor efficiency. Such an approach is valid only if corrosion rate is a stationary process. Two complementary techniques were used simultaneously: volumetric analysis of evolved hydrogen and instantaneous...
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Cold Cracking Of Underwater Wet Welded S355G10+N High Strength Steel
PublikacjaWater as the welding environment determines some essential problems influencing steel weldability. Underwater welding of high strength steel joints causes increase susceptibility to cold cracking, which is an effect of much faster heat transfer from the weld area and presence of diffusible hydrogen causing increased metal fragility. The paper evaluates the susceptibility to cold cracking of the high strength S355G10+N steel used,...
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Crystal structures of (E)-3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)chroman-4-one and (E)-3-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-phenylchroman-4-one
PublikacjaThe synthesis and crystal structures of (E)-3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)chroman-4-one, C16H12O3,I, and (E)-3-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-phenylchroman-4-one,C22H16O3,II, are reported. These compounds are of interest with respect to biological activity. Both structures display intermolecular C—H---O and O—H---O hydrogen bonding, forming layers in the crystal lattice. The crystal structure of compound I is consolidated...
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Characterization of 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene-silica bonded stationary phases and their comparison to selected commercial columns by using principal component analysis
PublikacjaTwelve calix[4]arene stationary phases in 1,3-alternate conformation, synthesized in the authors laboratory, were characterized in terms of their surface coverage, hydrophobic selectivity, aromatic selectivity, shape selectivity, hydrogen bonding capacity and ion-exchange capacity. The set of tests commonly used for evaluation of commercially available stationary phases was applied to assess fundamental chromatographic properties...
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Amygdalin: Toxicity, Anticancer Activity and Analytical Procedures for Its Determination in Plant Seeds
PublikacjaAmygdalin (D-Mandelonitrile 6-O--D-glucosido--D-glucoside) is a natural cyanogenic glycoside occurring in the seeds of some edible plants, such as bitter almonds and peaches. It is a medically interesting but controversial compound as it has anticancer activity on one hand and can be toxic via enzymatic degradation and production of hydrogen cyanide on the other hand. Despite numerous contributions on cancer cell lines, the clinical...
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Revealing the Frank–Evans “Iceberg” Structures within the Solvation Layer around Hydrophobic Solutes
PublikacjaUsing computer simulations, the structural properties of solvation water of three model hydrophobic molecules, methane and two fullerenes (C60 and C80), were studied. Systems were simulated at temperatures in the range of 250−298 K. By analyzing both the local ordering of the molecules of water in the solvation layers and the structure of hydrogen bond network, it is shown that in the solvation layer of hydrophobic molecules, ordered...
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9-(Trichloroacetylimino)acridine monohydrate
PublikacjaThe title compound, alternatively called N-acridin-9(10H)-ylidene-2,2,2-trichloroacetamide monohydrate, C15H9Cl3N2O·H2O, crystallizes in space group P21/c with Z = 4. The acridine moieties are arranged in layers, tilted at an angle of 15.20 (4)° relative to the ac plane, while adjacent molecules pack in a head-to-tail manner. Acridine and water molecules form columns along the b axis held in place by a network of hydrogen...
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Low-energy electron scattering from molecular hydrogen: Excitation of the X1Σg+ to b3Σu+ transition
PublikacjaWe present time-of-flight differential cross-section measurements and convergent close-coupling calculations of differential cross sections for the electron-impact excitation of the X 1 g + → b 3 u + transition in molecular hydrogen. A part of this work was recently published [M. Zawadzki et al., Phys. Rev. A 97, 050702(R) (2018)]. In this work, agreement between theory and experiment is excellent overall, and marks a transition...
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Saccharides
PublikacjaSaccharides are widely distributed in nature as the major component of fruits and vegetables (primarily monosaccharides), milk and malt (mainly disaccharides), and grains (mostly polysaccharides). They are an important source of energy, structural material, as well as flavor and taste factors. Molecules of this class of compounds contain mainly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; however, most natural saccha- rides do not have...
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Cation sensing by diphenyl-azobenzocrowns
PublikacjaMetal cations complexation and proton binding by 13- and 16-membered diphenyl-azobenzocrowns and diphenyl-hydroxyazobenzocrowns were studied in acetonitrile using spectroscopic methods: UV–vis spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Phenyl moieties in benzene rings were found to affect binding strength alkali and alkaline earth metal cations and hydrogen ion, and affect tautomeric equilibrium of hydroxyazobenzocrowns....
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Hydrogen migration in formation of NH(A3Π) radicals via superexcited states in photodissociation of isoxazole molecules
PublikacjaFormation of the excited NH(A 3Π) free radicals in the photodissociation of isoxazole (C3H3NO) molecules has been studied over the 14-22 eV energy range using photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The NH(A 3Π) is produced through excitation of the isoxazole molecules into higher-lying superexcited states. Observation of the NH radical, which is not a structural unit of the isoxazole molecule, corroborates the hydrogen atom...
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Experimental and theoretical studies on the Sulfamethazine-Urea and Sulfamethizole-Urea solid-liquid equilibria
PublikacjaThe miscibility of active pharmaceutical ingredients with excipients is an important aspect in pharmaceutical technology protocols. In this study, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for Sulfamethazine-Urea (SI–U) and Sulfamethizole-Urea (SO–U) solid-liquid phase diagrams determination. Both sulfonamides form simple binary eutectics with Urea. The lack of new co-crystal phase formation was confirmed by inspection...
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Aluminum-TiO2 NPs Composites as Non-precious Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen
PublikacjaIn this paper, we demonstrated, for the first time, aluminum titania nanoparticle (Al-TiO2 NP) composites with variable amounts of TiO2 NPs as nonprecious active catalysts for the electrochemical generation of H2. These materials were synthesized by mixing desired amounts of hydrogen titanate nanotubes (TNTs), fabricated here by a cost-effective approach at moderate hydrothermal conditions, with aluminum powder (purity 99.7%; size...
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Synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic characterization of new anionic iridium(III) complexes and their interaction with biological targets
PublikacjaThe synthesis and characterisation of new anionic iridium(II) complexes (NH4)2[IrCl4(κ2N,N’-H2biim)]2 · 5H2O (1) and ((CH3)2NH2)[IrCl4(κ2N,N’-PyBIm)] · H2O (2) are presented in this article. Spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C and 15N NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis) were used to characterize these new complexes. Solid-state structural analysis (SC-XRD) of complexes 1 and 2 shows a slightly distorted octahedral geometry of Ir(III) ions, which is...
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Recent Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites: Unveiling the Frontier of Shape Memory and Self-Healing Properties—A Comprehensive Review
PublikacjaShape memory and self-healing polymer nanocomposites have attracted considerable attention due to their modifiable properties and promising applications. The incorporation of nanomaterials (polypyrrole, carboxyl methyl cellulose, carbon nanotubes, titania nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, mesoporous silica) into these polymers has significantly enhanced their performance, opening up new avenues for diverse applications. The...
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Nanoparticle-assisted biohydrogen production from pretreated food industry wastewater sludge: Microbial community shifts in batch and continuous processes
PublikacjaBiohydrogen production from industrial waste has gained a significant attention as a sustainable energy source. In this study, the enrichment of biohydrogen production from pretreated dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge, generated from food industry wastewater treatment plants, was investigated using SiO2@Cu-Ag dendrites cor- e–shell nanostructure (NS). The effect of NS on the changes of the microbial community and biohydrogen...
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On the relationship between the structural and volumetric properties of solvated metal ions in O-donor solvents using new structural data in amide solvents
PublikacjaThe structures of the N,N-dimethylformamide (dmf), N,N-dimethylacetamide (dma), and N,N-dimethylpropionamide (dmp) solvated strontium and barium ions have been determined in solution using large angle X-ray scattering and EXAFS spectroscopy. The strontium ion has a mean coordination number (CN) between 6.2 and 6.8, and the barium ion has a mean CN between 7.1 and 7.8 in these amide solvents. The non-integer numbers indicates that...
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In silico modelling for predicting the cationic hydrophobicity and cytotoxicity of ionic liquids towards the Leukemia rat cell line, Vibrio fischeri and Scenedesmus vacuolatus based on molecular interaction potentials of ions
PublikacjaIn this study we present prediction models for estimating in silico the cationic hydrophobicity and the cytotoxicity (log [1/EC50]) of ionic liquids (ILs) towards the Leukemia rat cell line (IPC-81), the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the limnic green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus using linear free energy relationship (LFER) descriptors computed by COSMO calculations. The LFER descriptors used for the prediction model (i.e....
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Experimental and DFT insights into an eco-friendly photocatalytic system toward environmental remediation and hydrogen generation based on AgInS2 quantum dots embedded on Bi2WO6
PublikacjaBismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) can work as a photocatalyst but suffers from rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) simulations revealed that the formation of a thermodynamically stable AgInS2(112)/Bi2WO6(010) heterojunction could promote charge separation and enhance the photoactivity of Bi2WO6. To confirm these theoretical predictions, a new type of photocatalysts in the form...
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Dehydrogenation in electron-induced dissociative ionization of pyridine molecule
PublikacjaThe electron-impact dissociative ionization of pyridine has been investigated using mass spectrometry. Thirty-two well-resolved mass peaks have been identified in the cation mass spectra and assigned to the most likely ionic molecular fragments. The new sixteen ionic fragments' appearance energies have been determined, and sixteen others remeasured. The total cross-section for electron-impact ionization of pyridine has been measured...
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Interplay of hydrogen bonding and aryl-perfluoroaryl interactions in construction of supramolecular aggregates
PublikacjaThe stacking between aryl and perfluoroaryl units is an important class of the aromatic – aromatic interactions that has attracted rapidly growing interest in recent years. Continuing interest of our group in this subject it had been prepared three new complexes of pentafluorobenzoic acid with benzyl alcohol, 4-methylbenzyl alcohol and 4-tert-butylbenzyl alcohol and in the next step investigated their self-assembly modes by...
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Rheology of polymer blends
PublikacjaPolymer blends are physical mixtures of two or more homopolymers or copolymers. This type of materials have wide spectrum of technological applications, and their properties are influenced, e.g., by the properties of single components and morphology of final material. The rheology of polymer blends is connected with the processing of polymer blends and is influenced by thermodynamics, morphology, and their evolution during testing....
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Cathodic activation of synthesized highly defective monoclinic hydroxyl‐functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles for efficient electrochemical production of hydrogen in alkaline media
PublikacjaThe high electrochemical stability of Zirconia (ZrO2) at high potentials strongly suggested it as an alternative to carbon supports, which experience reduced efficiency due to some corrosion problems particularly during prolonged electrocatalysis activity. However, the use of ZrO2 was limited by its low electrical conductivity and surface area. In this work, we developed a methodology for synthesizing monoclinic ZrO2 NPs with increased...
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Characterization of magnesium doped lanthanum orthoniobate synthesized by molten salt route
PublikacjaMolten salt synthesis method has been used to prepare the single phase magnesium doped lanthanum orthoniobate. The phase composition has been checked by X-ray diffraction method and the microstructure studies have been performed by scanning electron microscopy. The high temperature properties of the material have been investigated by thermogravimetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A dependence between sample total...
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Corrosion Study of Ceria Protective Layer Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis on Steel Interconnects
PublikacjaSingle fuel cells and electrolysis cells are assembled into stacks using interconnects in order to increase power and gas production capacity. The most common choice for the interconnect material is stainless steel. It has good electrical and mechanical properties and is also cost effective. One of the problems when using steel is the formation of a thermally grown oxide scale during use which has a lower electrical conductivity...
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Micellar Route of the Synthesis of Alkyl Xylosides: An Unexpected Effect of Amphiphilic Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
PublikacjaThis manuscript presents results from the investigation on the synthesis of alkyl xylosides by the novel, very efficient and promising protocol of the Fischer synthesis from unprotected xylose and aliphatic alcohol. The use of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquids as the catalysts with dual functionality (surfactant + acid catalyst) and micellar reaction system are the main novelty of described method. It has...
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Shooting Gas Cylinders to Prevent Their Explosion in Fire
PublikacjaGas cylinders in general, and particularly cylinders containing acetylene, constitute a great potential danger to fire and rescue services involved in salvage operations. Experiments show that gas cylinders with acetylene, oxygen, hydrogen, CNG, LPG or CO2 may blow after short exposition to heat with very destructive effect as fragments of blown cylinder may fly even several hundred meters. In the case of acetylene the explosion...
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ortho-Fluorobenzanilides and ortho-fluorothiobenzanilides: Molecular conformations and crystal packing
PublikacjaSeries of 2-fluoro and 2,6-difluorobenzanilides and their thiobenzanilide analogs have been synthesized to investigate the influence of the fluorine atom on their crystal structures and self-assembly in the crystal lattice. The X-ray analysis of the single crystal revealed that the synthesized molecules adopt a geometry being deflected from planarity. The deflection was investigated by analysis of dihedral angles between mean planes...
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Exfoliated graphite with spinel oxide as an effective hybrid electrocatalyst for water splitting
PublikacjaThe aim of the conducted research was to develop hybrid nanostructures formed from MnCo2O4 and exfoliated graphite. Carbon added during the synthesis allowed for obtaining a well-distributed MnCo2O4 particle size with exposed active sites contributing to the increased electric conductivity. The influence of the weight ratios of carbon to a catalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions was investigated. The new bifunctional...