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Search results for: AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS
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Application of gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in blood and urine
PublicationAmphetamine, methamphetamine, phentermine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) are the most popular amphetamine-type stimulants. The use of these substances is a serious societal problem worldwide. In this study, a method based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with simple and rapid liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)...
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Development and validation of a GC–MS/MS method for the determination of 11 amphetamines and 34 synthetic cathinones in whole blood
PublicationPurpose Psychoactive compounds that contain a phenylethylamine structure (such as amphetamine-type stimulants and synthetic cathinones) are one of the major classes of stimulants on the recreational drug market. Approximately 670 new psychoactive substances (NPS) are monitored only in Europe; however, new psychoactive compounds are being developed for illicit trade each year. In this context, the development of new analytical procedures...
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Common methods for the chiral determination of amphetamine and related compounds I. Gas, liquid and thin-layer chromatography
PublicationThis article reviews the most common, useful methods for the chiral determination of amphetamine (AM) and AM-deriveddesigner drugs in different of matrix, including blood, hair, urine, medicaments or standard solutions, taking into considerationarticles published in the past 15 years. We consider chromatographic methods (e.g., gas, liquid, high-performance liquid, and thinlayer). We describe several types of chiral derivatization...
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Common methods for the chiral determination of amphetamine and related compounds II: Capillary electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance
PublicationAmphetamine group and related ring-substituted substances are generally synthetic compounds, belonging to one of the most heavily abused drug groups in recent years. Some compounds in this class also originate from plants. Analysis of the enantiomers of AM-type compounds and metabolites is extremely important for a number of scientific disciplines. From studies of biological activity or mechanisms through determination of precursor...
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Rats showing low and high sensitization of frequency-modulated 50-kHz vocalization response to amphetamine differ in amphetamine-induced brain Fos expression
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Religiosity and Attitudes towards Health, Disease, Death and the Use of Stimulants among Jehovah’s Witnesses
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Absence of 6-Hydroxydopamine in the Rat Brain After Treatment with Stimulants and Other Dopaminergic Agents: A Mass Fragmentographic Study
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THREE-LEVEL F-TYPE INVERTER
PublicationGiven the recent available IGBT switch modules up to 6.5 kV, 1200 A rating, the prospect of the diode-free variant topology of the three-level neutral-point-clamped (3-level, T-type) inverter in certain medium voltage applications is bright; due to its small part count and low conduction losses compared to the diode-clamped NPC inverter. However, within this voltage range, the input dc voltage rating of 50% of the switches per...
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A Generalized Version of the Lions-Type Lemma
PublicationIn this short paper, I recall the history of dealing with the lack of compactness of a sequence in the case of an unbounded domain and prove the vanishing Lions-type result for a sequence of Lebesgue-measurable functions. This lemma generalizes some results for a class of Orlicz–Sobolev spaces. What matters here is the behavior of the integral, not the space
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A Hopf type theorem for equivariant local maps
PublicationWe study otopy classes of equivariant local maps and prove a Hopf type theorem for such maps in the case of a real finite-dimensional orthogonal representation of a compact Lie group.
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On the existence of homoclinic type solutions of inhomogenous Lagrangian systems
PublicationWe study the existence of homoclinic type solutions for a class of inhomogenous Lagrangian systems with a potential satisfying the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz superquadratic growth condition and a square integrable forcing term. A homoclinic type solution is obtained as a limit of periodic solutions of an approximative sequence of second order differential equations.
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Regional effects of amphetamine, cocaine, nomifensine and GBR 12909 on the dynamics of dopamine release and metabolism in the rat brain
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Diversity of frequency-modulated 50-kHz vocalization response to intermittent amphetamine treatment in Sprague-Dawley rats
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Poor sensitization of 50-kHz vocalization response to amphetamine predicts rat susceptibility to self-administration of the drug
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MgPd2Sb : A Mg-based Heusler-type superconductor
PublicationWe report the synthesis and physical properties of a full Heusler compound, MgPd2Sb, which we found toshow superconductivity belowTc=2.2K. MgPd2Sb was obtained by a two-step solid-state reaction methodand its purity and cubic crystal structure [Fm-3m,a=6.4523(1) Å] were confirmed by powder x-ray diffrac-tion. Normal and superconducting states were studied by electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, andheat...
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Influence of the shoe type on the ground reaction forces
PublicationThe aim of this work was to estimate a relationship between the type of the footwear and ground reactions. Differences in medio-lateral, anterior-posterior and vertical reactions are compared for different shoe-types for male and female volunteers. Each of the participants gait was recorded in case of different shoes and without them, also stabilograms were analyzed. Results revealed differences in ground reaction forces for different...
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GreedyMAX-type Algorithms for the Maximum Independent Set Problem
PublicationA maximum independent set problem for a simple graph G = (V,E) is to find the largest subset of pairwise nonadjacent vertices. The problem is known to be NP-hard and it is also hard to approximate. Within this article we introduce a non-negative integer valued functionp defined on the vertex set V(G) and called a potential function of agraph G, while P(G) = max{vinV(G)| p(v)} is called a potential of G. For any graph P(G) <= D(G),...
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An application for a new type of pneumatic engine concept
PublicationHeavy trucks are often equipped with loading and unloading systems like dock levellers with swing lip or telescopic lip. Most of these devices require hydro-electrical energy supply systems (eg. the pump that presses the working substance to the actuators must be propelled by electric engine.) The space taken by pump with electric engine can be reduced on condition that a new type of pneumatic drive will be considered. It is possible...
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Modeling of luminance distribution in CAVE-type virtual reality systems
PublicationAt present, one of the most advanced virtual reality systems are CAVE-type (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) installations. Such systems are usually consisted of four, five or six projection screens and in case of six screens arranged in form of a cube. Providing the user with a high level of immersion feeling in such systems is largely dependent of optical properties of the system. The modeling of physical phenomena plays nowadays...
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The Hopf type theorem for equivariant gradient local maps
PublicationWe construct a degree-type otopy invariant for equivariant gradient local maps in the case of a real finite-dimensional orthogonal representation of a compact Lie group. We prove that the invariant establishes a bijection between the set of equivariant gradient otopy classes and the direct sum of countably many copies of Z.
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Tripping of F-type RCDs for High-Frequency Residual Currents
PublicationResidual current devices (RCDs) are apparatus commonly used for protection against electric shock in low-voltage electrical installations. They protect people in the case of an earth fault or even in the case of direct contact with the live parts. However, to be effective protective devices, RCDs have to detect residual currents of various waveform shapes which appear in modern electrical installations. For this purpose, RCDs...
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Tripping of F-type RCDs for high-frequency residual currents
PublicationResidual current devices (RCDs) are apparatus commonly used for protection against electric shock in low-voltage electrical installations. They protect people in the case of an earth fault or even in the case of direct contact with the live parts. However, to be effective protective devices, RCDs have to detect residual currents of various waveform shapes which appear in modern electrical installations. For this purpose, RCDs are...
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Z type Observer Backstepping For Induction Machines
PublicationThis paper contains a relatively new synthesis method for non-linear objects, named backstepping. This method can be used to obtain the observer structure. The paper presents the structure of the speed observer which is a new proposition of observer backstepping with additional state variables marked Z. The rotor speed can be estimated in three different ways. The first is based on the adaptive approach, the second on the nonadaptive...
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Influence of Self-Similar Traffic Type on Performance of QoS Routing Algorithms
PublicationProviding a Quality of Services (QoS) into current telecommunication networks based on packet technology is a big challenge nowadays. Network operators have to support a number of new services like voice or video which generate new type of traffic. This traffic serviced with QoS in consequence requires access to appropriate network resources. Additionally, new traffic type is mixed with older one, like best-effort. Analysis of...
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Elastoplastic law of Cosserat type in shell theory with drilling rotation
PublicationWithin the framework of six-parameter non-linear shell theory, with strain measures of the Cosserat type, we develop small-strain J2-type elastoplastic constitutive relations. The relations are obtained from the Cosserat plane stress relations assumed in each shell layer, by through-the-thickness integration employing the first-order shear theory. The formulation allows for unlimited translations and rotations. The constitutive...
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Superconductivity in LiGa2Ir Heusler type compound with VEC = 16
PublicationPolycrystalline LiGa2Ir has been prepared by a solid state reaction method. A Rietveld refnement of powder x-ray difraction data confrms a previously reported Heusler-type crystal structure (space group Fm-3m, No. 225) with lattice parameter a= 6.0322(1) Å. The normal and superconducting state properties were studied by magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and electrical resistivity techniques. A bulk superconductivity with...
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Experimental tests of steel double-type balcony connections
PublicationThe paper presents analysis and results of experimental tests of full scale prefabricated balcony sets with dimensions (width × length × height): 2.0 m × 2.78 m × 0.186 m (in slope to 0.17 m). The sets consists of reinforced concrete slabs (balcony and ceiling) connected with each other by double-type balcony connections. The paper analyses the impact of variable parameters on the load carry capacity of elements. Additionally...
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Extension of selected ADFA construction algorithms to the case of cyclic automata.
PublicationW niedawnym artykule Rafael Carrasco i Mikel Forcada przedstawiają przyrostowy algorytm dodawania słów do minimalnego, acyklicznego automatu skończonego. Ten algorytm jest uogólnieniem przyrostowego algorytmu tworzenia acyklicznych deterministycznych automatów skończonych (ADFAs). Przedstawiamy podobne uogólnienia dwóch innych algorytmów tworzenia ADFAs. Chociaż te ougólnienia zostały już opublikowane w maju i czerwcu 2004 r.,...
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Fractional equations of Volterra type involving a Riemann Liouville derivative
PublicationIn this paper, we discuss the existence of solutions of fractional equations of Volterra type with the Riemann Liouville derivative. Existence results are obtained by using a Banach fixed point theorem with weighted norms and by a monotone iterative method too. An example illustrates the results.
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Effect of Different Structure Type Traffic On Railway Line Capacity
PublicationThe article points to methods of analyzing railway traffic conditions based on two parameters: capacity and delay of trains. The impact of the differentiated railway type structure on the capacity of the railway line was presented. Particular attention has been paid to the assessment of commonly used simplifications in analyzes.
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Ho2Pd1.3Ge2.7 – a ternary AlB2-type cluster glass system
PublicationWe report a successful synthesis of a ternary AlB2-type intermetallic compound. The phase purity was obtained by fine-tuning the Pd-Ge ratio out of the idealized 1-3. Attempts to synthesize an Er analogue were not successful. We discuss the instability of the Er analogue based on the atomic size ratio and also suggest that the increased stability of Ho2Pd1+xGe3−x in the Pd-rich range likely stems from a combination of atomic size...
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Convergence of rational multistep methods of of Adams-Padé type
PublicationRational generalizations of multistep schemes, where the linear stiff part of a given problem is treated by an A-stable rational approximation, have been proposed by several authors, but a reasonable convergence analysis for stiff problems has not been provided so far. In this paper we directly relate this approach to exponential multistep methods, a subclass of the increasingly popular class of exponential integrators. This natural,...
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Traffic Type Influence on Performance of OSPF QoS Routing
PublicationFeasibility studies with QoS routing proved that the network traffic type has influence on routing performance. In this work influence of self-similar traffic for network with DiffServ architecture and OSPF QoS routing has been verified. Analysis has been done for three traffic classes. Multiplexed ON-OFF model was used for self-similar traffic generation. Comparison of simulation results were presented using both relative and...
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Traffic Type Influence on Performance of OSPF QoS Routing
PublicationFeasibility studies with QoS routing proved that the network traffic type has influence on routing performance. In this work influence of self-similar traffic for network with DiffServ architecture and OSPF QoS routing has been verified. Analysis has been done for three traffic classes. Multiplexed On-Off model was used for self-similar traffic generation. Comparison of simulation results was presented using both relative and non-relative...
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On the Existence of Homoclinic Type Solutions of a Class of Inhomogenous Second Order Hamiltonian Systems
PublicationWe show the existence of homoclinic type solutions of a class of inhomogenous second order Hamiltonian systems, where a C1-smooth potential satisfies a relaxed superquadratic growth condition, its gradient is bounded in the time variable, and a forcing term is sufficiently small in the space of square integrable functions. The idea of our proof is to approximate the original system by time-periodic ones, with larger and larger...
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Type III Responses to Transient Inputs in Hybrid Nonlinear Neuron Models
PublicationExperimental characterization of neuronal dynamics involves recording both of spontaneous activity patterns and of responses to transient and sustained inputs. While much theoretical attention has been devoted to the spontaneous activity of neurons, less is known about the dynamic mechanisms shaping their responses to transient inputs, although these bear significant physiological relevance. Here, we study responses to transient...
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Using anticipatory and drug-evoked appetitive ultrasonic vocalization for monitoring the rewarding effect of amphetamine in a rat model of drug self-administration
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N-acetyl cysteine does not modify the sensitization of the rewarding effect of amphetamine as assessed with frequency-modulated 50-kHz vocalization in the rat
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Analysis of luminance distribution uniformity in CAVE-type virtual reality systems
PublicationIn recent years, many scientific and industrial centers in the world developed a virtual reality systems or laboratories. The effect of user “immersion” into virtual reality in such systems is largely dependent of optical properties of the system. In this paper, problems of luminance distribution uniformity in CAVE-type virtual reality systems are analyzed. For better characterization of CAVE luminance nonuniformity corner and...
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Multiuser Stereoscopic Projection Techniques for CAVE-Type Virtual Reality Systems
PublicationDespite the development of increasingly popular head mounted displays, CAVE-type systems may still be considered one of the most immersive virtual reality systems with many advantages. However, a serious limitation of most CAVE-type systems is the generation of a three-dimensional (3-D) image from the perspective of only one person. This problem is significant because in some applications, the participants must cooperate with each...
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Abstract DNA-type systems
PublicationAbstrakcyjny system typu DNA jest definiowany przez zestaw nieliniowych kinetycznych równań z wielomianowymi nieliniowościami, które przyjmują rozwiązania solitonowe związane z geometrią helis. Zestaw równań pozwala na dwie różne reprezentacje Laxa: forma von Neumanna i Darboux-kowariantna para Laxa. Wyjaśniamy dlaczego nie-Kolmogorowskie modele prawdopodobieństwa pojawiające się w kinetyce solitonowej są naturalnie związane z...
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Glycosaminoglycans and mucopolysaccharidosis type III
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Inhibition of T-type calcium channel disrupts Akt signaling and promotes apoptosis in glioblastoma cells.
PublicationGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are brain tumors that are exceptionally resitant to both radio- and chemotherapy regimens and novel approaches to treatment are needed. T-type calcium channels are one type of low voltage-gated channel (LVCC) involved in embryonic cell proliferation and differentiation; however they are often over-expressed in tumors, including GBM. In this study, we found that inhibition of T-type Ca channels in GBM...
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Application of Stirling Engine Type Alpha Powered by the Recovery Energy on Vessels
PublicationThe Stirling engine is a device, in which thermal energy is transformed into mechanical without a contact between the heat carrier, and the working gas closed in the engine. Mentioned feature makes this type of engine very attractive for the use of the recovery energy, taken from other heat devices. One of the potential applications of Stirling engines is the use of thermal energy generated in the ship's engine room for producing...
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Heteroclinic solutions of Allen-Cahn type equations with a general elliptic operator
PublicationWe consider a generalization of the Allen-Cahn type equation in divergence form $-\rm{div}(\nabla G(\nabla u(x,y)))+F_u(x,y,u(x,y))=0$. This is more general than the usual Laplace operator. We prove the existence and regularity of heteroclinic solutions under standard ellipticity and $m$-growth conditions.
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Traffic Type Influence on QoS Network Performance of Streaming Traffic Class
PublicationFeasibility study on QoS routing proved that the traffic type influence the network performance. The performance is defined here as a number of packets serviced by the network. In the paper additional element - buffers lengths used in service system was verified in terms of dependencies with routing performance. We present results obtained by simulation for many simulation scenarios. Analysis was done for two different network...
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Static and dynamic modelling blow- out type trauma of orbital wall
PublicationAuthors of the paper present initial results of finite element analysis of a blow-out type trauma of orbital wall. The research is liked with laboratory tests for the Young’s modulus of bones evaluation. In the finite element analysis the neighbourhood of orbital wall is modelled by triangle thin shell finite elements. In the paper results of nonlinear static and transient dynamic analysis (including damping) are compared. The...
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Soft-mode enhanced type-I superconductivity in LiPd2Ge
PublicationThe synthesis, crystal structure, and physical properties (magnetization, resistivity, heat capacity) in combination with theoretical calculations of the electronic structure and phonon properties are reported for intermetallic compounds LiPd2X (X = Si, Ge, and Sn). LeBail refinement of powder x-ray diffraction data confirms that all compounds belong to the Heusler family (space group Fm-3m, No. 225). The lattice parameter increases...
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Analysis of start energy of Stirling engine type alpha
PublicationThe Stirling engine type alpha is composed of two cylinders (expansion space E and compression space C), regenerator that forms the space between the cylinders and the buffer space (under the pistons). Before the start-up and as a result of long-term operation, the average pressure in the working space (above the pistons) and in the buffer space is the same. However, in the initial phase of operation, the average pressure in the...
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Tripping of F-type RCDs for sinusoidal residual current with superimposed smooth DC component
PublicationRecent trends in green energy development make that photovoltaics and electric vehicles are applied on an increasing scale. In both photovoltaic and electric vehicle charging installations, a significant value of DC component of the earth fault current may appear, which is a challenge, in particular, for commonly used residual current devices (RCDs). This paper presents results of the laboratory test on the operation of F-type...