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Optimization of the Aeration Strategies in a Deammonification Sequencing Batch Reactor for Efficient Nitrogen Removal and Mitigation of N2O Production
PublikacjaIn deammonification systems, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) suppression and nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation are two important operational objectives. To carry out this multivariable analysis of response, a comprehensive model for the N cycle was developed and evaluated against experimental data from a laboratory-scale deammonification granular sludge sequencing batch reactor. Different aeration strategies were tested, and the manipulated...
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Comparison of the Efficiency of Deammonification under Different DO Concentrations in a Laboratory-Scale Sequencing Batch Reactor
PublikacjaThe efficiency of deammonification depends on the cooperation of ammonium oxidizing bacteria and archaea (AOB/AOA), anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) and the effective suppression of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) that compete with AnAOB for nitrite (NO2 -N). One of the effective NOB suppression strategies is intermittent aeration. However, it is important to have a good understanding of the optimum dissolved oxygen...
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ADAPTATION OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TO THE DIGESTATE LIQUORS DURING THE NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION PROCESSES
PublikacjaThe activated sludge process of the digestate liquors after chemical separation was conducted using a 10 L lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a 0.50 m3 pilotscale SBR independently (with pH control). Due to the relatively high concentration of free ammonia (FA), clear inhibitory effects of the digestate liquors on the nitrifying bacteria were observed. The adaptation of the activated sludge to the toxicity was evaluated...
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Nitrification, denitrification, and dephosphatation capability of activated sludge during co-treatment of intermediate-age landfill leachates with municipal wastewater
PublikacjaThis study focuses on the possible use and efficacy of the co-treatment of landfill leachate (intermediate-age) with municipal wastewater. The nitrification, denitrification, and dephosphatation capability of activated sludge acclimated with a mixture of raw municipal wastewater (RWW) with gradually increasing amounts of raw landfill leachate (RLL) (from 0.5 to 5% v/v) were tested. Biochemical tests were conducted simultaneously...
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Application of the Anammox Process for Treatment of Liquid Phase Digestate
PublikacjaThe liquid phase of the digestate (LPD) contains a relatively high concentration of nitrogen, with total ammonium nitrogen being the dominant form of nitrogen, as well as other essential nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium. Consequently, it must be treated before it is released into the environment. However, there are no reports of co-purification of LPD in the anammox process in sequencing batch reactor with granular sludge,...
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Issues of Measuring the Course of Batch Production Processes
PublikacjaIn order to meet demands induced by development of manufacturing processes and production systems, new criteria and indicators that would allow a multiple aspect and realistic rating of batch production process courses are necessary. The objective of this paper is to present the correlation between production processes measurement, its rating and production control, basing on case study analysis from production enterprise. A new...
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Bioaugmentation of a sequencing batch reactor with Archaea for the treatment of reject water
PublikacjaIn this study, the bioaugmentation of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the treatment of reject water from wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. For the bioaugmentation step a product containing an enrichment of microorganisms from the Archaea domain was used to enhance the performance of the reactor for treating reject water. The experiment was carried out in two parallel lab-scale sequencing batch reactors. The first one...
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Evaluation of Batch Production Processes Based on Seven Criterions
PublikacjaTo answer growing demand on products adapted to clients’ individual needs, it is required to develop new ways of measurement and rating for batch production processes. The researchers developed method which allows synthetic and complex evaluation, as well as improvement of these processes. Case study with participating observation, non-participating observation, interviews, and the analysis of historical data was conducted in order...
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Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Sequencing Batch Reactor
PublikacjaIn recent years, considerable attention was paid to the presence of organic micro-pollutants such as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) in the aquatic environment due to their negative impact on public health and aquatic ecosystems. Numerous papers have pointed out API presence as common constituents of effluents from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). This is the result of various efficiencies of API removal by conventional...
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Stabilizing lactate production through repeated batch fermentation of food waste and waste activated sludge
PublikacjaBio-valorization of organic waste streams, such as food waste and waste activated sludge, to lactic acid (LA) has recently drawn much attention. It offers an opportunity for resource recovery, alleviates environmental issues and potentially turns a profit. In this study, both stable and high LA yield (0.72 ± 0.15 g/g total chemical oxygen demand) and productivity rate (0.53 g/L•h) were obtained through repeated batch fermentation....
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Equitable and semi-equitable coloring of cubic graphs and its application in batch scheduling
PublikacjaIn the paper we consider the problems of equitable and semi-equitable coloring of vertices of cubic graphs. We show that in contrast to the equitable coloring, which is easy, the problem of semi-equitable coloring is NP- complete within a broad spectrum of graph parameters. This affects the complexity of batch scheduling of unit-length jobs with cubic incompatibility graph on three uniform processors to minimize...
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Modelling of sequencing batch reactor operating at various aeration modes
PublikacjaThe presented study involved designing a computer model of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) at laboratory scale. The data pertaining to the technical aspects of the bioreactor and quality indicators of wastewater constituted the input for the employed simulation tool, i.e. GPS-X software package. The results of a simulation involving a 12-hour operation cycle are presented in this work; each cycle included 6 phases: filling, mixing,...
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Supervisory fuzzy control system for biological processes in sequencing wastewater batch reactor
PublikacjaThe paper proposes the design of the supervisory heuristic fuzzy control system applied to a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) in the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Based on real data records and the biological process and aeration system models, a control system for biological processes has been designed. The supervisory control system performs management of the reactor work cycle, determines the phase length, controls the sludge...
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The Influence of Sulfate on Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in a Sequencing Batch Reactor
PublikacjaAnaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria have a more comprehensive metabolism than expected - there may be other electron acceptors that oxidize ammonium nitrogen under anaerobic conditions, in addition to the well-known nitrite nitrogen, one of which is sulfate in the sulfammox process. Sulfate-containing compounds are part of the medium for the anammox process, but their concentrations are not particularly high (0.2 g MgSO4 ∙ 7H2O/dm3...
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Nonlinear Fuzzy Control System for Dissolved Oxygen with Aeration System in Sequencing Batch Reactor
PublikacjaBiological processes at a wastewater treatment plant are complex, multivariable, time varying and nonlinear. Moreover, interactions between the components are very strong. Control of dissolved oxygen is one of most important task at the plant. The level of dissolved oxygen in aerobic tanks has significant influence on behaviour and activity of microorganisms at the plant. Air for aerated tanks is supplied by the aeration system...
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Modeling sequencing batch reactor operational conditions depending on oxygen concentration
PublikacjaSequencing batch reactors (SBR) can be used as a fill-and draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment with considerable operating flexibility and the possibility to conduct experiments under standard conditions and extreme case scenarios. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations provide an opportunity to implement existing wastewater processes in modeling software and evaluate different modifications at low costs...
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Optimising Sequencing Batch Reactor Operation Cycle Planning Using Evolutionary Algorithm
PublikacjaThe objective of this research was to optimise the operation cycle of the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Appropriate time balances of aerobic to anaerobic phases, as well as a set dissolved oxygen level are the key to ensuring the quality of effluent from the wastewater treatment process. The proposal to solve this optimisation problem was based on multi-objective optimisation using an evolutionary multi-objective optimisation...
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Combinated treatment of landfill leachates with wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)
PublikacjaSanitary landfill leachates are treated usually by multistage systems using physical, chemical and biological processes. One of the most economic and efficient method is combined treatment of landfill leachates with municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR. The main advantage of such co-treatment is that landfill leachates variability (in quality and quantity) do not influence the effectiveness of biological processes....
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Comparison of the impact test and the harmonic test in measurements of natural resonant frequencies of circular saw blades
PublikacjaIn this paper results of measurements of natural resonant frequencies of circular saw blades with the impact test and the harmonic test are presented. Comparison of these two methods revealed that during testing of circular saw blades, in which bodies the open and closed notches (cuts) for cleaning of knives are present, with the harmonic test method it has been observed appearing of quasi-twin resonant frequencies, whereas the...
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Quality of Test Specification by Application of Patterns
PublikacjaEmbedded system and software testing requires sophisticated methods, which are nowadays frequently supported by application of test patterns. This eases the test development process and contributes to the reusability and maintainability of the test specification. However, it does not guarantee the proper level of quality and test coverage in d ifferent dimensions of the test specification. In this paper the quality of the test...
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Test Design Patterns for Embedded Systems,
PublikacjaTest suites for embedded systems are typically created from scratch using dif- ferent, often inadequate methods. In consequence, industry branches dealing with software-intensive embedded systems have to cope with quality problems, even though test processes are particularly time-consuming and costly. Based on an evolving model-based testing methodology we introduce test design patterns for simplifying and accelerating...
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The smoothness test for a density function
PublikacjaThe problem of testing hypothesis that a density function has no more than μ derivatives versus it has more than μ derivatives is considered. For a solution, the L2 norms of wavelet orthogonal projections on some orthogonal ‘‘differences’’ of spaces from a multiresolution analysis is used. For the construction of the smoothness test an asymptotic distribution of a smoothness estimator is used. To analyze that asymptotic distribution,...
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Cavitation Erosion – Phenomenon and Test Rigs
PublikacjaThe cavitation and cavitation erosion phenomenon have been shortly presented. The main four types of test rigs to investigate the cavitation erosion resistance have been shown. Each type of test design is described and an example of a design is shown. A special attention has been payed to the designs described in the International ASTM Standards: a vibratory design and a cavitating jet cell. There was shown that the design of a...
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Effect of operating conditions on N 2 O production in an anammox sequencing batch reactor containing granular sludge
PublikacjaNitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the gases with the greatest impact in the atmosphere due to its persistence and significant contribution to the greenhouse effect. This study provides an insight into the dynamics of N2O production in wastewater nitrogen removal systems. A 10 L sequencing batch reactor containing enriched anammox biomass was subjected to different operational conditions, i.e., temperature, feed time, NO2 /NH4 þ ratio...
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Evaluation and start-up of an electro-Fenton-sequencing batch reactor for dairy wastewater treatment
PublikacjaThis study examined the performance of an integrated wastewater (WW) treatment system, namely an electro-Fenton (EF)-sequencing batch reactor (SBR), for dairy industry WW. The EF process was used as the first stage of the SBR. It degrades bio-refractory compounds via advanced oxidation processes, thereby resulting in the formation of simple biodegradable intermediates. Several factors, including the hydraulic retention time (HRT),...
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A Model-Based Improved Control of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Sequencing Wastewater Batch Reactor
PublikacjaBiochemical processes at wastewater treatment plant are complex, nonlinear, time varying and multivariable. Moreover, relationships between processes are very strong. One of the most important issues is exerting proper control over dissolved oxygen levels during nitrification phase. This parameter has a very large impact on activity of microorganisms in activated sludge and on quality of pollution removal processes. Oxygen is supplied...
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High-Speed Serial Embedded Deterministic Test for System-on-Chip Designs
PublikacjaThe paper presents a high-speed serial interface between external tester and Embedded Deterministic Test (EDT) compression logic hosted by SoC designs. With only a single bidirectional link, the system is capable of feeding distributed heterogeneous cores with hundreds of test channels. Moreover, it synergistically supports EDT bandwidth management to improve the overall test performance. A detailed study indicates a high potential...
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Mixed integer nonlinear optimization of biological processes in wastewater sequencing batch reactor
PublikacjaWastewater treatment plays a key role for humanity. The waste entering lakes, rivers, and seas deteriorates daily quality of life. Therefore, it is very important to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment. From a control point of view, a biological wastewater treatment plant is a complex, non-linear, multidimensional, hybrid control system. The paper presents the design of the optimizing hierarchical control system applied...
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Concept of a swirling diffuser in batch blending tanks
PublikacjaThe mixing of two or more components belongs to the category of the most common unit operations, both in technology and in nature. One particular version is homogenization (blending), the effectivity of which is strongly related to the blending time. Among many differentiated individual solutions of mixing systems used in blenders, one should distinguish the class of agitators with diffusers. An analysis of the character of the...
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Test Execution Logging and Visualization Techniques
PublikacjaTraditionally, log traces of test cases ex ecution are stored in textual format and their analysis is done in a post- execution phase. Our approach bases on the concept of gr aphical presentation of te st execution which enables better analysis of log traces and also gives the opportunity to consider them on-line. In particular, we discuss the graphical symbols we chose, we pres ent the logging interface we defined a nd describe...
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Slurry Erosion -Design of Test Devices
PublikacjaDegradation of material caused by impacts of a solid particle (erodent) suspended in a liquid is called slurry erosion and is a major problem in the hydropower and maritime industry. Slurry erosion depends on many factors, e.g. liquid and erodent velocity, size, shape, angle of impact, hardness and number of erodents, and strength of a target material. The various types of test devices have been designed to investigate an effect...
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PCR test for Microsporum canis identification
PublikacjaMicrosporum canis, for which the natural hosts are cats and dogs, is the most prevalent zoophilic agent causing tinea capitis and tinea corporis in humans. We present here a diagnostic PCR test for M. canis, since its detection and species identification is relevant to the choice of treatment and to the understanding of a probable source of infection. An M. canis-specific PCR was evaluated using 130 clinical isolates of dermatophytes...
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Estimation and modeling hydrolysis of slowly biodegradable substrate based on the batch respirometric tests in activated sludge systems
PublikacjaNowadays, appropriate determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation together with degradation kinetics of organic compounds have a prime importance on the design and operation of activated sludge systems. Batch respirometric tests based on the oxygen uptake rates (OUR) and corresponding COD is accepted method to reflect the consumption of biodegradable substrates. The influence of the readily biodegradable (Ss) fraction...
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Assessment of Thermal Stresses in Asphalt Mixtures at Low Temperatures Using the Tensile Creep Test and the Bending Beam Creep Test
PublikacjaThermal stresses are leading factors that influence low-temperature cracking behavior of asphalt pavements. During winter, when the temperature drops to significantly low values, tensile thermal stresses develop as a result of pavement contraction. Creep test methods can be suitable for the assessment of low-temperature properties of asphalt mixtures. To evaluate the influence of creep test methods on the obtained low-temperature...
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Systematic Test Data Generation for Embedded Software
PublikacjaSystematic Test Data Generation for Embedded Software
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Loudness Scaling Test Based on Categorical Perception
PublikacjaThe main goal of this research study is focused on creating a method for loudness scaling based on categorical perception. Its main features, such as: way of testing, calibration procedure for securing reliable results, employing natural test stimuli, etc., are described in the paper and assessed against a procedure that uses 1/2-octave bands of noise (LGOB) for the loudness growth estimation. The Mann-Whitney U-test is employed...
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Adhesive Monitoring with Instrumented Wedge Test
PublikacjaThe wedge test (sometimes called the Boeing wedge test) is amongst the most readily exploitable techniques for assessment of the rate-dependent fracture energy of adhesive materials when used to bond relatively rigid substrates. With its siblings: the double cantilever beam (DCB), and the tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB), a force is applied, essentially in cleavage, to provoke substrate separation perpendicularly to the bondline...
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Numerical Test for Stability Evaluation of Analog Circuits
PublikacjaIn this contribution, a new numerical test for the stability evaluation of analog circuits is presented. Usually, if an analog circuit is unstable then the roots of its characteristic equation are localized on the right half-plane of the Laplace s- plane. Because this region is unbounded, we employ the bilinear transformation to map it into the unit disc on the complex plane. Hence, the existence of any root inside the unit disc...
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Arch bridges under test loadings
PublikacjaThis paper illustrates experience in arch bridges test loadings of the research team of Department of Structural Mechanics and Bridge Structures from the Gdansk University of Technology. The presented calculations results constist the analysis of spatial construction schemes made using the finite elements method (FEM) and its comparison to the field studies. Arch bridges with the longest spans, visualisation of the computational...
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Test loading of the longest span arch bridge in Poland
PublikacjaBridge structures undergo thorough examination during test loading before they come into use. The aim of the examination is to check the correctness of the working structure and construction design assumptions. Test loading on the bridge is preceded by examination specification. This paper describes computational model and test loading results carried out during examibation of the bridge over the Vistula within the bypass of Puławy...
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Multi-stage magnetic-fluid seals for operating in water - life test procedure, test stand and research results
PublikacjaThe edge criteria for magnetic-fluid seals durability research are critical for the seal'stechnological usefulness. The magnetic fluid seal technology in water is much moredifficult technological problem in comparison to gas or vacuum environment. There isalways problem with immediate contact between magnetic fluid and the environmentaluninspected liquids. In the paper are presented ways of experiments definitions carried outwith...
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Two-Step Model Based Adaptive Controller for Dissolved Oxygen Control in Sequencing Wastewater Batch Reactor
PublikacjaDissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration is a crucial parameter for efficient operation of biological processes taking place in the activated sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). High-quality DO control is difficult to achieve because of complex nonlinear behavior of the plant and substantial influent disturbances. A method to improve the Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control (DMRAC) technology in application to DO tracking for...
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From Functional Requirements through Test Evaluation Design to Automatic Test Data Retrieval – a Concept for Testing of Software Dedicated for Hybrid Embedded Systems
PublikacjaFrom Functional Requirements through Test Evaluation Design to Automatic Test Data Retrieval – a Concept for Testing of Software Dedicated for Hybrid Embedded Systems
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Experimental test of nonclassicality with arbitrarily low detection efficiency
PublikacjaWe theoretically introduce and experimentally demonstrate the realization of a nonclassicality test that allows for arbitrarily low detection efficiency without invoking an extra assumption of independence of the devices. Our test and its implementation is set in a prepare-and-measure scenario with an upper limit on the classical communication capacity of the channel through which the systems are communicated. The essence for our...
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Investigation method of large-volume tire with mobile test rig
PublikacjaThe goal of this research is to develop the tire test method and mobile tire test rig. The test rig enables measurement of tire properties as stiffness and viscous damping in vertical direction, and tire–ground characteristics on the asphalt rigid surface. The tire-ground characteristics are measured by force and a torque measurement hub. The design, calibration and the algorithm for calculating the forces in the wheel center are...
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A stochastic approach for the solution of single and multi – objective optimisation problems of biological processes in sequencing batch reactor
PublikacjaThis paper investigates the impact of implementing single and multi-optimisation solutions on the biological treatment process in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The research is based on a case study of the water resource recovery facility (WRRF) in Swarzewo, Northern Poland. The paper introduces the adaptive extremum seeking control (ESC) method for dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration control and places it in a layered control structure....
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A simple test for quantum channel capacity
PublikacjaBased on state and channel isomorphism we point out that semidefiniteprogramming can be used as a quick test for nonzero one-way quantum channelcapacity. This can be achieved by searching for symmetric extensions of statesisomorphic to a given quantum channel. With this method we provide examplesof quantum channels that can lead to high entanglement transmission but stillhave zero one-way capacity, in particular, regions of symmetric...
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Constructive entanglement test from triangle inequality
PublikacjaWe derive a simple lower bound on the geometric measure of entanglement for mixed quantum states in the case of a general multipartite system. The main ingredient of the presented derivation is the triangle inequality applied to the root infidelity distance in the space of density matrices. The obtained bound leads to entanglement criteria with a straightforward interpretation. The proposed criteria provide an experimentally accessible,...
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Fault detection in electronic circuits using test buses
PublikacjaA survey of test buses designed for diagnostics of digital and analog electronic circuits is presented: the IEEE 1149.1 bus for digital circuits, the IEEE 1149.4 bus for mixed-signal and the IEEE 1149.6 bus for AC coupled complex digital circuits. Each bus is presented with its structure, solution of key elements, particularly boundary registers and a set of test instructions. Diagnosis with the use of the described buses is...